原题文本（Passage 3）
The concept of sustainable development has become a central topic in global discussions on environmental protection and economic growth. It refers to meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This balance is increasingly challenging as industrialization and urbanization accelerate worldwide. Many countries are now adopting policies to promote renewable energy, reduce carbon emissions, and protect natural resources. However, implementing these policies often requires significant investment and changes in traditional production methods, which can face resistance from industries and communities dependent on conventional energy sources.
One key aspect of sustainable development is the transition to green energy. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are gaining popularity as alternatives to fossil fuels. These renewable energy sources not only reduce environmental pollution but also offer long-term economic benefits by reducing reliance on imported energy. For example, Denmark now generates more than 50% of its electricity from wind power, creating jobs and boosting economic growth while cutting carbon emissions. Similarly, Costa Rica has achieved nearly 100% renewable electricity generation, setting an example for other nations.
Another important element is sustainable agriculture. Modern agricultural practices often rely on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which can degrade soil quality and contaminate water sources. Sustainable agriculture, on the other hand, emphasizes organic farming, crop rotation, and water conservation. These methods protect the environment while ensuring food security for present and future generations. In addition, sustainable agriculture can support local communities by promoting small-scale farming and reducing the impact of climate change on crop yields.
Despite the progress made in sustainable development, significant challenges remain. Climate change continues to cause extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, which threaten food production and natural ecosystems. Additionally, there is a lack of global cooperation on environmental issues, as some countries prioritize economic growth over environmental protection. To address these challenges, it is essential for governments, businesses, and individuals to work together to promote sustainable development practices and adopt a long-term perspective on environmental protection.
Questions:
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What is the definition of sustainable development according to the passage?
[A] Promoting economic growth at the expense of environmental protection.
[B] Meeting current needs without affecting future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
[C] Focusing on renewable energy development to reduce carbon emissions.
[D] Protecting natural resources while ignoring economic development.
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Why do some industries and communities resist sustainable development policies?
[A] They believe sustainable development is not feasible in the long run.
[B] They are dependent on traditional energy sources and production methods.
[C] They think renewable energy is too expensive to implement.
[D] They are not aware of the environmental benefits of sustainable development.
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What example does the passage use to show the success of green energy?
[A] Denmark generates over 50% of its electricity from wind power.
[B] Costa Rica has developed advanced agricultural practices.
[C] Many countries have reduced their reliance on imported energy.
[D] Global carbon emissions have decreased significantly.
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What is the main feature of sustainable agriculture?
[A] Using chemical fertilizers to increase crop yields.
[B] Prioritizing large-scale farming operations.
[C] Emphasizing organic farming and water conservation.
[D] Focusing on short-term economic benefits.
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What is one of the remaining challenges in sustainable development?
[A] Lack of interest in renewable energy sources.
[B] Extreme weather events caused by climate change.
[C] Overdevelopment of natural resources.
[D] Excessive investment in sustainable practices.
- 英译汉：Sustainable development is not just an environmental issue; it is also an economic and social issue that requires the joint efforts of all sectors of society. Only by balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity can we achieve a better future for humanity.
- 汉译英：随着科技的快速发展，可再生能源的利用成本不断降低，这为可持续发展提供了新的机遇。各国应加强合作，分享技术和经验，共同应对全球环境挑战。
Directions: Write an essay of 250-300 words on the topic "The Role of Science and Technology in Promoting Sustainable Development". You should support your views with relevant examples and logical reasoning.
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答案 B（Meeting current needs without affecting future generations' ability to meet their own needs.）
细节定位与语义匹配 定位原文第一段核心定义：“It refers to meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”，选项 B 与原文表述完全一致，精准诠释了可持续发展的定义。
干扰项排除
A “以牺牲环境保护为代价促进经济增长” 与可持续发展的核心 “平衡” 理念相悖；
C “专注于可再生能源发展以减少碳排放” 是可持续发展的具体举措，而非定义；
D “忽视经济发展而保护自然资源” 同样违背 “平衡” 原则，与原文含义不符。
学术扩展：考博英语定义类细节题需精准定位原文关键句，避免将具体措施与核心定义混淆。
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答案 B（They are dependent on traditional energy sources and production methods.）
细节溯源与逻辑推导 定位原文第一段末尾：“implementing these policies often requires significant investment and changes in traditional production methods, which can face resistance from industries and communities dependent on conventional energy sources”，明确阻力来源是相关行业和社区对传统能源及生产方式的依赖，选项 B 符合这一逻辑。
干扰项排除
A “他们认为可持续发展长期不可行”、C “他们认为可再生能源实施成本过高”、D “他们没有意识到可持续发展的环境效益” 原文均未提及，属于无中生有。
学术扩展：细节题中 “which” 引导的定语从句常隐含原因类信息，需重点关注逻辑衔接词后的解释内容。
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答案 A（Denmark generates over 50% of its electricity from wind power.）
例证定位与核心匹配 原文第二段明确列举：“For example, Denmark now generates more than 50% of its electricity from wind power”，该例子直接用于证明绿色能源的成功，选项 A 与原文例证完全一致。
干扰项排除
B “哥斯达黎加发展了先进的农业实践” 是可持续农业的相关内容，与绿色能源无关；
C “许多国家减少了对进口能源的依赖” 是绿色能源的好处，而非具体成功案例；
D “全球碳排放显著减少” 原文未提及，属于过度推断。
学术扩展：例证题需快速定位 “for example”“similarly” 等信号词，精准匹配例证与论点的对应关系。
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答案 C（Emphasizing organic farming and water conservation.）
细节提取与核心概括 定位原文第三段：“Sustainable agriculture, on the other hand, emphasizes organic farming, crop rotation, and water conservation”，选项 C 准确概括了可持续农业的核心特征。
干扰项排除
A “使用化肥提高作物产量” 是现代农业的做法，与可持续农业相悖；
B “优先发展大规模农业经营” 原文未提及，且与 “promoting small-scale farming” 不符；
D “注重短期经济效益” 与可持续发展的长期视角矛盾。
学术扩展：对比类细节题需关注 “on the other hand” 等转折词，明确不同概念的核心差异。
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答案 B（Extreme weather events caused by climate change.）
细节定位与信息匹配 原文第四段指出：“Despite the progress made in sustainable development, significant challenges remain. Climate change continues to cause extreme weather events”，选项 B 是剩余挑战之一，与原文表述一致。
干扰项排除
A “对可再生能源缺乏兴趣” 原文未提及；
C “自然资源过度开发” 是可持续发展需解决的问题，而非当前剩余挑战；
D “对可持续实践投资过多” 与原文 “requires significant investment” 不符，且不属于挑战范畴。
学术扩展：列举类细节题需关注段落结构，明确 “总起（挑战存在）+ 分述（具体挑战）” 的逻辑，精准提取关键信息。
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英译汉答案：可持续发展不仅是一个环境问题，更是一个经济和社会问题，需要社会各阶层的共同努力。只有平衡经济增长、环境保护和社会公平，我们才能为人类创造更美好的未来。
解析：译文准确传达原文核心含义，“not just...but also...” 译为 “不仅…… 更是……” 增强逻辑递进；“joint efforts of all sectors of society” 译为 “社会各阶层的共同努力” 符合中文表达习惯；“balancing” 译为 “平衡” 精准对应语境；结尾 “achieve a better future for humanity” 译为 “为人类创造更美好的未来” 语义完整且流畅。
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汉译英答案：With the rapid development of science and technology, the cost of renewable energy utilization has been continuously decreasing, which provides new opportunities for sustainable development. Countries should strengthen cooperation, share technologies and experiences, and jointly address global environmental challenges.
解析：“随着科技的快速发展” 译为 “With the rapid development of science and technology” 为标准表达；“利用成本不断降低” 译为 “the cost of renewable energy utilization has been continuously decreasing” 使用现在完成进行时体现持续趋势；“提供新的机遇” 译为 “provides new opportunities” 搭配恰当；“加强合作”“分享技术和经验”“共同应对” 等短语译为 “strengthen cooperation”“share technologies and experiences”“jointly address” 符合学术英语表达规范。
Science and technology play a crucial role in advancing sustainable development, offering effective solutions to balance economic growth and environmental protection. In the energy sector, technological innovations have driven the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources. For instance, the improvement of solar panel efficiency and the reduction of wind power generation costs have made clean energy more accessible, helping countries reduce carbon emissions and achieve energy independence.
In agriculture, science and technology have promoted the development of sustainable practices. Precision agriculture, supported by advanced technologies such as GPS and sensor systems, enables farmers to use water, fertilizers, and pesticides more efficiently, minimizing environmental pollution while increasing crop yields. Additionally, the development of drought-resistant and pest-resistant crop varieties through biotechnology helps address the challenges posed by climate change to food security.
Furthermore, science and technology facilitate global cooperation in sustainable development. Digital technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence allow for better monitoring of environmental changes and more accurate prediction of climate risks, enabling countries to make informed decisions and take joint actions.
In conclusion, science and technology are indispensable drivers of sustainable development. To fully leverage their potential, governments, businesses, and research institutions should increase investment in technological innovation, promote technology transfer and sharing, and ensure that technological advancements are aligned with the goals of environmental protection and social equity.
解析：范文围绕 “科技在促进可持续发展中的作用” 展开，结构清晰，符合 “现状 - 例证 - 总结” 的思辨框架。首段点明核心观点，中间分能源、农业、全球合作三个维度，结合具体技术案例论证，结尾提出建议。文章逻辑连贯，例证恰当，语言符合学术英语表达规范，满足考博写作对思辨性和规范性的要求。
西安科技大学《英语》考博真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考的核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如逻辑推理、学术翻译、思辨性写作）。
- 阅读理解：强化 “定位 - 匹配 - 排除” 解题逻辑，通过关键词快速定位原文相关段落，对比选项与原文语义一致性，警惕偷换概念、过度推断等干扰项。日常练习需注重积累学术词汇，提升长难句分析能力。
- 翻译：坚持 “精准为先，流畅为辅” 原则，英译汉时注意拆分英文长句，优化中文表达结构；汉译英时注重词汇搭配和语法准确性，积累常见学术短语和句式。每日进行 1-2 段翻译练习，对照参考译文修正偏差。
- 写作：构建 “观点 - 例证 - 结论” 的写作框架，积累可持续发展、科技进步、环境保护等高频话题素材和例证。每周完成 1-2 篇真题作文，重点关注逻辑连贯性和学术语言表达，控制字数在 250-300 词。
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