吉林大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

吉林大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Section I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)
Part A
Directions: Choose one word in each item that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 with a single line through the center.
1. There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it more suitable for women.
A. respective
B. hidden
C. essential
D. particular
2. As the war enters its final phase, the UN will probably consider lifting sanctions.
A. position
B. sentence
C. transition
D. period
3. When she heard the news, she dropped the bowl on the floor and it broke into fragments.
A. divisions
B. parts
C. pieces
D. segments
4. There is no resolution to this conflict and two sides seem to go to war.
A. decision
B. disagreement
C. action
D. condition
5. On arrival in the New World, Tawell's wife found that her husband had amassed an immense fortune.
A. attributed
B. distributed
C. inherited
D. accumulated
6. The chair is comfortable, because it accommodates its shape to a person’s position.
A. involves
B. adapts
C. adopts
D. indulges
7. Samuel Morse's painting ability has been obscured by his other accomplishments.
A. revealed
B. hidden
C. exposed
D. popularized
8. Unless the population growth stabilizes, environmentalists predict a world-wide starvation by the year 2050.
A. famine
B. fashion
C. fatigue
D. fame
9. Their business was successful as they now had a compatible board of directors.
A. experienced
B. competitive
C. harmonious
D. powerful
10. The colleges are financially supported partly by endowments, partly by fees paid by the students.
A. millionaires
B. endorsements
C. governments
D. donations
Part B
Directions: Decide which of the four choices given in each statement will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 with a single line through the center.
11. Scientists cannot ______ the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
A. account with
B. account for
C. account on
D. account about
12. In American universities, classes are often arranged in more flexible ______ and many jobs on campus are reserved for students.
A. scales
B. ranks
C. grades
D. patterns
13. You should have put the milk into the ice-box, I expect it ______ undrinkable.
A. became
B. had become
C. has become
D. becomes
14. ______ the train accident was a miracle.
A. The child could survive
B. Why the child survived
C. That the child survived
D. When the child survived
15. These figures are not consistent ______ the results obtained in previous experiment.
A. to
B. with
C. for
D. in
16. The store has no more red shoes ______, so Mary chose brown ones instead.
A. in demand
B. in store
C. in need
D. in stock
17. When the police listened to the tape of the conversation, they found an eight-minute ______.
A. disruption
B. corruption
C. eruption
D. partition
18. The local government leaders are making every effort to ______ the problem of poverty.
A. abolish
B. confront
C. tackle
D. remove
19. It is highly desirable that a new president ______ for this college.
A. appoints
B. appointed
C. be appointed
D. is appointed
20. I have given up trying to convince him; there is no point ______ with him.
A. by arguing
B. in arguing
C. for arguing
D. with arguing
21. ______ little change in the patient’s condition since he was moved to the intensive care unit.
A. There had
B. There has been
C. There has
D. There have been
22. In some cases, different ______ to the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories.
A. opinions
B. comments
C. viewpoints
D. approaches
23. To prove their theories, scientists must ______ a certain amount of data as evidence.
A. assemble
B. represent
C. illustrate
D. accumulate
24. The impact of a devaluation ______ the world market depends on the importance of a particular currency.
A. in
B. on
C. to
D. at
25. The girl ______ fallen into the lake but that her boyfriend caught her.
A. would have
B. should have
C. had probable
D. had been
26. At the moment there are a lot more ______ to be filled in the company.
A. variations
B. vacuums
C. vacations
D. vacancies
27. The weather was partly ______ for crop failure.
A. to blame
B. blame
C. to be blamed
D. blaming
28. You will not become ______ to smoking if you refuse cigarettes when they are offered.
A. obliged
B. addicted
C. inclined
D. submitted
29. The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him.
A. by accident
B. at random
C. on occasion
D. on average
30. The government is trying to do something to ______ better understanding between the two countries.
A. raise
B. promote
C. heighten
D. increase
31. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into ______ when judging my examination.
A. regard
B. counting
C. account
D. observation
32. Frankly speaking, your article is very good except for some ______ mistakes in grammar.
A. obscure
B. glaring
C. trivial
D. rare
33. There were many people living in the mountainous regions, most of ______ were illiterate.
A. them
B. who
C. whom
D. which
34. The company ______ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.
A. is promised
B. has been promising
C. is promising
D. promised
35. The students expected there ______ more reviewing classes before the final exam.
A. is
B. being
C. have been
D. to be
36. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ ______.
A. command
B. conviction
C. consent
D. compromise
Cloze
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage.
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (37)______ in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of (38)______, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is (39)______ for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (40)______ guidance. It is the student’s responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students, (41)______ graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference (42)______ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be (43)______ dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties (44)______ teaching, such as administrative or research work. (45)______, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either (46)______ a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
37.
A. portions
B. sections
C. parts
D. segments
38.
A. joy
B. work
C. learning
D. fun
39.
A. criticized
B. innocent
C. responsible
D. dismissed
40.
A. maximum
B. minimum
C. possible
D. practical
41.
A. particularly
B. essentially
C. obviously
D. rarely
42.
A. selections
B. collections
C. sources
D. origins
43.
A. too
B. such
C. much
D. more
44.
A. but
B. except
C. with
D. besides
45.
A. However
B. Furthermore
C. Therefore
D. Nevertheless
46.
A. greet
B. annoy
C. approach
D. attach
Section II Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET 1 with a single line through the center.
Passage 1
Would you like to orbit the Earth inside the International Space Station? Now you can take a space holiday — for a price. This is due to a recent decision by top space officials of the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency.
Last April, American businessman Dennis Tito reportedly paid between twelve million and twenty million dollars to spend one week on the International Space Station. NASA had strongly objected to the Russian plan to permit a civilian on the costly research vehicle. After two years of negotiations, space officials have agreed on a process to train private citizens to take trips to the International Space Station.
NASA recently agreed to conditions that will permit Russia to sell trips to the space station. The trips are planned by an American company called Space Adventures Limited of Arlington, Virginia. The company calls itself "the world’s leading space tourism company." The company has sold a space trip to Mark Shuttleworth, a South African businessman. In April, Mr. Shuttleworth will be launched into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
Experts say the change in policy at NASA shows a new desire to use space vehicles for business and industrial purposes. In a speech to Congress last year, NASA official Michael Hawes said that the space agency had not considered civilian travel as one of the industries it wanted to develop.
However, Mr. Hawes said that private space travel could now be done as long as safety measures are observed carefully.
Yet, the average citizen will not be able to travel into space in the near future. Space Adventures Limited sells a training program for space flight that costs two hundred thousand dollars. That price does not include the cost of the trip to the International Space Station. That holiday in space costs twenty million dollars.
Candidates for adventure space travel trips must be in excellent health, and must pass difficult health tests. They must receive a lot of training. Besides, good English can help you prepare for a space holiday. This is because all successful candidates who wish to travel to the International Space Station must be able to read and speak English.
51. At first, NASA is ______ private citizen’s space travel.
A. for
B. against
C. indifferent to
D. hesitant about
52. The time between American businessman Dennis Tito’s and a South African businessman Mark Shuttleworth’s space travel is ______.
A. one year
B. two years
C. three years
D. four years
53. The report that the change in policy at NASA shows a new desire to use space vehicles for business and industrial purposes.
A. confirms
B. denies
C. doubts
D. quotes
54. If a person really wants to go to the space station, he or she should spend ______ in total.
A. $200,000
B. twelve million dollars
C. twenty million dollars
D. more than twenty million dollars
55. Those who want to travel in the space should ______.
A. afford the expenses of the space trip
B. pass the health check and physical training
C. speak English
D. all of the above
Passage 2
Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault, which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri?
Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe. Buildings in the area were almost destroyed. Whole forests fell at once, and huge cracks opened in the ground, allowing smell of sulfur to filter upward.
The Mississippi River itself completely changed character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools. Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards. Few people were killed in the New Madrid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the severity of the earthquakes are shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston, South Carolina, on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks were stopped in Washington, D.C.
Scientists now know that America’s two major faults are essentially different. The San Andreas is a horizontal boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the movement of these two masses suddenly lurches forward.
The New Madrid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; at some point, possibly hundreds of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed, leaving huge cracks. Even now, the rock continues to settle downwards, and sudden sinking motions trigger earthquakes in the region. The fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeast Arkansas through Missouri and into southern Illinois.
Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811; these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but the scientists say there is no method of predicting when a large earthquake will occur.
56. This passage is mainly about ______.
A. the New Madrid fault in Missouri
B. the San Andreas and the New Madrid faults
C. the causes of faults
D. current scientific knowledge about faults
57. The New Madrid fault is ______.
A. a horizontal fault
B. a vertical fault
C. a more serious fault than the San Andreas fault
D. responsible for forming the Mississippi River
58. We may conclude from the passage that ______.
A. it is probably as dangerous to live in Missouri as in California
B. the New Madrid fault will eventually develop a mountain range in Missouri
C. California will become an island in future
D. a big earthquake will occur to California soon
59. This passage implies that ______.
A. horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faults
B. vertical faults are more dangerous than horizontal faults
C. earthquakes may occur around fault areas
D. California will break into pieces by an eventual earthquake
60. As used in the first sentence of the fourth paragraph, the word "essentially" means ______.
A. greatly
B. extremely
C. basically
D. necessarily
Passage 3
What makes a great teacher? Research indicates that the best teachers possess two fundamental attributes: 1. They know the subject matter being taught, and 2. They enjoy children as human beings and love to work with children and youth. They enjoy the company of young people.
While these two attributes form the foundation of great teaching, there are also several personality traits that make teachers successful. These include enthusiasm (for learning and for learning activities), clear teaching objectives or sense of direction for their teaching, organizational and management skills (good teaching just doesn’t happen spontaneously), and a solid sense of fairness and honesty. Young people can sense a phony a mile away and also have a strong sense of fairness.
Teachers of elementary and secondary school students have a slightly different focus and exhibit somewhat different classroom behavior. For children, the teacher must be attentive and nurturing and patient and caring almost to the point of parenthood. Teachers of adolescents must not be quite so "close" as teenagers do not appreciate coddling! Rather, teachers of adolescents provide guidance and advice about choices and most of all, point out the consequences of decisions—both beneficial and harmful. Teachers attempt to get students to make mature judgments on their own and to understand the consequences of poor and of good decision making. Personal responsibility for older students becomes more important than with elementary school students who generally live and learn in a more protected environment.
Of course each teacher is unique and their "connection" with students, so important to motivating students, is often made in unique ways. These techniques are often described as a "bag of tricks" but really are superb professional insight, often gained through long experience, about what gets kids excited about learning in a particular content field or at a specific grade level.
Finally, students are moving targets, they are growing and changing constantly. Fourteen-year-old Susan in September is not fourteen-year-old Susan in June. So teachers must be flexible enough to sense the many developing changes in individual students and respond in a way that challenges but also supports them as they grow and mature. Yes, teaching is demanding work requiring an alert mind and a high energy level!
61. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. Most teachers love to teach children and youth.
B. Successful teachers always know the subject matter being taught clearly.
C. Fairness and honesty are not as important as enthusiasm in teaching.
D. All teachers possess two fundamental attributes.
62. The word "coddling" in paragraph 3 is probably closest in meaning to ______.
A. being disciplined
B. being scolded
C. being too strict with
D. being treated too tenderly
63. The most important thing for teachers of adolescents to do is ______.
A. they should be attentive, nurturing, patient, and caring
B. they should be quite close to students
C. they provide guidance and advice about choices
D. they get the students to understand the consequences of their decisions
64. Teachers are unique in their connection with students in that ______.
A. they possess a "bag of tricks"
B. they have professional insight
C. they have unique experience
D. they have a stronger sense of personal responsibility
65. It can be inferred from the passage that the author thinks teaching is ______.
A. challenging
B. useful
C. flexible
D. promising
Passage 4
The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become "better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.
But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don’t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out — often encouraged by college administrators.
Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves — they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that is a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn’t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We have been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can’t absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.
Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things — maybe it is just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.
66. According to the author ______.
A. people used to question the value of college education
B. people used to have full confidence in higher education
C. all high school graduates went to college
D. very few high school graduates chose to go to college
67. In the 2nd paragraph, "those who don’t fit the pattern" refers to ______.
A. high school graduates who aren’t suitable for college education
B. college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxis
C. college students who aren’t any better for their higher education
D. high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college
68. The drop-out rate of college students seems to go up because young people ______.
A. are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at college
B. are required to join the army
C. have little motivation in pursuing a higher education
D. don’t like the intense competition of admission to graduate school
69. According to the passage the problems of college education partly originate in the fact that ______.
A. society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduates
B. high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education
C. too many students have to earn their own living
D. college administrators encourage students to drop out
70. In this passage the author argues that ______.
A. more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for high school graduates
B. college education is not enough if one wants to be successful
C. college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning people
D. intelligent people may learn quicker if they don’t go to college
Section IV Translation (15%)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully. Then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
The initial fund of general scientific knowledge is an invaluable asset, but the young research worker should have no illusion about how little it is compared with what he or she should acquire during succeeding years. As to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting it. (71) Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply. The original papers of great scientists describing their discoveries and explaining their theories are never as rigid and self-confident as the resumes of these discoveries and theories in textbooks by other men often suggest. Young scientists consulting these original works will find in them "it appears that", "it probably means", "it seems likely that", more than once, as expressions of elements of doubt which great men felt and honestly put on record. (72) Many statements which have appeared in textbooks as universal and absolute truths have, in their original form, been put forward as only approximately true, or true only in certain circumstances.
Immediately upon starting on the first serious piece of research, a young scientist must therefore do two things. (73) The first of these should be a careful reading of original papers or books relating to the problem, written by investigators whose technique and judgement he can trust. While reading these publications in a most attentive and receptive manner, the young scientist must not fall into the error of placing in them a greater confidence than their author would wish him to do. (74) No great scientist ever wants his pupils to be mere tape recorders faithfully recording his remarks, never questioning anything, never wanting to add to or subtract from what he has given them.
The second thing a young scientist must do, almost but not quite simultaneously with the first, is to proceed with observations and experiments. (75) The initial observations and experiments will be failures, but they will help the development of appropriate experimental technique, and they will give a greater understanding of the literature the young scientist is studying.
Section V Writing (20%)
Directions: In this part you are to write within 30 minutes a composition of no fewer than 200 words on the title "New Technologies Bring about New Challenges".