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青岛大学 2015 年硕士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码： 622 科目名称： 基础英语（2）（共 12 页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
Part I. Cloze (20 points)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there
are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best
fits into the passage.
Learning theorists emphasize the role of environmental influences in
shaping the way a person develops. 1 their view, child development is
guided by both deliberate and 2 learning experiences in the home, peer
groups, school, and community. Therefore, childhood growth is significantly
3 by the efforts of parents, teachers, and others to 4 children in
desirable ways. According to learning theories, the same 5 that explain
how people can use a bicycle or computer also explain how children acquire
social skills, emotional self-control, reasoning strategies, and the 6 skills
of walking and running.
One kind of learning occurs when a child’s actions are 7 by a reward
or punishment. A reward, also called a reinforcer, increases the probability that
behavior will be repeated. For example, a young child may 8 draw
pictures because she receives praise from her parents after 9 each one. A
punishment decreases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For
example, a child who touches a hot stove and burns his fingertips is not 10
to touch the stove again.
11 kind of learning, classical conditioning, occurs when a person
makes a 12 association between two events. For example, babies begin
sucking when they are put in a familiar nursing 13 , children fear dogs
whose barking has startled them in the past. A third kind of learning 14 of
imitating the behavior of others. A boy may acquire his father’s 15 of
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