In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social service, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook. The upper classes no longer are the sole, or even the main possessors of wealth, power and education, though inherited social position still carries considerable prestige... Many people today are hostile towards class distinctions and privileges and hope to achieve a classless society. The trouble is that as one inequality is removed, another tends to take its place, and the best that has as far been attempted is a society in which distinctions are elastic and in which every member has fair opportunities for making the best of his abilities.
- What happened to the class differences in the twentieth century?
[A] They have been partly smoothed out.
[B] They increased taxation of higher incomes.
[C] They have made the social services grow.
[D] They widely enhanced the education development.
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确指出 20 世纪阶级差异的变化：高收入增税、社会服务发展、教育机会扩大等因素 “显著改变了社会格局”，上层阶级不再是财富、权力和教育的唯一或主要拥有者，阶级区分虽未完全消失，但弹性增强、机会更公平。选项 A “已部分消除” 精准概括这一核心变化，符合 “改变格局但未完全消除” 的辩证逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- B “提高了高收入群体的税收”、C “促进了社会服务的发展”、D “广泛推动了教育发展” 均是导致阶级差异变化的 “原因”，而非 “阶级差异本身发生的变化”，属于答非所问；
- 三者均为原文提及的具体措施，题干问的是这些措施带来的 “结果”，故排除。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “因果类细节题” 需精准区分 “原因” 与 “结果”，本题中原文通过 “have considerably altered” 明确后续内容为结果，前面为原因。这类 “社会阶层变迁” 类文本常以 “措施 - 影响 - 现状” 为结构，解题需聚焦题干所问的核心逻辑层面（结果 / 原因 / 现状）。
- The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen__ into human nature.
[A] intellect [B] insight [C] perception [D] understanding
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“insight” 意为 “洞察力、深刻见解”，侧重 “对事物本质或内在规律的敏锐认知”，与介词 “into” 固定搭配，句意为 “该书作者对人性展现出了非凡的敏锐洞察力”，精准契合 “深入剖析人性” 的语境。
- 干扰项排除
- A “intellect” 意为 “智力、才智”，侧重 “理性思维能力”，如 “a man of great intellect”，无法与 “into human nature” 搭配；
- C “perception” 意为 “感知、看法”，侧重 “通过感官或直觉获得的认知”，如 “visual perception”，缺乏 “深刻性” 的语义；
- D “understanding” 意为 “理解、了解”，侧重 “对事物的认知与领会”，语义较泛，无 “敏锐洞察” 的深层内涵，且常用搭配为 “understanding of”。
- 学术扩展：“insight into” 是考博英语高频学术短语，常用于文学、哲学、社会学类文本，描述 “对抽象事物的深刻认知”。博士阶段学术写作中，这类词汇可精准传递 “学术洞察与思辨深度”，需重点区分其与 “perception”“understanding” 等近义词的语义边界 ——“insight” 强调 “深度与本质”，“perception” 强调 “感知过程”，“understanding” 强调 “认知结果”。
Standing in the right spot in this gigantic city and hill draped with apartment complexes can remind you of Hong Kong. the density of habitation will recall Tokyo and the river-spanning brawn, replete with an immense new structure over the Yangtze that echoes the Brooklyn Bridge. might recall New York.
Everywhere one looks here.there are new expressways.new bridges and towering new housing complexes rising.so many in fact that it is the occasional glimpse of something old,rather than the sight of anything new, that takes one's breath away.
China has built megacities before. of course. The country's rich east abound with them, strung along the coast from Tianjin in the north to Shenzhen in the far south like so many pearls.But the swift rise of Chongqing represents a new departure: a major push by Beijing to spread the fruits of China's economic boom to the country's vast interior. home to three Chinese in four.
One after another.the big cities of the interior have eagerly entered the race to urbanize. with many openly brandishing the objective of becoming a "world city" within a few years. But whether judged by its size. its ambition or the scale of transformation, Chongqing. with its 12 million people. remains in a class by itself.
站在这座巨大城市的恰当位置，映入眼帘的是群山被林立的公寓楼覆盖，此情此景会让你想起香港；其密集的居住人口会让人联想到东京；而横跨长江的宏伟气势 —— 江面上那座巨型新建筑酷似布鲁克林大桥 —— 则可能让人想起纽约。
在这里，目之所及皆是新建的高速公路、桥梁和高耸的住宅综合体，数量之多以至于偶尔瞥见一处旧物，而非任何新建筑，反而令人惊叹不已。
当然，中国此前已建成不少超大城市。东部富庶地区这类城市星罗棋布，从北方的天津到遥远南方的深圳，沿海岸像一串串珍珠般分布。但重庆的迅速崛起标志着一个新的开端：中央政府大力推动将中国经济繁荣的成果延伸至广阔的内陆地区 —— 这里居住着四分之三的中国人。
内陆各大城市纷纷踊跃加入城市化竞赛，许多城市公开宣称目标是在几年内成为 “世界城市”。但无论从规模、抱负还是转型幅度来看，拥有 1200 万人口的重庆都独树一帜。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 长句拆分：将首句复合句拆分为三个分句，分别对应 “像香港、东京、纽约” 的三层对比，避免直译导致的冗长；
- 拟人化表达处理：“river-spanning brawn” 译为 “横跨长江的宏伟气势”，“brawn” 原指 “肌肉”，此处引申为 “宏伟体量”，贴合城市建筑的语境；
- 强调句转换：“it is the occasional glimpse...that takes one's breath away” 译为 “偶尔瞥见…… 反而令人惊叹不已”，保留原文强调语气，符合中文表达习惯。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“megacities” 译为 “超大城市”（城市规划学术术语），“urbanize” 译为 “城市化”，“a new departure” 译为 “新的开端”，语义精准且符合政策类文本语境；
- 文化指代处理：“echoes the Brooklyn Bridge” 译为 “酷似布鲁克林大桥”，“echoes” 此处指 “风格相似”，避免直译 “呼应” 带来的语义偏差；
- 数字表达规范：“three Chinese in four” 译为 “四分之三的中国人”，“12 million people” 译为 “1200 万人口”，符合中文数字表达习惯。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合 “城市发展” 主题的论述语境，同时保留描述性语言的生动性；
- 逻辑连贯：通过 “当然”“但”“无论…… 都” 等连接词，自然衔接 “既有超大城市 - 重庆新崛起 - 内陆城市竞争” 的逻辑链，译文流畅无冗余。
Directions: Write a composition on "To Find a Job or to Go to a Graduate School?" with no less than 200 words. Combine your own experience to express your views.
To Find a Job or to Go to a Graduate School?
With the expansion of university enrollment and the intensification of social competition, graduates are increasingly faced with a crucial choice: to enter the job market directly or to pursue further studies in graduate school. This decision is not only related to personal career development but also reflects one’s understanding of self-development and social needs. Based on my own experience and observations, I believe that the choice should be made according to individual circumstances, with a focus on long-term career goals rather than short-term interests.
For those who have clear career orientations and urgent economic needs, finding a job directly may be a more sensible choice. Practical work experience can help them accumulate professional skills, understand industry operations, and establish social connections, which are invaluable for career development. For example, many positions in the art design and cultural communication industries emphasize practical experience; graduates who enter the workplace early can quickly adapt to industry requirements and gain a competitive edge. However, for those who are interested in academic research or work in fields that require advanced professional knowledge (such as art theory, cultural studies, and art restoration), pursuing graduate studies is an indispensable step. Advanced education can deepen their professional literacy, improve research capabilities, and open the door to high-end positions and academic careers.
My own experience has made me deeply aware of the importance of this choice. After graduating from undergraduate studies, I chose to work in a cultural institution. Although I gained some practical experience, I soon found that my professional knowledge was insufficient to meet the needs of in-depth project research and academic analysis. Therefore, I decided to pursue a master’s degree in art studies. During my postgraduate studies, I systematically studied professional theories, participated in academic projects, and improved my research and writing abilities. This experience not only filled my knowledge gaps but also broadened my academic horizons, laying a solid foundation for my current work in cultural heritage research.
In conclusion, there is no absolute right or wrong choice between finding a job and going to graduate school. The key is to combine personal interests, career goals, and practical conditions. Those who choose to work should not stop learning, while graduate students should pay attention to the connection between academic research and practical applications. Only by making a rational choice based on self-cognition can we achieve sustainable development in our careers and realize our personal values.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：点明核心背景 —— 毕业生面临 “就业还是读研” 的选择，提出核心观点：应结合个人情况与长期目标理性决策；
- 主体段 1：分情况论证 —— 就业适合有明确职业导向、有经济需求的群体，读研适合学术兴趣浓厚、需深耕专业的群体，结合艺术领域实例增强针对性；
- 主体段 2：结合个人经历（本科就业→发现知识不足→读研深造→能力提升），现身说法增强说服力；
- 结尾段：总结升华，强调 “无绝对对错，关键在理性选择”，呼吁 “就业后持续学习、读研注重实践”，呼应开头核心观点。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “crucial choice”“career orientation”“professional literacy”“sustainable development” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “For those who”“However”“Based on my own experience”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “总 - 分 - 总” 逻辑链；
- 实例适配：结合艺术设计、文化传播、艺术理论、文化遗产研究等艺术领域场景，贴合中国艺术研究院考博的专业特色；
- 观点深刻：不片面强调某一选择，而是主张 “个性化决策 + 长期规划”，体现博士研究生的辩证思维与理性认知。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 240 词左右，论证兼顾理论分析与个人经历，无冗余表述，完全契合学术写作要求。
- 社会类文章需关注 “现象 - 原因 - 结果 - 现状” 的结构，精准区分题干所问的核心逻辑层面（如本题中的 “结果” 与 “原因”）；
- 针对 “细节题”，重点训练 “关键词定位 + 选项语义匹配” 能力，避免被答非所问的干扰项误导；
- 积累社会、教育、城市发展类高频学术词汇，提升文本理解效率，尤其关注 “政策措施 - 社会影响” 的语义对应。
- 重点积累 “认知、见解” 类学术词汇（如 insight into、perception、understanding），结合真题例句记忆其搭配与语义差异；
- 强化 “近义词辨析” 训练，通过语境区分词汇的使用场景，避免用词偏差；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “学术短语 + 固定搭配” 考点，结合艺术、文化类写作深化理解与应用。
- 城市发展、政策类翻译需确保 “超大城市、城市化” 等术语精准，积累相关主题词汇；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分复合句、强调句，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 关注文化指代与引申义翻译，避免直译导致的语义偏差，确保译文符合中文学术文本的表达习惯。
- 人生选择类写作需遵循 “观点 - 分情况论证 - 个人经历 - 总结” 的结构，观点明确，论证兼顾不同群体需求；
- 结合艺术领域实例（如艺术设计、文化研究、艺术遗产），体现专业关联性，避免泛泛而谈；
- 运用学术化表达与逻辑连接词，提升文本专业性，结尾段升华至 “个人价值实现、可持续发展” 的宏观视角，符合博士研究生的学术视野与社会关怀。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中国艺术研究院博士研究生。
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