华中师范大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

华中师范大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
Nothing better illustrates the broadening of the concern about pollution from a local affair to a global one than air pollution. Local air pollution is improving in some cities in industrial countries, but it is worsening in others, principally in developing countries, and is hardly solved anywhere. Meanwhile, global use of fossil fuels and emissions of traditional pollutants such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides that result from it continue to climb. Acid rain, ozone, and other consequences of these pollutants are affecting plant and animal life — killing forests and fish, damaging crops, changing the species composition of ecosystem — over vast areas of the globe.
Depletion of the stratosphere’s ozone layer is a matter of such concern that an international treaty has been negotiated to reduce emissions of chlorofluorocarbons, but the latest measurements indicate the current protocol is already inadequate. And probably most serious of all, the buildup of infrared-trapping "greenhouse" gases in the atmosphere continues. This buildup is largely a consequence of the use of fossil fuels and CFCs, deforestation, and various agricultural activities, and it now threatens societies with far-reaching climate change.
While the regional impacts of a global warming are uncertain and difficult to predict, rainfall and monsoon patterns could shift, upsetting agricultural activities worldwide. The sea level could rise, flooding coastal areas. Ocean currents could shift, altering the climate of many areas and disrupting fisheries. The ranges of plant and animal species could change regionally, endangering protected areas and many species whose habitats are now few and confined. Record heat waves and other weather anomalies could harm susceptible people, crops, and forests.
These interrelated atmospheric issues probably constitute the most serious pollution threat in history. I say "interrelated" because these air issues are linked in ways that scientists are still discovering, and the scientists are far ahead of our policymakers. First, they are linked in time. The view is still common today that, initially, we should address local air pollution, then we should turn attention to regional issues like acid rain, and then, at some point in the future, we should address the global issue of greenhouse gases. But the failures of our clean air efforts make urban air quality an issue for today, forcing a 1970’s issue from the past into the present. Simultaneously, the realizations that greenhouse gases other than CO2 double the urgency of the problem, and that societies may have already committed the planet to a 1 to 2.5°C global average warming — these realizations are forcing what was thought to be a "21st century issue" into the present.
These atmospheric issues are also linked in the vast chemical reactor that is the atmosphere, where pollutants react with each other, other substances, and solar energy in an extremely complex set of circular interactions. Touch one problem, you may touch them all.
Third, they are linked in their effects on people and on the biota. What are the consequences of multiple stresses — a variety of pollutants, heat waves and climate changes, increased ultraviolet radiation — when realized together? Who knows? We are all still learning.
In short, the time to address all these atmosphere problems — local, regional, global — is now. The way to address all these problems is together. And, in the long run, the key to these problems is energy.
1. ______ will lead to air pollution.
A) The falling of acid rain
B) The decrease of ozone
C) The burning of fossil fuels
D) The increase of nitrogen dioxide
2. Which of the following can be affected by the buildup of the "greenhouse" gases?
A) The shift of monsoon patterns.
B) The rise of sea level.
C) The regional change of the biota.
D) All of the above.
3. As it can be inferred from the passage, scientists ______ the commonly accepted view that different atmospheric issues should be dealt with at different times.
A) are in favor of
B) are studying
C) stand against
D) remain indifferent to
4. According to the author, the key to an improvement of air pollution lies in ______.
A) prohibiting the use of automobiles
B) finding new forms of energy, which will not result in pollution
C) planting more trees
D) forbidding the use of chlorofluorocarbons
5. What does the passage tell us, essentially?
A) All the interrelated atmospheric issues should be dealt with together now.
B) While local air pollution is improving in some cities in the world, it is deteriorating in others.
C) All the weather anomalies caused by global warming could be harmful to people and biota.
D) The earth’s atmosphere is like a huge chemical reactor, where all its ingredients interact.
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
Satellite images of the earth make grim viewing. Six million hectares, an area almost the size of Ireland, turns to desert every year. Ten million hectares, an area about as big as Kentucky, of tropical forest is cut down each year. Each year, too, soil erosion, often caused by deforestation, diminishes the world’s stock of agricultural land by 20m hectares, an area about half the size of Japan.
Environmental pressure groups have long argued that these problems are as pressing as, say, third-world debt. They maintain that international development banks, the World Bank included, have neglected them in pushing ahead with agricultural, power, transport and other programs. In consequence, these projects have often had an economically-damaging impact on the countries that are supposed to benefit.
The tide, for the moment, is running with the greens. Mr. Barber Conable, the World Bank’s president, wants to see the Bank doing more for the environment. The Bank says it has the equivalent of 150 of its 3,000 staff working full-time on environmental work. But it lacks environmental department; and the links between its small environmental office — which has no economists — and its policy makers are weak.
Though overstaffed, the Bank does not have the experts it needs to vet and monitor for their environmental effects the 250 or more new projects it approves each year. Next month’s meeting of the development committee is likely to recommend the appointment of more environmental specialists — a change that could be fitted into a reorganization that Mr. Conable wants to see completed within the next few months. Once the World Bank has given a lead, other multilateral organizations, such as the Asian Development Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank, can be expected to follow.
6. The writer cites a few examples in the first paragraph to make the point that ______.
A) environmentalists should try to persuade banks to stop funding development programs
B) recipient countries should understand the economic value of environment-protecting projects
C) the World Bank is doing harm to those poor funding-recipient countries
D) humanity is confronted with serious environmental problems
7. Environmentalists argue that international development banks have failed to ______.
A) install any environmental specialists in their offices
B) reduce their offices to make them more efficient
C) consider environmental effects when funding projects
D) monitor the few projects they approve each year
8. When the writer says that "The tide, for the moment, is running with the greens," he means ______.
A) Environmentalists’ views have now been seriously taken into account
B) Mr. Conable has reorganized their environmental office
C) Environmentalists now have a greater say in the reorganization of the Bank
D) Mr. Conable’s plan to give more development aid is as welcome as ever before
9. Which of the following statements about Mr. Conable is best supported by paras.3--4?
A) He will persuade other banks into funding environment-protecting projects.
B) He has made some efforts to streamline the offices in the Bank.
C) He will create an environmental department to replace the existing office.
D) He is clearly aware of the importance of environmental scientists.
10. The best title for this passage is ______.
A) Environmental Issues Reconsidered
B) Mr. Conable Takes the Lead
C) Environmental Pressure Groups Win
D) A Greener Hue for Development Aid.
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
Hardly a week goes by without a new study of the nation’s public schools. The latest such report, by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, may be the most thoughtful and specific of the lot. It was produced over a period of thirty months by a team of twenty-three educators and trained observers who spent 2,000 hours examining fifteen representative high schools. Carnegie President Ernest Boyer, former U.S. Commissioner of Education, collected their journals and wrote the final account, being published by Harper & Row. Says Boyer, "This report on the American high school begins with the conviction that the time for renewing education has arrived. If we do not seize this special moment, we will fail the coming generation and the nation."
The report ticks off a crisp, twelve-point "agenda for action" with four main priorities.
First, all students should master oral and written English and should be tested before they enter high school to make sure they are proficient in the subject.
Next, all students should take a core curriculum. In addition to strengthening traditional courses in literature, history, mathematics, and science, schools should require classes in a foreign language, the arts, civics, non-Western culture, health, and technology.
Then, the lot of the nation’s beleaguered teachers should be improved, not only by higher pay and greater recognition but by allowing them to concentrate on professional tasks.
Finally, students should be trained to be responsible citizens by being required to spend at least 30 hours a year doing volunteer work on community projects.
The Carnegie Foundation also calls for federal funds and participation in setting up a network of residential math and science academies for gifted students and establishing a National Teacher Service that would provide scholarships for top students who want to become teachers themselves. The U.S. Secretary of Education Terrel Bell has praised the Carnegie report for its "breadth and creativity".
11. The report on the schools was put together by ______.
A) 23 trained observers in 30 months of work
B) 38 observers taking 30 months of work
C) 30 observers spending 15 months
D) 23 educators in 2,000 hours
12. The study was done because Carnegie Foundation’s president believed ______.
A) that not enough reports had been made
B) that re-evaluation of education is always a good idea
C) that the time to change the trend of American education has arrived
D) that not enough people know about our high school curriculum
13. The final report was written by ______.
A) the current U.S. Secretary of Education
B) the president of the Carnegie Foundation
C) Harper and Row
D) the National Teacher Service
14. In its main points the Carnegie report stressed as the most important ______.
A) that each state must have a science and math academy
B) that each student must work every summer on volunteer school projects
C) that each student must master a foreign language
D) that each student must master oral and written English
15. The Secretary of Education of the U.S. government has praised the study for ______.
A) including courses in civics
B) its narrowness of creativity
C) its extent and originality
D) not being too long
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
Everyone who’s ever been there describes it as being "way out in the desert," but it’s really only 15 minutes past the last traffic light in Tucson. Drive by grazing cattle scattered across the sparse Arizona pasture, top a hill and there it is: a set of gleaming white buildings that looks for all the world like a refugee from a science fiction movie. This is Biosphere 2 — surely one of the most intriguing enterprises around. It’s nothing less than an attempt to build a closed, sustainable environment in which man-made "natural systems" are so well balanced that human beings can live in it indefinitely. It is supposed to be a miniature Earth in every way, an intent reflected in its name — Earth is reckoned to be Biosphere 1. The project was designed as a prototype of our future home for a time when we establish colonies in outer space. It is also a tool for demonstrating how much we know, and don’t know, about the workings of Biosphere 1.
Biosphere 2 looks like a huge greenhouse perched on a two-story concrete bunker. The upper level contains five miniature ecosystems. Hidden within the lower levels are machines that keep the whole system going. When the project is in operation, the only thing that enters from the outside (in principle, at least) is energy: sunlight and electricity.
From a purely scientific view, Biosphere 2 is an incredibly ambitious undertaking. Scientists are just beginning to understand some of the mechanisms that drive Earth’s interdependent systems. But, given our profound ignorance of this subject, can we really expect to reproduce the biosphere on the scale of a few acres?
16. The word "refugee" in the first paragraph tells us that the building looks ______.
A) like disheveled people
B) in need of maintenance
C) suitable, given their purpose
D) incongruous in the Arizona desert
17. Biosphere 2 is ______.
A) a difficult endeavor
B) isolated and remote
C) spherical in shape
D) totally self-reliant
18. As an "enterprise," Biosphere 2 hopes to ______.
A) make a lot of money
B) develop more ecosystems
C) create an earth-like habitation
D) discover new sources of power
19. The underlined phrase "perched on" in the second paragraph means ______.
A) on the verge of
B) on the edge of
C) by the side of
D) at the top of
20. The author of the passage is ______ about the project’s feasibility.
A) excited
B) skeptical
C) confident
D) nonchalant
Part II Vocabulary (10%)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
21. The meeting was ______ over by the mayor to discuss the tax raise in the city.
A) presumed
B) propelled
C) presided
D) pricked
22. Heterosexual contact is responsible for the bulk of HIV ______.
A) transmission
B) transformation
C) tradition
D) transportation
23. Elegantly-dressed people were strolling along the many tree-lined ______ through the park.
A) alloys
B) allies
C) alleys
D) avenues
24. A sudden movement caught the antelope’s attention and he instantly became ______ and alert.
A) intensive
B) superstitious
C) suspicious
D) submissive
25. Don’t expect young children to be as ______ with the scenery as you are.
A) enchanted
B) allured
C) bewildered
D) bewitched
26. Many countries have now succeeded in ______ the malarial mosquito.
A) erasing
B) eradicating
C) abolishing
D) murdering
27. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that during the Cold War period the threat by nuclear arms seemed an ever-present danger.
A) imposed
B) convoked
C) posed
D) provoked
28. The polls still ______ him far behind the Democratic candidate according to the latest news on CNN.
A) ranked
B) occupied
C) arranged
D) classified
29. As a result of the strike, the Government is urging people to be ______ with electricity.
A) economic
B) improvident
C) economical
D) extravagant
30. The kitchen was small and ______ so that the disabled woman could reach everything without difficulty.
A) complete
B) complex
C) composite
D) compact
31. The Romans ______ a large part of Europe and the Middle East.
A) submitted
B) subdued
C) surpassed
D) oppressed
32. He is considered to be an outstanding artist but I consider his work to be quite ______.
A) mediocre
B) medium
C) moderate
D) common
33. Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many countries which seems to indicate that ______ depends on profession or title.
A) prestige
B) excursions
C) transmigrations
D) incursions
34. The day was crisp and sharp, but suddenly a misty rain began to fall and ______ the landscape.
A) hid
B) blurred
C) relieved
D) belittled
35. Everybody ______ the mayor’s proposed entertainment, especially when it became known that he meant to pay for it all himself.
A) commended
B) acclaimed
C) applauded
D) resented
36. The naughty boy asked for money, ______ from his mother, and she was completely ______ by his excuse.
A) taken away
B) taken down
C) taken to
D) taken in
37. I ______ John, my foreign language teacher, yesterday when I was shopping in the night market.
A) ran to
B) ran into
C) ran down
D) ran over
38. Our chairwoman has just ______ that it was she who stole the jewel.
A) owned out
B) owned off
C) owned down
D) owned up
39. I’m afraid that the colorful garden bought by the Lees may be ______ expensive.
A) all too much
B) very much
C) far too
D) so too much
40. This sixteen-page ______ tells how to care for your new car.
A) pamphlet
B) parachute
C) parasite
D) parameter
Part III Cloze (5%)
Directions: For each numbered bracket in the following passage, there are four choices marked A., B., C., and D.. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Our ape-men forefathers had no obvious natural weapons in the struggle for survival in the open. They had neither the powerful teeth nor the strong claws of the big cats. They could not __41__ with the bear, whose strength, speed and claws __42__ an impressive "small-fire" weaponry. They could not even defend themselves __43__ running swiftly like the horse, zebras or small animals. If the ape-men had attempted to compete on those terms in the open, they would have been __44__ to failure and extinction. But they were __45__ with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors.
In the search __46__ the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had __47__ efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far __48__ the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long distance sight was __49__ another matter. Lack of long distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint, the greater the range of sight — so __50__ they had had to do was climb a tree. But in the open, however, this simple solution is not enough.
41.
A) match
B) compare
C) rival
D) equal
42.
A) posed
B) equipped
C) became
D) provided
43.
A) in
B) upon
C) by
D) with
44.
A) driven
B) doomed
C) forced
D) led
45.
A) given
B) bestowed
C) presented
D) endowed
46.
A) for
B) of
C) on
D) at
47.
A) generated
B) progressed
C) developed
D) advanced
48.
A) from
B) apart
C) beyond
D) about
49.
A) rather
B) quite
C) much
D) really
50.
A) anything
B) that
C) everything
D) all
Part IV Translation (from English into Chinese) (15%)
Directions: In this part there are 5 numbered underlined sentences in the passage. Read the passages carefully, translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and then write your translation in the corresponding places on your Answer Sheet.
Human resource development (HRD) is a dynamic and evolving practice used to enhance organizational effectiveness. It is the goal of this publication to provide a resource through which HRD professionals and students can understand the field and grasp its simplicity. 51) It is within this simplicity that an appreciation of the complexity of HRD can be realized. An introductory book such as this should provide only an overview; other more focused publications will provide the crystallization. For example, when entering a community for the first time, its landmarks, citizens, and complexity often seem overwhelming to the newcomer. But after familiarizing oneself with its uniqueness, its roads, its streets, buildings, and people, it does not appear as threatening or complex. 52) In fact, if given time, even the most alien community can take on the characteristics of "home".
The same is true for a new, exciting, and emerging professional practice. We have tried to simplify HRD in such a way that it becomes less complicated to the newcomer. 53) If, after studying the following chapters, readers feel better able to understand the field, its components, roles, areas of practice, unique competencies, and strategies for improving credibility within organizations, then the book has indeed accomplished its mission. 54) Ultimately, however, HRD professionals will provide the learning and career development activities, performance improvement and management initiatives, organizational development intervention, and insights through which organizational effectiveness is enhanced. Thus, it is their responsibility to master their craft in order for others within the organization to master theirs. 55) Simultaneously, our goal is to provide the details, descriptions, and facts necessary to enable the HRD professional to create a development strategy for becoming an even more effective professional.
Part V Translation (from Chinese into English) (15%)
Directions: In this part there is a short paragraph made up of a few sentences. Read the paragraph carefully, translate it into English as coherently as you can and then write your translation in the corresponding places on your Answer Sheet.
几十年前，我在法国执业之初，那里只有7,500名律师，现在增长到五万名。法国的犯罪案件越来越少，人口增长越来越慢，法律界人士的数量反倒成倍增加。
我曾经为此思索：为什么大家处境困苦地寻求律师帮助，同时又要对律师大加诽谤。当事人在绝望中转而求诸于法庭，就像濒死者放弃医生，转而向江湖骗子购买“神药”一样。到法庭求乞的人怀着的正是同样的希望：付钱给律师，请他们恳求高高地木桌后凛然的法官，拿出所谓的“公正”来，以期重整他们千疮百孔的生活。
人们想相信公正。公正是人之希望所在，但希望几乎是永不可能完全实现的。期望不会完全实现，眼前也绝不会出现百分之百的公正。
Part VI Writing (15%)
Directions: In this section you are required to write an essay on the ANSWER SHEET in accordance with the following requirements.
A. Title: Job Problem for Graduates
B. Word limit: 180 — 200 words
C. Your composition should be based on the outline given in Chinese below:
1. 大学生毕业在择业方面有什么变化？
2. 导致这种变化的原因是什么？
3. 就如何解决此问题给出你的建议。