1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the text

[A] The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.

[B] The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens.

[C] After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.

[D] The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress.

2. It can be inferred from the text that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial losses

[A] in 600.

[B] during the seventh century.

[C] a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost.

[D] soon after the revival of Byzantine learning.

3. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to

[A] suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model.

[B] set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium.

[C] cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium.

[D] suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists.

4. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began

[A] The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.

[B] The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.

[C] The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.

[D] The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.

5. According to the author, “The common explanation” (line 1, paragraph 3) of connections between economic, military, and cultural development is

[A] revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire.

[B] reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress.

[C] not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival.

[D] equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome.