2016年成都电子科技大学244二外英语（日语方向）考研真题

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成都电子科技大学
2016 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：244 英语(二外 仅日语方向)
注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should
decide on the best choice and then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet
Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new
knowledge into new products and services.
Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world
leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should
take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.
However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in
taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and
research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting
position, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialization activity.
When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped
transform the performance of UK universities. Evidence suggests the UK's position is much stronger
than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large
variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of
universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the
leaders.
This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In
the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding.
These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates,
science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource
concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and
commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialization work
creates differences between universities.
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The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximize the impact of their
research efforts. These universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and
environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in
order to build greater confidence in the sector.
Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research
commercialization spilling out of our universities. There are three dozen universities in the UK
which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialization work.
If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous
investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a
key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.
1. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialization?
A) They fail to convert knowledge into money.
B) They do not regard it as their responsibility.
C) They still have a place among the world leaders.
D) They have lost their leading position in many ways.
2. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities' performance in
commercialization?
A) It masks the fatal weaknesses of government policy.
B) It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.
C) It does not reflect the differences among universities.
D) It indicates their ineffective use of government resources.
3. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that "policy interventions" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to _____.
A) government aid to non-research-oriented universities
B) compulsory cooperation between universities and industries
C) fair distribution of funding for universities and research institutions
D) concentration of resources in a limited number of universities
4. What does the author suggest research-led universities do?
A) Publicize their research to win international recognition.
B) Fully utilize their research to benefit all sectors of society.
C) Generously share their facilities with those short of funds.
D) Spread their influence among top research institutions.
5. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK's economic growth?
A) By establishing more regional technology transfer offices.
B) By asking the government to invest in technology transfer research.
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C) By promoting technology transfer and graduate school education.
D) By increasing the efficiency of technology transfer agencies.
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
Most office workers assume that the messages they send to each other via electronic mail are as
private as a telephone call or a face-to-face meeting. That assumption is wrong. Although it is illegal
in many areas for an employer to eavesdrop on private conversations or telephone calls—even if
they take place on a company-owned telephone—there are no clear rules governing electronic mail.
In fact, the question of how private electronic mail transmissions should be has emerged as one of
the more complicated legal issues of the electronic age.
People’s opinions about the degree of privacy that electronic mail should have vary depending
on whose electronic mail system is being used and who is reading the messages. Does a government
office, for example, have the right to destroy electronic messages created in the course of running the
government, thereby denying public access to such documents? Some hold that government offices
should issue guidelines that allow their staff to delete such electronic records, and defend this
practice by claiming that the messages thus deleted already exist in paper versions whose destruction
is forbidden. Opponents of such practices argue that the paper versions often omit such information
as who received the messages and when they received them, information commonly carried on
electronic mail systems. Government officials, opponents maintain, are civil servants; the public
should thus have the right to review any documents created during the conducting of government
business.
Questions about electronic mail privacy have also arisen in the private sector. Recently, two
employees of an automotive company were discovered to have been communicating disparaging
information about their supervisor via electronic mail. The supervisor, who had been monitoring the
communication, threatened to fire the employees. When the employees filed a grievance
complaining that their privacy had been violated, they were let go. Later, their court case for
unlawful termination was dismissed; the company’s lawyers successfully argued that because the
company owned the computer system, its supervisors had the right to read anything created on it.
In some areas, laws prohibit outside interception of electronic mail by a third party without proper
authorization such as a search warrant. However, these laws do not cover “inside” interception such
as occurred at the automotive company. In the past, courts have ruled that interoffice
communications may be considered private only if employees have a “reasonable expectation” of
privacy when they send the messages. The fact is that no absolute guarantee of privacy exists in any
computer system. The only solution may be for users to scramble their own messages with
encryption codes; unfortunately, such complex codes are likely to undermine the principal virtue of
electronic mail: its convenience.
6. Which one of the following statements most accurately summarizes the main point of the
passage?
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A) Until the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in both the public and
private sectors have been resolved, office workers will need to scramble their electronic mail
messages with encryption codes.
B) The legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the work place can best be
resolved by treating such communications as if they were as private as telephone conversations
or face-to-face meetings.
C) Any attempt to resolve the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the
workplace must take into account the essential difference between public-sector and private
sector business.
D) At present, in both the public and private sectors, there seem to be no clear general answers
to the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace.
7. According to the passage, which one of the following best expresses the reason some people use
to oppose the deletion of electronic mail records at government offices?
A) Such deletion reveals the extent of government’s unhealthy obsession with secrecy.
B) Such deletion runs counter to the notion of government’s accountability（责任） to its
constituency (选民，支持者).
C) Such deletion clearly violates the legal requirement that government offices keep duplicate
copies of all their transactions.
D) Such deletion violates the government’s own guidelines against destruction of electronic
records.
8. Which one of the following most accurately states the organization of the passage?
A) A problem is introduced, followed by specific examples illustrating the problem: a possible
solution is suggested, followed by an acknowledgment of its shortcomings.
B) A problem is introduced, followed by explications of two possible solutions to the problem:
the first solution is preferred to the second, and reasons are given for why it is the better
alternative.
C) A problem is introduced, followed by analysis of the historical circumstances that helped
bring the problem about, and a possible solution is offered and rejected as being only a partial
remedy.
D) A problem is introduced, followed by enumeration of various questions that need to be
answered before a solution can be found: one possible solution is proposed and argued for.
9. There are four opinions about an encryption system that could encode and decode electronic
mail messages with a single keystroke. Which one would the author most likely hold?
A) It would be an unreasonable burden on a company’s ability to monitor electronic mail created
by its employees.
B) It would significantly reduce the difficulty of attempting to safeguard the privacy of
electronic mail.
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C) It would create substantial legal complications for companies trying to prevent employees
from revealing trade secrets to competitors.
D) It would guarantee only a minimal level of employee privacy, and so would not be worth the
cost involved in installing such a system.
10. Given the information in the passage, which one of the following hypothetical events is LEAST
likely to occur?
A) A court rules that a government office’s practice of deleting its electronic mail is not in the
public’s best interests.
B) A private-sector employer is found liable for eavesdropping an office telephone conversation
in which two employees exchanged disparaging information about their supervisor.
C) A court upholds the right of a government office to destroy both paper and electronic versions
of its in-house documents.
D) A court upholds a private-sector employer’s right to monitor messages sent between
employees over the company’s in-house electronic mail system.
Passage Three
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a
fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from
experience.
Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the
computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of
every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this
is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000
moves a second. That is an impressive speed, but there are an astronomical number of possible
moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written, there is no computer
capable of holding that much data.
Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to
function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own
program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this
can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several
have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry
them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to
reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.
There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is
sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event
even when a computer does it. But there are many serious human problems which can be fruitfully
approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out
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strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal
relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world famine—can perhaps be
solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .
11. The purpose of creating chess-playing computers is __________
A) to win the world chess champion
B) to pave the way for further intelligent computers
C) to work out strategies for international wars
D) to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress
12. Today, a chess-playing computer can be programmed to ________
A ) give trillions of responses in a second to each possible move and win the game
B) function with complete data and beat the best players
C) learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game
D) evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time
13. For a computer to “think”, it is necessary to ________
A) mange to process as much data as possible in a second
B) program it so that it can learn from its experiences
C) prepare it for chess-playing first
D) enable it to deal with unstructured situations
14. The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is____
A) critical B) unconcerned C) positive D) negative
15. In the author’s opinion,______
A) winning a chess game is an unimportant event
B) serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a game
C) ecological problems are more urgent to be solved
D) there is hope for more intelligent computers
Passage Four
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive
weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the
latter
The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few
cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words,
even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a
necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose
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that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he
discovered hat speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think in this respect picture
language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in
which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral
language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important
single factor in the development of man.
Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the
domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was a step in human progress to
which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age. Agriculture made
possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be
successfully practiced. These were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each
harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of
life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.
Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed
out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and
transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.
These inventions and discoveries—fire, speech, weapons, domestic animals, agriculture, and
writing—made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B. C. until the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical
advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his
technique, and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was, of
course, an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile,
the Euphrates, the Tigris and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the
greater part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress
during this long time; there was progress—there were even two inventions of very great importance,
namely gunpowder and the mariner’s compass—but neither of these can be compared in their power
to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.
16.According to the passage picture language was found most useful when_____
A) people didn’t want to use speech in communication
B) oral language was not fully developed
C) people went hunting or traveling somewhere
D) people were inhabiting in caves
17. It is the author’s view that in human civilization agriculture______.
A) is the most important step man has ever made
B) is only less important than the domestication of animals
C) had long been practiced as stated in written history
D) can be ranked in importance with the invention of machines
18. In the 3rd paragraph, “…in the regions where it could be practiced…”, “it”refers to ________
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A) increase B) number C) agriculture D) species
19. Written language in its initial stage was found more advantageous in that __
A) it could communicate more accurately than the oral language
B) it had developed from picture language
C) information could be recorded and transmitted
D) it was easier to learn than picture language
20. The following conditions except one made it possible for civilized communities to exist. The
exception is _________
A) writing B) agriculture C) fire D) caves
Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)
Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices
marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one that can best complete the sentence and then write the
corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
21. The thick soap won’t foam properly, so it is necessary and economical to ______ it with water.
A) pierce B) dip C) dilute D) balance
22. The successful candidates are all creative in solving problems and ______ at learning new
technologies and skills.
A）capable B） adept C）marginal D） adequate
23. Our way to stay ahead of the competition is by continually creating _____ products and services
while building new value in existing product lines.
A) unmanageable B) deliverable C) institutional D) innovative
24. He always smiled and never had a negative comment about anyone or a ____ remark about any
situation.
A) cynical B) skeptical C) hierarchical D) hysterical
25.The ____ of tropical rainforests as public good will require cooperation between all countries in
the world.
A) institution B) conservation C) precaution D) construction
26. The relations between my mother and brother were getting worse as my brother grew older and
more ______ .
A) realistic B) racial C) recycled D) rebellious
27. Don't believe him. What he said just now was _______.
A) sacred B) rubbish C) secret D) satisfied
28. Mr. White always wears sunglasses because his eyes are ________ to light.
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A) self-evident B) seldom C) sensitive D) sentimental
29. According to the weather_______, there is a typhoon approaching Taiwan.
A) report B) symbol C) request D) refusal
30. The new laboratories will be constructed this year, and local firms have been asked to _______
the work.
A) assign B) undertake C) manufacture D) provide
31. His thoughts were_______ from the painful topic by the sudden arrival of a neighbor.
A) distinguished B) distracted C) discounted D) discerned
32. Thomas Edison ________ his success as an inventor to 10% inspiration and 90% perspiration.
A) devoted B) instituted C) executed D) attributed
33. From our house on the hillside, we can ________the whole of the harbor.
A) widen B) overlook C) attain D) outlet
34. The noise was so faint that you had to _______ your ears to hear it.
A) stir B) strengthen C) strain D) stride
35. His suggestion was violently ______ by Guerra who made no secret of his revolutionary
Marxism.
A) denounced B) described C) depended D) denoted
36. The prisoner was _____ of his civil liberty for three years.
A) discharged B) derived C) deprived D) dispatched
37. The tribe lives almost entirely on a diet of rice ________ by fruit they find in the forest.
A) amplified B) enclosed C) supplied D) supplemented
38.They were ______ in their scientific research, not knowing what happened just outside their lab.
A) submerged B)drowned C)immersed D)dipped
39. You should ______ to one or more weekly magazines such as time, or Newsweek.
A) ascribe B)order C)reclaim D)subscribe
40. I’m sorry I am late; I never _______ the taxi to take so long to get here.
A) expected B) planned C) waited for D) thought
41.Please do not be ________ by his offensive remarks since he is merely trying to attract attention.
A) distracted B) irritated C) disregarded D) intervened
42. He wouldn't answer the reporters' questions, nor would he __________ for a photograph.
A) summon B) highlight C) pose D) contemplate
43. Just because I'm ________ to him, my boss thinks he can order me around without showing me
any respect.
A) subordinate B) trivial C) versatile D) redundant
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44. How much of your country’s electrical supply is _____ from water power.
A) derived B) detached C) deduced D) declined
45. When the firemen arrived the whole building was ______.
A) brushing B) blazing C) breeding D) budding
46. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play ______roles in raising children.
A) intolerable B) impassioned C) intellectual D) indispensable
47. Believing that he was fully qualified, he submitted his application _______, but a week later he
was crushed to learn that it had been turned down.
A) ultimately B) hesitantly C) promptly D) attentively
48. The rule for the competition is somewhat _________. I can’t get it and I require an explanation.
A)distinct B) obscure C) clumsy D) imaginary
49. They must know how to keep and make use of and when necessary _____ the old and outdated
conventional rules.
A) discard B) clarify C) skim D) insulate
50. The new president said she would _______ herself to protecting the rights of the old, the sick and
the homeless.
A) donate B) dedicate C) entrust D) present
51. The terrorist action has been ______ universally as an act of barbarism and cowardice.
A) condemned B) cleared C) reminded D) pardoned
52. Widespread pollution of the environment by companies may come to an end as a bill has been
drafted which proposes to _____ any offending firms.
A) subsidize B) penalize C) outdo D) oppress
53. Three medical organizations concluded that doctors should not be required to perform life-saving
procedures when life support is ____ for patients who are irreversibly unconscious.
A) earnest B) costly C) futile D) essential
54. He attends to the _____ of important business himself.
A) transformation B) transition C) transmission D) transaction
55. Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe
this kind of _____ grouping is advisable.
A) spontaneous B) homogenous C) instantaneous D) anonymous
56. A survey disclosed that 60m percent of the interviewees regret the decline in traditional
celebrations and ______ it necessary to continue the practice of hosting a family dinner on the
lunar New Year’s Eve.
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A) deem B) estimate C) enhance D)sustain
57. Some safety inspectors and experts have been assigned to ____ the ongoing construction of
facilities specially designed for the upcoming opening ceremony of the Fortune Global Forum.
A) enforce B)impose C) instruct D) supervise
58. It was an ________ moment when Shanghai, China, was chosen to host the 2010 World
Exposition.
A) charming B) consensual C) exhilarating D) passionate
59. The woman was worried about the side effects of taking aspirins, but her doctor ______ her that
it is absolutely harmless.
A) retrieved B) reassured C) released D) revived
60. We can’t help being _______ of Bob who bought a luxurious sports car just after the money was
stolen from the office.
A) skeptical B) appreciative C) suspicious D) tolerant
Part III Cloze (10%)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in each of the following passage. For each blank there are four
choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best
fits into the passage. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
From a pragmatic point of view, there is
considerable profit to be gained from letting these
two distinct approaches—deduction and
induction—jostle alongside one another. 61 ,
the difference between them is one of the more
vexed issues in contemporary logic. Exactly how
(and why) we distinguish between them is 62
both to erroneous views and legitimate
disagreements. First, let me dispose of a common
error, one that has probably been taught to you (or
you have read) at some stage. It is often claimed
that deduction is a form of reasoning from general
rules to specific premises and that induction is the
63 , that is, 64 from specific cases to a
general conclusion. Now, no matter what you
might see or read elsewhere, this is 65 . The
difference between deduction and induction has
nothing to do with general or 66 reasoning,
61. A. Moreover B. However
C. Alternatively D. Consequently
62. A. easy B. likely
C. subject D. deductive
63. A. reverse B. reserve
C. relief D. resolve
64. A. increasing B. introducing
C. ranging D. reasoning
65. A. common B. distinctive
C. wrong D. true
66. A. genuine B. similar
C. generic D. specific
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but has 67 to do with what the conclusion
does on the basis of the premises.
We will explore this genuine 68 in a
moment but let me reassure you that, if the
distinction seems hard to grasp, you are not
69 . Philosophers have generally sought to
retreat to those examples and cases of reasoning
which are clearly deductive and clearly inductive:
they have not engaged with the muddy mass of
indistinct cases which are, 70 , the everyday
reasoning we use.
67. A. everything B. nothing
C. somewhere D. nowhere
68. A. conclusion B. premise
C. difference D. basis
69. A. single B. alone
C. separate D. private
70. A. by and by B. by and large
C. by all means D. by no means
Part V Translation (15%)
Directions: In this section, you are required to put the following passage from English into
Chinese. Read the passage through carefully before translation.
Happiness isn’t about always getting what you want. Happy people understand that
sometimes life doesn’t go their way; life isn’t fair. What they do know, is that you can
only do your best, forgive yourself for what doesn’t work, and let go when you need to.
Suffering is an inevitable condition of humanity. You cannot survive this world
without at least a little suffering. Happy people know a deeper happiness comes
through surviving a deep pain. We learn what we’re truly made of when faced with
such hurt.
As hard as you work, and as much as you try to plan it all out, you’re just not in
control. You cannot control the actions or thoughts of others. In order to reach
happiness, happy people accept this inevitable truth and learn to be proactive rather
than reactive to life’s surprises and mishaps.
If your happiness is dependent on how other people feel about you, you will never be
happy. You can’t please everyone and you certainly can’t force anyone to love you in a
specific way. Happy people accept the way their loved ones feel, and work at showing
their affection and asking for what they need rather than expecting people to love them
the way they want to be loved.
Part VI Writing (15%)
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Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Reform of
English Education. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in
Chinese:
1. 目前中国人在旅游过程中遭遇欺诈(scam)或强迫消费等现象时有发生。
2. 产生这一现象的原因
3. 你认为应如何改变这种状况
Travel Scam