Globalization has become a defining feature of the modern world, shaping economies, cultures, and societies across continents. While proponents argue that it promotes economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological innovation, critics contend that it exacerbates inequality, undermines local traditions, and poses risks to environmental sustainability. The debate over globalization’s impacts is far from settled, as its effects vary significantly depending on geographic location, economic development, and policy frameworks.
One of the key benefits of globalization is the expansion of international trade, which allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services where they have a comparative advantage. This specialization leads to increased efficiency, lower production costs, and a wider range of products for consumers. For example, developing countries with abundant labor resources can export labor-intensive goods, while developed nations focus on high-tech and capital-intensive products. Such trade patterns have lifted millions out of poverty in regions like Southeast Asia and Latin America, where export-oriented industries have created jobs and stimulated economic growth.
However, globalization also has its dark side. The pursuit of lower production costs has led many multinational corporations to relocate manufacturing to countries with weak labor and environmental regulations. This “race to the bottom” has resulted in poor working conditions, low wages, and environmental degradation in some developing nations. Additionally, globalization has contributed to the concentration of wealth in the hands of a small number of individuals and corporations, widening the gap between the rich and the poor both within and between countries. In developed countries, many workers have lost their jobs due to competition from cheaper labor abroad, leading to economic insecurity and social unrest.
Cultural globalization is another controversial aspect. On one hand, it facilitates the exchange of ideas, values, and cultural products, fostering greater cross-cultural understanding and tolerance. The spread of social media, international media networks, and global travel has made it easier for people to connect with different cultures and perspectives. On the other hand, critics argue that cultural globalization is dominated by Western culture, leading to the homogenization of local cultures and the erosion of traditional practices and identities. Many indigenous communities, for instance, have seen their traditional ways of life threatened by the influx of global consumer culture.
Questions:
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What is the main idea of the passage?
[A] Globalization has only positive impacts on the world.
[B] Globalization is a complex phenomenon with both benefits and drawbacks.
[C] Cultural globalization is the most controversial aspect of globalization.
[D] International trade is the only driver of globalization.
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According to the passage, which of the following is a benefit of globalization?
[A] Increased environmental degradation.
[B] Widened wealth gap between nations.
[C] Expansion of international trade and specialized production.
[D] Loss of jobs in developed countries.
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Why do some multinational corporations relocate manufacturing to developing countries?
[A] To support the economic development of those countries.
[B] To take advantage of weak labor and environmental regulations.
[C] To promote cultural exchange between nations.
[D] To reduce the cost of transportation.
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What do critics say about cultural globalization?
[A] It promotes cross-cultural understanding and tolerance.
[B] It leads to the homogenization of local cultures.
[C] It strengthens traditional practices and identities.
[D] It is dominated by indigenous cultures.
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Which of the following statements is consistent with the passage?
[A] Globalization’s effects are the same across all countries.
[B] The debate over globalization’s impacts has been resolved.
[C] Export-oriented industries have helped reduce poverty in some regions.
[D] Developed countries focus on labor-intensive product production.
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答案 B（Globalization is a complex phenomenon with both benefits and drawbacks.）
主旨提炼与逻辑梳理 文章开篇点明全球化是现代世界的显著特征，随后分别阐述其在经济贸易、文化交流方面的优势，同时通过 “however” 转折，分析其在劳工权益、环境、贫富差距、文化同质化等方面的负面影响，核心围绕 “全球化兼具利弊” 展开，选项 B 精准概括全文主旨。
干扰项排除
A “全球化仅对世界有积极影响” 与原文对全球化负面影响的论述矛盾；
C “文化全球化是全球化最具争议的方面” 原文未对比全球化各方面的争议程度，属于无中生有；
D “国际贸易是全球化的唯一驱动力” 原文未提及 “唯一驱动力”，且国际贸易只是全球化的一个表现方面，并非核心驱动力。
学术扩展：考博英语主旨题需把握 “总 - 分” 结构，关注开篇总起句与转折词后的分论点，避免被单一维度的论述误导。
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答案 C（Expansion of international trade and specialized production.）
细节定位与语义匹配 定位原文第二段首句 “One of the key benefits of globalization is the expansion of international trade, which allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services where they have a comparative advantage”，明确国际贸易扩张与专业化生产是全球化的核心优势，选项 C 与原文表述完全一致。
干扰项排除
A “环境恶化加剧”、B “国家间贫富差距扩大”、D “发达国家就业岗位流失” 均是原文提及的全球化负面影响，并非优势。
学术扩展：细节题中需注意区分 “benefit”“advantage” 等表积极含义的关键词，快速定位原文对应正向论述段落。
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答案 B（To take advantage of weak labor and environmental regulations.）
细节溯源与因果推导 定位原文第三段第二句 “The pursuit of lower production costs has led many multinational corporations to relocate manufacturing to countries with weak labor and environmental regulations”，直接说明跨国公司转移制造业的原因是 “利用薄弱的劳工和环境法规以降低生产成本”，选项 B 准确契合原文逻辑。
干扰项排除
A “支持这些国家的经济发展” 原文未提及，跨国公司的核心目的是降低成本，而非助力他国发展；
C “促进国家间的文化交流” 与制造业转移的目的无关，属于无关选项；
D “降低运输成本” 原文未涉及运输成本相关表述，属于无中生有。
学术扩展：因果类细节题需关注 “lead to”“result in” 等因果连接词，明确题干与原文的因果对应关系。
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答案 B（It leads to the homogenization of local cultures.）
观点定位与态度把握 定位原文第四段 “critics argue that cultural globalization is dominated by Western culture, leading to the homogenization of local cultures and the erosion of traditional practices and identities”，明确批评者认为文化全球化导致 “本土文化同质化”，选项 B 与原文观点一致。
干扰项排除
A “促进跨文化理解与包容” 是原文提及的文化全球化的积极影响，并非批评者的观点；
C “强化传统习俗与身份认同” 与原文 “erosion of traditional practices and identities”（传统习俗与身份认同的侵蚀）矛盾；
D “由本土文化主导” 与原文 “dominated by Western culture”（由西方文化主导）矛盾。
学术扩展：观点题需区分 “proponents”（支持者）与 “critics”（批评者）的不同立场，通过关键词快速定位对应观点段落。
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答案 C（Export-oriented industries have helped reduce poverty in some regions.）
细节验证与语义衔接 定位原文第二段最后一句 “Such trade patterns have lifted millions out of poverty in regions like Southeast Asia and Latin America, where export-oriented industries have created jobs and stimulated economic growth”，“lifted millions out of poverty” 与选项 C 中 “helped reduce poverty” 语义一致，选项 C 符合原文表述。
干扰项排除
A “全球化的影响在所有国家都相同” 与原文 “its effects vary significantly depending on geographic location...”（其影响因地理位置等因素差异显著）矛盾；
B “关于全球化影响的争论已得到解决” 与原文 “The debate over globalization’s impacts is far from settled”（关于全球化影响的争论远未解决）矛盾；
D “发达国家专注于劳动密集型产品生产” 与原文 “developed nations focus on high-tech and capital-intensive products”（发达国家专注于高科技和资本密集型产品）矛盾。
学术扩展：细节判断题需逐一验证选项与原文的语义一致性，重点关注 “vary significantly”“far from settled” 等表否定或限定的词汇，避免绝对化表述的干扰。
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought profound changes to various fields, including healthcare, finance, and transportation. AI technologies such as machine learning and deep learning have enabled machines to perform tasks that were once considered exclusive to humans, such as medical diagnosis, financial risk assessment, and autonomous driving. However, the widespread application of AI also raises ethical and social issues, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and job displacement. It is crucial for governments, enterprises, and researchers to collaborate to establish relevant regulations and ethical guidelines, ensuring that AI develops in a direction that benefits humanity as a whole.
参考译文：人工智能（AI）的快速发展给医疗、金融、交通等多个领域带来了深刻变革。机器学习、深度学习等人工智能技术使机器能够完成曾经被认为是人类专属的任务，例如医疗诊断、金融风险评估和自动驾驶。然而，人工智能的广泛应用也引发了伦理和社会问题，如数据隐私、算法偏见和就业替代等。政府、企业和研究人员亟需开展合作，制定相关法规和伦理准则，确保人工智能朝着造福全人类的方向发展。
翻译要点解析
- 术语精准性：“machine learning” 译为 “机器学习”、“deep learning” 译为 “深度学习”，符合学术领域通用译法；“algorithmic bias” 译为 “算法偏见”，准确传递核心含义。
- 句式优化：拆分原文长句，将 “including healthcare, finance, and transportation” 译为 “医疗、金融、交通等多个领域”，符合中文 “总 - 分” 表达习惯；将 “that were once considered exclusive to humans” 译为 “曾经被认为是人类专属的”，避免直译导致的生硬感。
- 逻辑衔接：保留原文 “however” 的转折关系，译为 “然而”，使上下文逻辑连贯；“It is crucial for...” 译为 “亟需”，强化语气，突出重要性。
- 语义完整：“job displacement” 译为 “就业替代”，涵盖 “岗位被取代” 的核心含义；“benefits humanity as a whole” 译为 “造福全人类”，兼顾语义准确性与表达力度。
学术扩展：考博英语翻译需兼顾 “学术性” 与 “流畅性”，优先采用领域通用译法，同时优化句式结构，使中文表达自然地道。对于长难句，可通过拆分、重组等方式，确保语义清晰、逻辑连贯。
Directions: Write an essay of 250-300 words on the topic “The Challenges and Opportunities of AI in Academic Research”. You should support your views with relevant examples and logical reasoning.
Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful tool in academic research, bringing both unprecedented opportunities and inevitable challenges. Its rapid development is reshaping the way researchers conduct experiments, analyze data, and explore new knowledge.
On the one hand, AI offers tremendous opportunities for academic research. It enables efficient data processing, especially in fields like biology and astronomy where massive amounts of data are generated daily. For example, AI algorithms can quickly analyze gene sequences or astronomical observations, identifying patterns that would take humans years to discover. Additionally, AI facilitates cross-disciplinary research by integrating data and methods from different fields, fostering innovative research directions such as AI-aided drug discovery and smart city planning.
On the other hand, AI also poses significant challenges. The reliance on AI may lead to over-reliance on data and algorithms, undermining researchers’ critical thinking and independent judgment. Moreover, issues such as data privacy and academic ethics cannot be ignored. For instance, the use of sensitive research data in AI models may raise privacy concerns, and the lack of transparency in some AI algorithms may affect the credibility of research results.
In conclusion, AI is a double-edged sword in academic research. To maximize its benefits, researchers should leverage AI’s strengths while maintaining critical thinking and adhering to academic ethics. Governments and academic institutions should also establish relevant regulations and training programs to guide the rational application of AI in research. Only in this way can AI truly become a driving force for academic progress.
- 结构框架：采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构，开篇点明 AI 在学术研究中兼具机遇与挑战，中间分两段分别阐述机遇与挑战，结尾总结观点并提出解决方案，逻辑清晰、层次分明。
- 论证逻辑：每个分论点均搭配具体例子支撑，如用 “基因序列分析”“天文观测” 例证 AI 的数据处理优势，用 “数据隐私”“算法透明度” 说明挑战，增强论证说服力。
- 语言表达：使用 “unprecedented opportunities”“inevitable challenges” 等学术高频词汇，句式多样，包含宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等复杂句式，符合考博英语写作的学术表达要求。
- 思辨性：既肯定 AI 的积极作用，也不回避其潜在问题，结尾提出 “发挥优势、规避风险” 的解决方案，体现辩证思维能力。
广东外语外贸大学《英语》考博真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考的核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如学术性阅读理解、专业翻译、思辨性写作）。
- 聚焦学术类文章，重点关注经济、文化、科技、环境等高频话题，积累相关学术词汇。
- 运用 “关键词定位法” 快速锁定原文对应段落，注重分析段落间的逻辑关系（如转折、因果、例证）。
- 每日练习 1-2 篇学术类阅读理解，对照答案解析总结错题原因，提升细节判断题和主旨题的解题准确率。
- 积累学术领域高频术语，尤其是经济、科技、文化等与广东外语外贸大学专业相关的词汇。
- 拆分英文长句时，遵循 “先主干后修饰” 的原则，将被动语态、定语从句等转化为符合中文表达习惯的句式。
- 每周练习 2-3 段学术类英译汉，对比参考译文优化表达，注重语义的准确性和流畅性。
- 针对社会热点、学术发展等话题，构建 “现状 - 机遇 - 挑战 - 解决方案” 的思辨性写作框架。
- 积累学术写作常用句型和连接词，如 “On the one hand... On the other hand...”“To address this issue...” 等，提升文章逻辑性。
- 每周仿写 1 篇真题作文，控制字数在 250-300 词，重点修正语法错误、逻辑漏洞和表达不当，提升学术语言的规范性。
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