山东大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

2008年山东大学博士英语考试试题

一、听力（15分）
1-4 长对话，四个问题。
5-7、8-10 两篇新闻。
11-15 一篇演讲，原文如下：
【演讲原文】Acid Rain
Good morning, everyone. Today we're going to talk about acid rain. You may wonder what is acid rain. Well, it is almost impossible to describe the mathematical relationship between what goes up as pollutant emissions and what comes down as acid rain. But we do know the primary source of acid rain is the power station smoke stack. The pollutants combine with moisture in the atmosphere and they fall as an acid mixture raising the rain. Do you know what the Germans call this acid rain?
The royal water, I mean the acid rain, falls in rain or snow on the romantic Black Forest, and attacks the soil. Micro-organisms within the soil collapse and metals harmful to trees like aluminum are leaked out. At the same time, the acid rain attacks the leaves and dissolve their waxy coating. The leaves then shrivel and die. About one in every ten trees in the Black Forest is a fir. 76 percent of all firs are dying. The first symptoms of death by pollution in a fir is the yellowing of the needles. At the back of the fir needle, you can see the pores through which the plant breathes. The acid rain destroys those pores, and prevent them from closing. So on a warm day the plant loses all of its moisture through those open pores. The needles, as a result, turn yellow and die.
The statistics that are available now are horrifying. Of these trees in the Black Forest, 41% of all spruce are diseased, 43% of all pine are diseased, 26% of beech trees, 76% of all fir trees and 16% of all others are dying. Environmental groups like Green Peace campaign around Europe are trying to stop the acid rain.
Germany is now leading the way in attacking part of the problem. Motor vehicles are thought to contribute significantly to the pollution of the atmosphere. The by-products of motor vehicle emissions are considered dangerous to plants, and humans as well.
In order to clean up motor vehicle emissions, all new cars in Germany must meet emission standards and be fitted with a device called "catalytic converter".
Use of the converters requires people to switch to lead-free petrol. This might explain why the Europeans are reluctant to follow Germany's lead in cleaning up its motor vehicle emission. It's unlikely that Germany will force her European neighbours to change to lead-free petrol. The reason is that though her neighbours may be slow in cleaning up their smoke stacks, they will have to comply with the new motor vehicle requirements if they want the wealthy German tourists driving across their borders.
Certainly, the menace of acid rain knows no borders because it gathers in the rain clouds and goes with the prevailing winds. So Canada's lakes die from America's pollution. Germany's trees die from her next-door neighbors. Sweden's lakes fall victim to Britain's industry. And there are many similar examples. And I won't go into them because of time constraint.
Like Germany, the United States also introduced strict clean air-controls on motor vehicle emissions in the mid-70s as part of their efforts to reduce acid rain. But throughout the northern hemisphere it's agreed that such measures, though important, will be of minimal effect. If we are to save what's left of forests and lakes in the world, a strict international emission standard must be uniformly imposed on industry. However, it's unlikely that will be agreed upon before many more acres of precious forests are destroyed.
【参考答案与解析】
1. 答案：B
【问句译文】在 Black Forest 里，酸雨对下列哪一项没有造成危害？
【试题分析】本题为细节题，可用排除法解答。
【详细解答】从录音中可知，"...the acid rain,...and attacks the soil. ... the acid rain attacks the leaves ... 76 percent of all firs are dying."。这里只有 B 项未涉及到，也就是说酸雨只是对金属没有造成危害。
2. 答案：D
【问句译文】在 Black Forest 里，冷杉死亡的比例是多少？
【试题分析】本题为细节题。
【详细解答】解答本题的关键词是"...76% of all fir trees and 16% of all others are dying."。由此可知，冷杉死亡的比例为 76%。注意：考生应注意区分每个百分比所对应的内容是什么。
3. 答案：A
【问句译文】德国为解决这一问题而生产了什么？
【试题分析】本题为总结题。
【详细解答】录音中讲到："...all new cars in Germany must now meet new emission standards and be fitted with a device called catalytic converter."这句话与选项 A 的意思一致。
4. 答案：D
【问句译文】下列哪种说法是错误的？
【试题分析】本题为细节题。
【详细解答】解答本题的关键句是"It's unlikely that Germany will force her European neighbours to change to lead-free petrol."选项 D 与这句话的意思恰好相反，故为正确答案。
5. 答案：A
【问句译文】对于将来解决酸雨问题，讲话者的语气怎样？
【试题分析】本题为推理题。
【详细解答】讲话者首先讲了酸雨的危害，接着讲述了欧洲国家，最后重提其危害性，以警告的语气，以引起人们的注意。故选项 A 为正确答案。
二、语法和词汇（0.5分×30=15分）
三、阅读（2分×15=30分）
1、关于提高阅读速度（来自华侨中学2004学年度下学期期中考试高二英语试题）
A higher reading rate, with no loss of comprehension, will help you in other subjects as well as English. Naturally, you will not read every book at the same speed. You would expect to read a newspaper, for example, much more rapidly than a physics or economics textbook, but you can raise your average reading speed with the whole range of materials you wish to cover so that the percentage gain will be the same whatever kind of reading you are concerned with.
Perhaps you would like to know what reading speeds are common among native English-speaking university students and how those speeds can be improved. Tests in Minnesota, USA have shown that students without special training can read English of average difficulty at speeds of between 240 and 250 w. p. m. with about 70% comprehension. Minnesota claims that after 12 half-hour lessons, once a week, the reading speed can be increased, with no loss of comprehension, to around 500 w. p. m. If you get to the point where you can read books of average difficulty at between 400 and 500 w. p. m. with 70% more comprehension, you will be doing quite well, though of course may further improvement of speed with comprehension will be a good thing.
When you practise reading with short passages, do not try to take in each word separately, one after the other. It is much more difficult to grasp the broad theme of passage this way, and you will also get trunk on individual words which may not be absolutely essential to a general understanding of the passage. It is a good idea to skim through the passage very quickly first (say 500 words in a minute or so) to get the general idea of each paragraph. Titles, paragraph headings and emphasized words (underlined or in italics) can be a great help in getting the outline of the passage. It is surprising how many people do not read the outline of the passage. It is surprising how many people do not read titles, introductions or paragraph headings.
2、关于计算机对工业和教育的进步（来自英语100篇精读荟萃中级篇，部分词语与考题不符）
As citizens of advanced but vulnerable economies, we must either relentlessly increase the quality of our skills or see our standard of living erode. For the future, competition between nations will be increasingly based on technological skill. Oil and natural resources will still be important, but they no longer will determine a nation's economic strength. This will now be a matter of the way people organize themselves and the nature and quality of their work. Japan and the "new Japans" of East Asia are demonstrating this point in ways that are becoming painfully obvious to the older industrial countries.
There is simply no way to rest on our past achievements. Today's competition renders obsolete huge chunks of what we know and what forces us to innovate. For each individual. Several careers will be customary, and continuing education and retraining will be inescapable. To attain this extraordinary level of education, government, business, schools, and even individuals will turn to technology for the answer.
In industry, processing the information and designing the changes necessary to keep up with the market has meant the growing use of computers. The schools are now following close behind. Already some colleges in the United States are requiring a computer for each student. It is estimated that 500,000 computers are already in use in American high schools and elementary schools. Although there is an abysmal lack of educational software, the number of computers in schools expands rapidly.
The computer is the Proteus of machines, as it takes on a thousand forms and serves a thousand functions. But its truly revolutionary character can be seen in its interactive potential. With advanced computers, learning can be individualized and self-paced. Teachers can become more productive and the entire learning environment enriched.
It is striking how much current teaching is a product of pencil and paper technology. With the computer's capacity for simulation and diverse kinds of feedback, all sorts of new possibilities open up for the redesign of curriculums. Seymour Papert, the inventor of the computer language LOGO, believes that concepts in physics and advanced mathematics can be taught in the early grades with the use of computers. On every-day level, word-processing significantly improves the capacity for written expression. In terms of drill and practice, self-paced computer-assisted instruction enables the student to advance rapidly-without being limited by the conflicting needs of the entire class. In short, once we learn to use this new brain outside the brain, education will never be the same.
Industry, faced with the pressures of a rapidly shifting market, is already designing new methods to retrain its workers, In the United States, a technological university has been set up to teach engineering courses by satellite. And the advances in telecommunications and computational power will dramatically expand the opportunities for national and international efforts in education and training.
Without romanticizing the machine, it is clear that computers uniquely change the potential for equipping today's citizens for unprecedented tasks of the future. Particularly in Europe and the United States, innovation will be the basis for continued prosperity. New competitors are emerging to challenge the old economic arrangements. How successfully we respond will depend on how much we invest in people and how wisely we employ the learning tools of the new technology.
3、911以后关于建筑结构认识的改变（来自英语六级模拟试卷）
Experts are beginning to study ways to secure large buildings. They are reacting to the attacks that destroyed the World Trade centre buildings in New York September eleventh.
The American Institute of Steel Construction (A-I-S-C) has created a working group of experts to investigate the reasons the buildings fell. The A-I-S-C is the organization responsible for developing the rules for the design of steel buildings in the United States. Information developed by the working group will help A-I-S-C decide if the design rules should be changed.
The south World Trade centre building fell fifty-six minutes after a passenger plane crashed into it. The north building fell about one-hundred minutes after a similar crash. Each building was four-hundred-ten meters tall. Experts say the buildings could not survive the extremely hot fires caused by the airplane fuel.
Engineers think the airplane crashes destroyed part of the structure of the buildings that kept them standing. The resulting fire weakened the remaining structure. The buildings fell because the weight above the area where the planes hit was greater than the remaining structure could hold.
Building experts say it is possible to build a skyscraper that would survive such an attack. But they say the cost would be so huge that no one could pay for it. They also say that materials developed since the World Trade centre was built may give people more time to escape such a situation.
The building experts say the most important consideration is to slow the destruction caused by the fires. The World Trade centre's support structures were made of a strong metal, steel. The heat of the fires caused the steel to expand, weaken, and fail. Today, builders can use concrete that has steel bars inside. Concrete is a mix of cement, sand and small stones. Experts say it can survive better than steel alone can.
The two tallest buildings in the world are the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lampur, Malaysia. Each is four-hundred-fifty-two meters tall. They were built of concrete and steel. Experts say their structures could provide a better chance of surviving than did the World Trade centre buildings. They also say the escape areas of the Petronas Towers are treated to keep out smoke and fire.
四、改错（1分×10=10分）
关于英才通才教育（下文为原文，来自夏徛荣2006年考研英语预测卷）
If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary (初步的，基本的) science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public school system, however, has no such choice, for the jobs must be carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon science and technology for our progress, we must produce specialists in many fields. Because we live in a democratic (民主的) nation, whose citizens make the policies for the nation, large numbers of us must be educated to understand, to support, and when necessary, to judge the work of experts. The public school must educate both producers and users of scientific services.
In education, there should be a good balance (平衡) among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment. Such balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This question of balance involves (包括) not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases among the natural sciences themselves.
Similarly, we must have a balance between current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public is continually drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn our attention away from the sound (健全的，合理的), established materials that form the basis of courses for beginners.
五、翻译（2.5分×4=10分）
关于资源（来自1991年考研英语试题）
The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world's population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.
The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?
To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.
In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food".
六、作文（20分）
In many countries, children participate in some paid work in their spare time. Some people think this is wrong, but others believe that such work will extend the children's knowledge and increase their sense of responsibility. What is your opinion?