东北大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

东北大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
Entrance Examination of English for Ph.D. Candidates
(November 2008)

Part I Vocabulary (15 Points)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best competes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
1. The schoolmaster ______ the girl's bravery in his opening speech.    A. applauded    B. enhanced    C. elevated    D. clapped
2. The jungle frightened the travelers because it seemed ______.    A. abismal    B. abbysmal    C. abyzmal    D. abysmal
3. She thought it could do no harm to ______ her escort a bit, at least on his taste in wines.    A. complement    B. flatter    C. flatten    D. decorate
4. Although most birds have only a negligible sense of smell, they have ______ vision.    A. vigorous    B. exact    C. acute    D. vivid
5. In the morning the children were delighted to find that everything was under a ______ of snow outside.    A. coat    B. cloak    C. frock    D. shawl
6. Many newspapers commented on the government's ______ measures to bring down the price of wheat, rice, sugar, and other essential commodities.    A. feeble    B. limp    C. fragile    D. disabled
7. The children's hysterical crying ______ the woman doctor from completing the examination.    A. forbade    B. refrained    C. hindered    D. restricted
8. He is one of the most active ______ in the extracurricular activities of the students' union.    A. inhabitants    B. descendants    C. participants    D. tenants
9. His newly published book advanced the ______ that whales are as intelligent as humans.    A. ruling    B. proposal    C. hypothesis    D. protocol
10. One's attitude towards job hunting would be ______ to his prospects.    A. critical    B. critic    C. crucial    D. criticized
11. The coast ______ slowly as our ship sailed out to sea.    A. receded    B. conceded    C. proceeded    D. exceeded
12. There was much ______ among the cyclists after the difficult ride.    A. camaraderie    B. camradene    C. commraderie    D. comraderie
13. After a number of disagreements with the committee, the helpless chairman ______.    A. retired    B. dismissed    C. deserted    D. resigned
14. Her letter was in such a casual crawl, and in such pale ink, that it was ______.    A. vague    B. illegible    C. ambiguous    D. intelligible
15. Poor Williams is in hospital again. The unlucky fellow seems ______ to accidents.    A. prone    B. destined    C. bound    D. disposed
16. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ______ a violent act previously seen on television.    A. modifying    B. duplicating    C. accelerating    D. stimulating
17. There is a difference in meaning between the two words "surroundings" and "environment".    A. gentle    B. feeble    C. subtle    D. humble
18. The renowned psychologist volunteered to take part in a small ______ to photograph wild animals in the rain forest.    A. expenditure    B. expertise    C. exposition    D. expedition
19. They are writing to the manager with ______ the repairs recently carried out at the above address.    A. the exception of    B. a view to    C. the purpose of    D. reference to
20. When the doctor does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people ______ and asks them a lot of questions.    A. at random    B. at length    C. in essence    D. in bulk
21. The most ______ technological success in the twentieth century is probably the computer revolution.    A. solemn    B. prominent    C. prosperous    D. prevalent
22. It is fortunate when a young man's career goals and the wishes of his parents for him ______.    A. coincide    B. supervise    C. collaborate    D. collide
23. The speaker was known to be quite the ______, so the program was well attended.    A. raconteur    B. raquonteur    C. racquonteur    D. raqonteur
24. Drinking water is ______ when sewage seeps into the water supply.    A. concealed    B. consumed    C. contemplated    D. contaminated
25. The girl had an ______ manner which made her very popular at school.    A. insoutiant    B. insouciant    C. insousant    D. insuciant
26. After so many weeks without rain, the ground quickly ______ the little rain that fell yesterday.    A. absorbed    B. drained    C. digested    D. soaked
27. A recent ______ of home buying patterns shows that many people under 30 in America are still renting.    A. status    B. bonus    C. chorus    D. census
28. Most religious organizations depend on the ______ actions of their members for financial and material aid.    A. elemosynary    B. ellemosynary    C. elemosinary    D. eleemosynary
29. David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much ______ to those who are aggressive and compete well.    A. regime    B. prestige    C. superiority    D. legislature
30. He looked pale, tired and depressed, for although he had been working for fifteen ______ days on the project, his boss was still far from being satisfied with the result.    A. consecutive    B. continuous    C. consequent    D. controversial

Part II Cloze (15 Points)
Directions: There are 30 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
A transformation is occurring that should greatly __31__ living standards in the developing world. Places that __32__ recently were deaf and dumb are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications that will let them __33__ both internal and foreign investment. It may take a decade for many developing countries to improve transportation, power supplies, and other __34__. Yet a single __35__ fiber with a __36__ of less than half a/an __37__ can carry more information than a large cable made of copper wires. Many developing countries are planning to invest vast sum of money __38__ their telecommunications networks to allow them to compete, __39__ the transfer of information, with developed countries. How fast these nations should push ahead is a matter of debate.
China is making one of the boldest leaps __40__ carefully weighing costs and choosing __41__ technologies. Over the next decade, it plans to pour some $100 billion into telecommunications equipment. __42__, China's backwardness is an advantage, because the expansion occurs __43__ new technologies are becoming cheaper than copper wire systems. By the end of 1995, each of China's __44__ capitals except for Tibet will have digital __45__ and other latest wireless transmission system. This means that major cities are getting the basic __46__ to become major parts of the information superhighway, allowing people to __47__ on to the most advanced services available.
Telecommunications is also a key __48__ Shanghai's ambition of becoming a top financial center. To offer peak performance in providing the electronic data and paperless trading, Shanghai plans to be as electronically advanced __49__ the City of New York.
Some experts fear __50__ that some developing countries are trying to do __51__ too soon. Vietnam, __52__ particular, __53__ being extremely underdeveloped and lacking enough telephones of any type, is determined to contribute more money to the most expensive, newest technologies to keep __54__ with anyone in Asia.
Thailand is also turning to wireless, as a way to allow Thais to make better use of all the time they spend __55__ in traffic. Mobile phones have become the __56__ among businesspeople, who can remain in contact despite the traffic jams.
For countries that have lagged behind for so long, the temptation to move ahead in one jump is hard to __57__. And __58__ the mistakes they'll make, they'll persist -- __59__ one day they can cruise alongside Americans and Western Europeans __60__ the information super highway.

31. A. boast    B. bloom    C. boom    D. boost         32. A. until    B. are    C. for    D. by
33. A. decrease    B. inform    C. promote    D. promulgate         34. A. means    B. utensils    C. utilities    D. structures
35. A. optical    B. slender    C. synthetic    D. moral         36. A. length    B. diameter    C. weight    D. volume
37. A. millimeter    B. centimeter    C. yard    D. inch         38. A. for    B. in    C. on    D. at
39. A. with    B. for    C. in respect of    D. regard of         40. A. forward    B. by    C. ahead    D. for
41. A. for    B. at    C. by    D. between         42. A. In a way    B. In memory    C. In prospect    D. Meantime
43. A. since    B. like    C. just like    D. just as         44. A. remote    B. renowned    C. provincial    D. affluent
45. A. transfer    B. switches    C. high-capacity    D. license         46. A. aspect    B. perspective    C. phase    D. infrastructure
47. A. access    B. log    C. grasp    D. take         48. A. with    B. to    C. point    D. question
49. A. more    B. than    C. like    D. as         50. A. ,however,    B. instead    C. consequently    D. therefore
51. A. much more    B. too many    C. too much    D. much         52. A. in    B. on    C. for    D. with
53. A. since    B. therefore    C. while    D. however         54. A. pace    B. step    C. rate    D. gait
55. A. fixed    B. stuck    C. retained    D. bound         56. A. model    B. passion    C. wrath    D. rage
57. A. resist    B. stop    C. recover    D. catch         58. A. now that    B. in spite    C. despite of    D. despite
59. A. when    B. while    C. so that    D. by then         60. A. on    B. with    C. for    D. by

Part III Reading Comprehension (35 Points)
Directions: There are 7 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of the question, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Passage One
Rocks which have solidified directly from molten materials are called igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics. Igneous rocks compose the greater part of the earth's crust, but they are generally covered at the surface by a relatively thin layer of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are distinguished by the following characteristics: (1) they contain no fossils; (2) they have no regular arrangement of layers and (3) they are nearly always made up of crystals.
Sedimentary rocks are composed largely of minute fragments derived from the disintegration of existing rocks and in some instances from the remains of animals. As sediments are transported, individual fragments are assorted according to size. Distinct layers of such sediments as gravel, sand, and clay build up, as they are deposited by water and occasionally wind. These sediments vary in size with the material and the power of the eroding agent. Sedimentary materials are laid down in layers called strata.
When sediments harden into sedimentary rocks, the names applied to them change to indicate the change in physical state. Thus, small stones and gravel cemented together are known as conglomerates; cemented sand becomes sandstone; and hardened clay becomes shale. In addition to these, other sedimentary rocks such as limestone frequently result from the deposition of dissolved material. The ingredient parts are normally precipitated by organic substances, such as shells of clams or hard skeletons of other marine life.
Both igneous and sedimentary rocks may be changed by pressure, heat, solution, or cementing action. When individual grains from existing rocks tend to deform and interlock, they are called metamorphic rocks. For example, granite, an igneous rock, may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a schist. Limestone, a sedimentary rock, when subjected to heat and pressure may become marble, a metamorphic rock. Shale under pressure becomes slate.
Questions 61-65 are based on Passage One.
61. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.    A. explain the factors that may cause rocks to change in form    B. show how the scientific names of rocks reflect the rock's composition    C. define and describe several diverse kinds of rocks    D. differentiate between different kinds of igneous rocks
62. All of the following are sedimentary rocks EXCEPT ______.    A. shale    B. schist    C. sand    D. gravel
63. The passage would be most likely to appear in a ______.    A. newspaper feature explaining how oil is found    B. pamphlet promoting conservation of natural resources    C. teaching manual accompanying an earth science text    D. nonfiction book explaining where to find fossils
64. The relationship between igneous and sedimentary rocks may best be compared to the relationship between ______.    A. water and land    B. sand and clay    C. nucleus and cell wall    D. leaves and compost
65. The author's tone in the passage can be best described as ______.    A. objective    B. meditative    C. concerned    D. ironic
Passage Two
As with any subject, people learn faster when concentration is high and we're actively interested in learning. Being interested and relaxed helps too. In intensely verbal courses the teachers are most effective when they act as a facilitator. Their prime task is to grab attention, help make sure that the activities are interesting and provide background information, which helps students to actively participate in the lesson and plan and implement effective, complementary home study programs. The student is responsible for keeping himself or herself "Under Pressure" in the ways mentioned above. Of course this requires that students understand the types of pressure they should take upon themselves and when to back off. Imposed pressure is different in quality to self-imposed pressure, and it is the latter which is appropriate for adult learners, and children too, I suspect.
In the typical actively verbal language class, understanding of the processes needed for effective language acquisition is necessarily inferred by the students. Communicating clearly with everyone in the class is difficult enough, so talking about why an activity is useful is quite likely to confuse and bemuse rather than enlighten students in a language course. For this reason transparent, open-ended activities with clear task goals form the foundation of any intensely verbal course. In other words, short demonstrations are followed by pair and group work doing the demonstrated activity and it is up to the students to make sure they involve themselves while the teacher is trying to target the activities so they are appropriate, allowing the students to discover for themselves ways in which the activity helps achieve their language target. Making activities appropriate is the key, meaning that students should be able to quickly realize that they can vary and extend what they are doing -- that the example is a starting point, not a prescriptive pattern but a working start point which points them in a direction of exploration.
Questions 66-70 are based on Passage Two.
66. What do you think the author has most probably talked about previously, according to the passage?    A. How to learn faster than others.    B. How to deal with pressure.    C. What to do with interesting subject.    D. How to relax oneself while studying.
67. When teachers are mentioned to act as a facilitator, they should be acting ______.    A. easily    B. familiarly    C. fast    D. helpfully
68. Which of the following statements do you think that the writer will agree to?    A. We should not exert pressure upon ourselves, if possible    B. Imposed pressure and self-imposed pressure are appropriate.    C. Imposed pressure may not be helpful in learning things.    D. Adults as well as children need certain pressure from outside.
69. Which of the following statements is true according to the writer of this passage?    A. Students should learn verbally by themselves in class.    B. Students should be encouraged to follow examples.    C. Students should understand all the demonstrations.    D. Students should target their activities and achieve them.
70. What does the word "transparent" (Para. 2, line 5) mean?    A. opaque    B. unmistakable    C. vague    D. questionable
Passage Three
The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms (including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebrates -- or creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms) -- make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.
Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their external environment. These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off their invaders.
Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of foreign cells. In fact, through the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.
The ability to distinguish between "self" and "nonself", while present in all animals, is most efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.
Questions 71-75 are based on Passage Three.
71. What does the passage mainly discuss?    A. How parasites reproduce.    B. How organisms react to the invaders.    C. How antibiotics work to cure disease.    D. How the immune system of vertebrates developed.
72. The word "intricate" in Line One is closest in meaning to ______.    A. difficult    B. widespread    C. critical    D. complex
73. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to ______.    A. prevent disease in humans    B. aid digestion    C. fight off other organisms    D. create new type of nutrients
74. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue ______.    A. becoming a parasite    B. being treated as an invader    C. altering its genetic makeup    D. developing a new immune system
75. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between "self" and "nonself" enables vertebrates to ______.    A. accept transplanted cells    B. detect and react to invasion    C. weaken their immune system    D. get rid of antibiotics
Passage Four
Imagine eating everything delicious you want -- with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn't it?
New "fake fat" products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it's up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.
Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat than can't be digested at all.
Normally, special chemicals in the intestines "grab" molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.
The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.
Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.
Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.
Questions 76-80 are based on Passage Four.
76. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ______.    A. contains plenty of nutrients    B. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious    C. makes foods easily digestible    D. renders foods caloric-free while retaining their vitamins
77. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be ______.    A. commercially useless    B. just as anticipated    C. somewhat controversial    D. quite unexpected
78. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that ______.    A. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins    B. it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease    C. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body    D. it passes through the intestines without being absorbed
79. What is a possible negative effect of olestra according to some critics?    A. It may increase the risk of cancer.    B. It may impair the digestive system.    C. It may affect the overall fat intake.    D. It may spoil the consumers' appetite.
80. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?    A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.    B. The function of the intestines may be weakened.    C. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.    D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.
Passage Five
Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they preside over is for real.
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1997. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 2001, productivity has increased by 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1988-1997 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as the treasury secretary says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.
Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance-chasing."
Questions 81-85 are based on Passage Five.
81. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.    A. not as good as it seems    B. at its turning point    C. much better than it seems    D. near to complete recovery
82. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.    A. exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle    B. fall short of businessmen's anticipation    C. meet the expectation of business people    D. fail to reflect the true state of economy
83. The author raises the question "What about pain without gain?" because ______.    A. he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"    B. he does not think the productivity revolution works    C. he wonders if the official statistics are misleading    D. he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses
84. What does the word "blunter" (para.4, line 6) mean?    A. reasonable    B. disturbed    C. more insensible    D. franker
85. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?    A. Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.    B. New ways of organizing workplaces may help increase productivity.    C. The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.    D. Opening up new markets may increase the companies' profitability.
Passage Six
The Planning Commission asserts that the needed reduction in acute care hospital beds can best be accomplished by closing the smaller hospitals, mainly voluntary and proprietary. This strategy follows from the argument that closing entire institutions saves more money than closing the equivalent number of beds scattered throughout the health system.
The issue is not the simple. Larger hospitals generally are designed to provide more complex care. Routine care at large hospitals costs more than the same care given at smaller hospitals. Therefore, closure of all the small hospitals would commit the city to paying considerably more for inpatient care delivered at acute care hospitals than would be the case with a mixture of large and small institutions. Since reimbursement rates at the large hospitals are now based on total costs, paying the large institutions a lower rate for routine care would simply raise the rates for complex care by a comparable amount. Such a reimbursement rate adjustment might make the charges for each individual case more accurately reflect the actual costs, but there would be no reduction in the total costs.
There is some evidence that giant hospitals are not the most efficient. Service organizations -- and medical care remains largely a service industry -- frequently find that savings of scale have an upper limit. Similarly, the quality of routine care in the very largest hospitals appears to be less than optimum. Also, the concentration of all hospital beds in a few locations may affect the access to care.
Thus simply closing the smaller hospitals will not necessarily save money or improve the quality of care.
Since the fact remains that there are too many acute care hospital beds in the city, the problem is to devise a proper strategy for selecting and urging the closure of the excess beds, however many it may turn out to be.
The closing of whole buildings within large medical centers had many of the cost advantages of closing the whole of small institutions, because the fixed costs can also be reduced in such cases. Unfortunately, many of the separate buildings at medical centers are special use facilities, the relocation of which is extremely costly. Still, a search should be made for such opportunities.
The current lack of adequate ambulatory care facilities raises another possibility. Some floors or other large compact areas of hospitals could be transferred from inpatient to ambulatory uses. Reimbursement of ambulatory services is chaotic, but the problem is being addressed. The overhead associated with the entire hospital should not be charged even prorate to the ambulatory facilities. Even if it were, the total cost would probably be less than that of building a new facility. Many other issues would also need study, especially the potential over-centralization of ambulatory services.
The Planning Commission language seems to imply that one reason for closing smaller hospitals is that they are "mainly voluntary and proprietary", thus, preserving the public hospital system by making the rest of the hospital system absorb the needed cuts. It is important to preserve the public hospital system for many reasons, but the issue should be faced directly and not hidden behind arguments about hospital size if indeed that was the meaning.
Questions 86-90 are based on Passage Six
86. The best title for the passage would be ______.    A. Maintaining Adequate Hospital Facilities    B. Defending the Public Hospitals    C. Protecting the Proprietary and Voluntary Hospitals    D. Economic Efficiency in Hospital Bed Closings
87. The Planning Commission is accused by the author of being ______.    A. unfair    B. foolish    C. shortsighted    D. ignorant
88. The author's purpose in discussing ambulatory care is to ______.    A. discuss alternatives to closing hospital beds    B. present a method of reducing the fiscal disadvantages of closing only parts of larger hospitals    C. help preserve the public hospital system    D. attack the inefficient use of space on larger hospitals
89. With which of the following is the author least likely to agree?    A. a proposal to save costs in a prison system by building only very large prison complexes    B. a plan to stop the closing of any beds whatsoever in the city, until the costs of various alternatives can be fully considered    C. a proposal by an architecture firm that new hospital buildings have centralized record system    D. a mayoral commission being formed to study the plight of the elderly
90. How does the author feel that his suggestions for closing inpatient beds could impact on the ambulatory care system?    A. Ambulatory care costs will probably be reduced.    B. A reduction of hospital beds will increase the demand for ambulatory services.    C. Smaller hospitals will have to cut back ambulatory services to stay fiscally viable.    D. The use as ambulatory facilities of the space made available in large hospitals by bed closings might result in having too many ambulatory services based in large hospitals.
Passage Seven
When bread prices rose, Vladkhleb, a bakery, asked the krai and city for help in holding down prices. Here is a letter it wrote, published in the Vladivostok Times Sept. 9, 2007.
Dear Residents of Vladivostok:
The staff and Board of Directors of Vladkhleb can't keep silent in the current wild situation when prices for all existing products are skyrocketing unbelievably. And while we somewhat indifferently watch enormous figures on price tags for delicacy products, every kopeck of extra charge for the staples causes a real panic. We perfectly realize that, and that's why we have kept bread prices affordable for all this time. Even after the rise of prices we have tried to keep the past prices for as long as possible.
At the moment all our reserves are exhausted. Stocks of bread-baking ingredients such as flour, sugar, butter and the like are running out. To buy what we need at reasonable prices is virtually impossible today.
However, we cannot temporize. We all need bread every day, which means we will be forced to buy everything we need at much higher prices. What this means perhaps doesn't need to be explained.
The cost of bread closely depends on ingredients. Another financial crisis has led to a 50-300% increase of prices for butler, vegetable oil, all types of margarine, yeast and other as of September 1. All these prices continue to grow every hour.
Because of this, Vladkhleb came to the critical point where it is necessary to raise prices of its products. Otherwise, we will just destroy a most powerful bread enterprise. Should Vladkhleb shut down, the bread price will get out of hand.
Our economists projected the situation for the near future considering the growing flour cost. With the cost of flour at 2.18 rubles per kilogram at the start of September, the retail bread price was to be 4.36 rubles. With an increase of flour cost to 4 rubles per kilogram, bread price will grow to 6.17 rubles. Further growth will be possible.
So it turns out that bread may rank with delicacy products. Is there another way out?
Yes. It is already put into practice by leaders of other cities and regions. For example, Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov used the press in the very first days of the crisis to tell the residents that he had decided to subsidize the bread industry so that not to allow prices for this type of food to rise. There were no objections. So did Khabarovsk -- there they pay subsidies for bread baking ingredients.
Incidentally, the city and krai administrations already have the experience of supporting our plants. Rather than artificially holding back prices, they employed loans and waivers and the like. At this point all the city and krai offices of authority as well as deputies at all levels could consider our propositions such as:
    Granting waivers on taxes to krai and city budgets;
    Establishing lower prices for electric and thermal energy for a program of bread production;
    Facilitating in reception of customs duty and tax waivers from the federal government for imported grain;
    Recovery of Pacific Fleet's debts in the amount of 6 million rubles (calculated as of August 2007) for supplied products;
    Lowering rent for premises and plots.
Any of these possible measures will help Vladkhleb contain the growth of prices for its products. Despite of our SOS signal, no measures have been taken as yet. We have found ourselves in the same situation as any of you. We see the situation changing steadily for the worse. We will not cope with that alone.
We see one recourse: Raise the bread price minimally and cancel our free plastic bag service. But what is next? This is the concern of all the 700 employees and the board of Vladkhleb.
Every extra kopeck in the cost of bread upsets you and us very much. Making our sincere apologies for a forced increase of the bread price, we hope for your understanding and support. Today and tomorrow we are with you, as usual.
The Staff and Board of Vladkhleb
Questions 91-95 are based on Passage Seven
91. In this open letter Vladkhleb explains to the people of Vladivostok that ______.    A. they can no longer supply bread    B. the price of bread will treble    C. all reserves of bread-making ingredients have been depleted    D. it will have to close down
92. A possible solution to the crisis, Vladkhleb suggests is ______.    A. to use ingredients of a lower quality    B. to cut the workers' wages    C. to urge people to eat less bread    D. to have the bread price subsidized by the authorities
93. "So it turns out that bread may rank with delicacy products," means ______.    A. that bread has become much tastier in recent months    B. that bread has become as expensive as caviar    C. that bread has become an article many people can no longer afford    D. that bread has become more crispy in recent months
94. Vladkhleb has decided not to shut down because, they say, ______.    A. the organization still has a lot of outstanding debts    B. otherwise the price of bread may get out of hand    C. otherwise the distribution of bread may end up in the hands of the mafia    D. their employees are loyal and hard-working
95. One of Vladkhleb propositions to the local authorities "Recovery of Pacific Fleet's debts in the amount of 6 million rubles (calculated as of August 2007) for supplied products." means ______.    A. that the army still owes the bakery a lot of money for bread delivered in the past    B. that Vladkhleb still owes a lot of money to the army for ingredients that it supplied in the past.    C. that the local authorities should ask for more funds from Moscow which would otherwise end up with the Pacific Fleet    D. that the local authorities should pay back the debt immediately

Part IV Translation (15 Points)
Directions: Each of the following two passages has some underlined parts. Translate the underlined parts into Chinese and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.
Passage One
(1) None of the much flaunted appeals of cigarette advertisers, such as superior taste and mildness, induces us to become smokers or to choose one brand in preference to another. Despite the emphasis put on such qualities by advertisers, they are minor considerations. This is one of the first facts we discovered when we asked several hundred people from all walks of life, why they liked to smoke cigarettes. Smoking is as much a psychological pleasure as it is a physiological satisfaction.
What is the nature of this psychological pleasure? It can be traced to the universal desire for self-expression. (2) None of us ever completely outgrows our childhood. We are constantly hunting for the carefree enjoyment we knew as children. As we grew older, we had to subordinate our pleasures to work and to the necessity for unceasing effort. Smoking, for many of us, then, became a substitute for our early habit of following the whims of the moment; it becomes a legitimate excuse for interrupting work and snatching a moment of pleasure.
Most of us are hungry for rewards. We want to be patted on the back. A cigarette is a reward that we can give ourselves as often as we wish. When we have done anything well, for instance, we can congratulate ourselves with a cigarette, which certifies, in effect, that we have been "good boys."
Passage Two
(3) There is increasing media coverage surrounding carbon footprints. Businesses are facing mounting stakeholder pressure to show their commitment to measuring and reducing carbon emissions. As awareness amongst consumers is growing, organizations are being asked to report on the activities they are undertaking to reduce their carbon footprint. Until recently, most carbon offsets were commonly done by planting trees.
Yet how effective are new trees in offsetting the carbon footprint? A new study suggests that the location of the new trees is an important factor when considering such carbon offset projects. (4) Planting and preserving forests in the tropics is more likely to slow down global warming. But the study concludes that planting new trees in certain parts of the planet may actually warm the Earth. The new study, which combines climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation in a fully interactive three-dimensional climate-carbon model, confirms that planting more tropical rainforests could help slow global warming worldwide.
The research, led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory atmospheric scientist Govindasamy Bala, appears in the April 9-13 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
According to the study, new forests in mid- to high-latitude locations could actually create a net warming. Specifically, more trees in mid-latitude locations like the United States and most of Europe would only create marginal benefits from a climate perspective. But those extra trees in the boreal forests of Canada, Scandinavia and Siberia could actually be counterproductive, Bala said.
Forests affect climate in three different ways: they absorb the greenhouse gas -- carbon dioxide -- from the atmosphere and help keep the planet cool; they evaporate water to the atmosphere and increase cloudiness, which also helps keep the planet cool; and they are dark and absorb sunlight (the albedo effect), warming the Earth. Previous climate change mitigation strategies that promote planting trees have taken only the first effect into account.
"Our study shows that only tropical rainforests are strongly beneficial in helping slow down global warming," Bala said. "It is a win-win situation in the tropics because trees in the tropics, in addition to absorbing carbon dioxide, promote convective clouds that help to cool the planet. In other locations, the warming from the albedo effect either cancels or exceeds the net cooling from the other two effects."
The study concludes that by the year 2100, forests in mid- and high-latitudes will make some places up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than would have occurred if the forests did not exist.
(5) The authors caution that the cooling from deforestation outside the tropics should not be viewed as a strategy for mitigating climate change. "Preservation of ecosystems is a primary goal of preventing global warming, and the destruction of ecosystems to prevent global warming would be a counterproductive and perverse strategy." Said Ken Caldeira, from the Carnegie Institution and a co-author of this report.

Part V Writing (20 Points)
Directions: Write on the Answer Sheet a composition of at least 200 words based on the following statements. You should supply an appropriate title for your composition.
Online gambling (网上赌博) is widespread now. It has done a lot of harm to our society as well as to the individuals. In your opinion, what steps can be taken to deal with the problem?