陕西师范大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

陕西师范大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

PART I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY (25%)
Section A
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.
A. from B. after C. for D. since
The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose D.
Sample Answer: [A] [B] [C] [D]
1. As the fog is too heavy, we can’t cross the river by ferry boat. I wish that the fog _____ soon.
A. dispersed
B. were to disperse
C. had dispersed
D. would disperse
2. My uncle sent a _____ dog as the present for my birthday.
A. beautiful little yellow Scotish
B. little yellow Scotish beautiful
C. yellow Scotish beautiful little
D. Scotish beautiful little yellow
3. When you need help, you should know the private and public sources _____ you can turn for assistance.
A. that
B. to which
C. where
D. of what
4. It is not _____ this book, because it is not accurate enough to be based on.
A. worth for use to read
B. worth of our reading
C. worth our while reading
D. our worthwhile reading
5. In analyzing problems, it is important to get at essence of a thing and _____ off by temporary appearance.
A. not be put
B. not to be put
C. be not put
D. to be not put
6. _____ people who can’t stop gossiping that I can’t stand.
A. It is
B. They are
C. Those
D. Such
7. Success at language is _____ than a matter of intelligence.
A. a more matter of application
B. a matter more of application
C. more a matter of application
D. a matter of application more
8. The October nights in the valley grew cold, and the lost camper slept _____ turns to keep the fire going.
A. by
B. in
C. at
D. on
9. On no account _____ an electrical appliance with wet hands.
A. you ought to touch
B. you are to touch
C. ought to you touch
D. are you to touch
10. To his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _____ out and three men climbing down it.
A. throwing
B. being thrown
C. having thrown
D. having been thrown
Section B
Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Example:
A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, which they saw many new products.
Part [C] is wrong, the sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].
Sample Answer: [A] [B] [C] [D]
11. Now there is a lot of quarreling (A) among (B) people who uphold the truth of old systems and people who are reluctant to believe in (C) them (D).
12. Don’t waste too much time worrying (A) about these; the important thing is to understand the text as (B) a whole and one or two different words makes (C) little (D) difference.
13. Politics is as much (A) a profession (B) as any other (C) and is requiring (D) both skill and ability.
14. Art-smart people are said to be “right-brain” (A) people, because it appears that the control centers for (B) such skills as are (C) touch perception and intuition lie (D) in the right hemispheres.
15. Beyond (A) Pluto, in the cold, dark regions of space may lie (B) the (C) undiscovered tenth planet two to five times the size (D) of the earth.
16. The process of technological control and conditioning invades life to a degree which is (A) so widespread as (B) few (C) of us are any longer (D) consciously aware of it.
17. I should like to be invited (A), too, but I did not expect to be (B), for (C) they have never shown much friendliness (D) to me.
18. He knew how easy (A) it was for him to fall asleep while driving (B) a long distance and he was anxious to reach his destination, a small town called Bridge-water, which was still some forty (C) mile distance (D).
19. Why bother about (A) whom (B) he really was. The important thing is what (C) he becomes in (D) the imagination of his successor.
20. Plant cannot move about (A) or take shelter but (B) be equipped to endure any (C) weather conditions are likely to occur (D).
Section C
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Example:
The lost car of the Less was found _____ in the woods off the highway.
A. vanished B. scattered C. abandoned D. rejected
The sentence should read, “The lost car of the Less was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].
Sample Answer: [A] [B] [C] [D]
21. The driver who did not stop at the red light was at _____ in the accident.
A. wrong
B. fault
C. error
D. mistake
22. One acre seems to be very different from 4072 m2 at first glance. However, both figures _____ the same area.
A. deduce
B. display
C. denote
D. discern
23. The majority of stars are clouds of gas which are maintained at a high temperature by the energy _____ by thermonuclear reactions in the center.
A. isolated
B. originated
C. dissipated
D. liberated
24. The lease is _____ in saying that rent must be paid by the 10th of every month.
A. concise
B. apparent
C. distinct
D. explicit
25. The manager is so _____ that he never listens to new ideas.
A. rigid
B. stern
C. crazy
D. alert
26. It takes tremendous courage to _____ a belief that is not shared by very many others.
A. insist on
B. persist in
C. adhere to
D. abide by
27. My daughter doesn’t seem to be able to _____ enthusiasm for her studies.
A. put up
B. bring up
C. hold up
D. work up
28. _____ the climate here is quite pleasant, neither too hot in summer nor too cold in winter.
A. On the whole
B. As a whole
C. On the average
D. As a rule
29. Several studies of language-teaching method have been carried out, _____ in Britain, Sweden and the United States.
A. literally
B. specially
C. notably
D. eventually
30. Although he discovered the X-ray in 1895, Professor Roentgen died young and _____ without any honors in his life time.
A. neglectful
B. neglected
C. negligible
D. neglecting
31. I am willing to agree to the proposal with one ___.
A. conservation
B. reservation
C. convention
D. restriction
32. My fear of dogs _____ from being bitten by a neighbor’s dog when I was a child.
A. stems
B. initiates
C. derives
D. arouses
33. Because of poor management, the company has _____ disrepute in recent years.
A. come into
B. grown into
C. fallen into
D. entered into
34. The aim of writing a summary is precision, which means you must convey what the author wanted to _____ but in few words.
A. get through
B. get over
C. get across
D. get down
35. The examiner will want you to do as well as you can, and provide you with the opportunity to speak ___.
A. at best
B. at any rate
C. at heart
D. at length
36. Despite the rescuer’s great efforts, hope of finding the missing climbers is now beginning to ___.
A. drift
B. fade
C. wander
D. vanish
37. The injury to his head seems to have _____ his thought progress.
A. delayed
B. prevented
C. retarded
D. suspended
38. We are _____ in the opinion that he is a man deserving of sympathy.
A. uniform
B. identical
C. equivalent
D. accurate
39. By signing the lease you have made a/an _____ to pay 300 dollars a month rent.
A. assurance
B. declaration
C. obligation
D. commitment
40. Any urgent _____ to hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter.
A. endeavor
B. campaign
C. mission
D. transition
PART II READING COMPREHENSION (20%)
Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some question. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (20 points)
Passage 1
Research have estimated that as many as 80 percent of all automobile accidents can be attributed to the psychological condition of the driver. Emotional upsets can distort driver’s reactions, hamper their judgment, and blind them to hazards that might otherwise be evident. The experts caution that it is vital for every driver to make a conscious effort to keep his emotions under control.
The irresponsibility that accounts for much of the problem is not confined to drivers. Pedestrians regularly violate traffic regulations, they are at fault in most vehicle-pedestrian accidents; and many cyclists even believe that they are not subject to the basic rules of the road.
Irresponsible drivers also neglect the condition of their vehicles. Those driving unsafe vehicles are putting others in jeopardy. Accident researchers say that most people who drive dangerously defective cars and trucks are aware of the defects and are gambling on not having trouble.
Significant legislative advances have been made towards safer driving in the past few years. Safety standards for vehicles have been raised both at the point of manufacture and through periodic road-worthiness inspections. In addition, speed limits have been lowered. Due to these measures, the accident rate has declined. But the accident experts still worry because the decline is almost wholly due to legislation, and there has been little or no improvement in the way drivers behave. The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled task requiring constant care and concentration. A driver in today’s traffic is called upon to perform a complex range of functions simultaneously not only operating the vehicle itself, but surveying the entire fast-moving traffic picture and anticipating potential problems.
A detailed study designed to get to the roots of the traffic accident problem established that inadequate driving skills are more prominent in accidents than had been previously imagined. Poor driving not only gives rise to innumerable accidents, but adds to their severity. It was found that many drivers, then faced with a crisis, did not know the correct way to steer or stop their cars.
The motor vehicle has been a boon to mankind, and has made great changes in society. But the role of the civilized individual has not changed, whether in or out of the driver’s seat. The difficulty in promoting safer driving can be clearly seen when you realize that practically everyone feels that he is not responsible for accidents.
41. From this passage we learn that _________.
A. irresponsibility of the driver accounts for most automobile accidents
B. pedestrians are responsible for most of automobile accidents
C. the driver’s emotional problems are a leading contributory factor in automobile accidents
D. poor driving is a more prominent factor than any other in causing automobile accidents
42. It is implied in the passage that irresponsible drivers _________.
A. drive their cars without knowing their defects
B. often fail to find out the defects of their cars.
C. tend to take the risk of driving their defective cars
D. like to gamble by driving dangerously defective cars
43. What worries accident experts most is that _________.
A. traffic is becoming too fast for drivers to anticipate potential problems
B. driving skills of many drivers are not adequate to deal with crises in today’s traffic
C. many drivers readily lose control over their emotions while driving
D. uncivilized individuals are reluctant to be subject to the basic rules of the road.
44. The author strongly feels that, in order to promote safer driving _________.
A. legislative laws and regulations should be enforced more strictly than ever
B. the role of the civilized individual, both in or out of the driver’s seat, should be changed
C. great efforts should be made to improve the psychological condition of the driver
D. every civilized individual should realize that he is responsible for automobile accidents
Passage 2
The stutterer, who has no visible defect, and whose problem is less serious than most others, usually meet with less sympathy and understanding. He sees himself as being deviant, and throughout his life he is abnormally sensitive to the reactions of others.
Organically, stuttering is thought to result from a disorder in coordination so the timing or the rhythm of speech mechanisms is disrupted. Treatment focuses in the practice of breath control and vocalization of sounds, combinations of sounds, and syllables. Since many stutterers have no difficulty when singing, it seems to make sense to apply the techniques of voice development to control some of the purely physical elements of speech.
When stuttering is viewed as a learned behavior in response to acute anxiety use a two-pronged treatment: to reduce anxiety and to teach different responses. Their take-off point in therapy is to identify the circumstances under which the sufferer speaks normally. Even someone with a very severe problem will at certain times, however brief, speak normally. By teaching him to recognize and duplicate the physical and mental “set” adopted during normal speech, the therapist aims at replacing the disturbing behavior pattern with a more effective one.
Whether you are the parent of a suffering child, or an adult for whom age and time have not brought any cure, it is a mistake to expect miraculous recovery. No matter what kind of treatment or what persuasion the therapist gives, the rate of remission does not warrant guarantees. I must say that I do not know what the success rate in treatment is. A search of the literature did not produce any hard figures that I could pass on with confidence. In any event, this is the kind of problem in which any noticeable improvement is welcome and, in my opinion, a stutterer would be best advised to set goals in terms of improvement rather than “cure”.
45. Which of the following statements best summarizes the author’s message to those who suffer from stuttering?
A. There is no possibility of any amount of remission whatever treatment is given to the stutterer.
B. The stutterer should identify what kind of stuttering he suffers from and have confidence in the long process of his treatment.
C. The stutterer should realize that his condition may be improved as a result of proper treatment but that nothing more can be guaranteed.
D. The rate of remission does not warrant guarantee unless the therapist adopts special treatments.
46. Which technique is used to help the stutterer when the problem is diagnosed as physical?
A. Listening to singing so he can absorb the rhythm.
B. Resolving the neurotic conflict to get rid of a sense of insecurity
C. Duplicating the manner of speech adopted during normal conversation
D. Practicing breath and speech control to lead to improved coordination
47. Why does the author mention “the physical and mental ‘set’” adopted during normal speech in the fourth paragraph?
A. To prove that a stutterer can not be taught to speak normally
B. To indicate the pattern that has to be identified and practiced in treatment
C. To illustrate a disturbing behavior pattern that can be replaced
D. To show what makes a stutterer different from a normal person
48. With young children who stutter out of mental disorder, treatment aims at ________.
A. helping them to resolve psychological conflicts
B. avoiding an overt expression of some insecurity
C. teaching them to imitate normal speech patterns
D. encouraging them to function normally with improved self confidence
Passage 3
Anyone with an alertness of mind will encounter during the course of an investigation numerous interesting side issues that might be pursued. It is a physical impossibility to follow up all of these. The majority are not worth following, a few will reward investigation and the occasional one provides the opportunity of a lifetime. How to distinguish the promising clues is the very essence of the art of research. The scientist who has an independent mind and is able to judge the evidence on its merits rather than in light of prevailing conceptions is the one most likely to be able to realize the potentialities in something really new. He also needs imagination and a good fund of knowledge, to know whether or not his observation is new and to enable him to see the possible implications. In deciding whether a line of work should be followed, one should not put it off merely because the idea has already been thought of by others or even been tried without it leading anywhere. This does not necessarily indicate that it is not good; many of the classic discoveries were anticipated in this way but were not properly developed until the right men came along. Edward Jenner was not the first to inoculate people with cowpox to protect them against smallpox, William Harvey was not the first to postulate circulation of the blood, Darwin was by no means the first to suggest evolution, Columbus was not the first European to go to America, Pasteur was not the first to suggest the germ theory of disease, Lister was not the first to use carbolic as wound antiseptic. But these men were the ones who fully developed some. Ideas had forced them on a reluctant world, and most credit rightly go to them for bringing the discoveries to fruition. It is not only new ideas that lead to discoveries. Indeed few ideas are entirely original. Usually on close study of the origin of an idea, one finds that others had suggested it or something very like it previously. Charles Nicolle calls these early ideas that are not at first followed up, “precursor ideas”.
49. According to the author, the scientist who has an independent mind is one who ______.
A. is usually imaginative and observable of any new clues
B. is able to identify the promising clues in something really new
C. is good at finding new ideas and pursuing all of them
D. is sensible in making sound judgments on the basis of established conceptions
50. Which of the following statements is true according to this passage?
A. Many of the classic discoveries, such as the inoculation of cowpox, were not made by famous scientists.
B. Many famous scientists, including Darwin, Lister and Pasteur, were those who had precursor ideas.
C. Many original ideas were not fulfilled by those who first postulated them
D. Many credits should have gone to those who had precursor ideas.
51. One of the important point the author tries to get across to the researcher is that ______.
A. he should not reject those ideas suggested by others or proved fruitless
B. he should not follow other’s ideas or else he will not lead anywhere
C. he should make a close study of the origin of an idea which rewards investigation
D. he should keep an eye on numerous interesting side issues arising in his investigation
52. The main purpose of the passage is to _________.
A. discuss the relationship between discoveries and original ideas.
B. introduce the examples of successful men with classic discoveries
C. point out the essence of the art of research
D. illustrate the essential qualities a researcher should possess
Passage 4
What are the practical results of the modern cult of beauty? The exercise, the massages, the health motors and skin foods—to what have they led? Are women more beautiful than they were? Do they get something for the enormous expenditure of energy, time and money demanded of them by the beauty-cult?
These are questions which it is difficult to answer. For the facts seem to contradict themselves. The campaign for more physical beauty seems to be both a tremendous success and an undesirable failure. It depends how you look at the results.
It is a success in so far as more women retain their youthful appearance to a greater age than in the past. “Old ladies” are already becoming rare. In a few years we may well believe that they will extinct. White hair and wrinkles, a bent back and hollow cheeks will come to be almost indistinguishable, as future picture shows, from the portrait of the artist’s daughter. The success of the beauty-cult is due in part to skin foods and facial surgery, and in part to improved health and a more rational mode of life. Ugliness is one of the symptoms of disease; beauty, of health. In so far as the campaign for more beauty is also a campaign for more health, it is admirable and, up to a point, genuinely successful. Beauty that is merely the artificial shadow of these symptoms of health is inherently of poor quality. Still, it is a sufficiently good imitation to be sometimes mistakable for the real thing. The apparatus for mimicking the symptoms of health is now within the reach of every moderately prosperous person; the knowledge of the way in which real health can be achieved is growing, and will in time, no doubt, be universally acted upon. When that happy moment comes, will every woman be beautiful—as beautiful, at any rate, as the natural shape of her features, with or without surgical and chemical aid?
The answer is emphatically: No. For real beauty is as much an affair of the inner as of the outer self. The beauty of a porcelain jar is a matter of shape, of color, of surface texture. The jar may be empty or tenanted by spider, full of honey, or stinking slime—it makes no difference to its beauty or ugliness. But a woman is alive, and her beauty is therefore not skin deep. The surface of the human vessel is affected by the nature of its spiritual contents. I have seen women who, by the standards of the evaluation of porcelain, were exceptionally lovely. Their shape, their color, their surface texture were perfect. And yet they were not beautiful. For the lovely vase was either empty or filled with some corruption. And conversely, there is a light that can transfigure forms that the pure aesthetician would regard as imperfect or downright ugly.
53. Which of the following is not true of the modern cult of beauty?
A. With surgical and chemical aid women have become as beautiful as the natural shape of their features.
B. Women nowadays have increasing knowledge of mimicking symptoms of health.
C. Old-fashioned symptoms of old ladies have become rare in the present women
D. Women have become more particular about their physical well-being.
54. The author of this passage holds the opinion that ____.
A. the success of the beauty cult deserves enormous expenditure of energy, time and money
B. the modern cult of beauty is of poor quality at present but it will be improved
C. the campaign for more beauty is beneficial for people to seek after good health
D. the modern cult of beauty can hardly be said to be genuinely successful
55. The beauty of a woman is compared with that of a porcelain jar in the last paragraph. The purpose of the comparison is to stress that _______.
A. like the beauty of a porcelain jar, the beauty of woman lies in her shape, color and texture
B. unlike the beauty of a porcelain jar, beauty in women manifests itself in different ways
C. the beauty of a porcelain jar lies in outer appearance while the real beauty of a woman lies in inner characters.
D. when people describe the beauty of a woman they often think of it as the beauty of a porcelain jar.
56. The main purpose of the author is to _________.
A. emphasize the success aspect of beauty cult
B. criticize the modern cult of beauty
C. describe a change of values in beauty
D. expose the demerits of the beauty cult
Passage 5
The man who was of chief importance to me in those days was the chief sub-editor, George Anderson. I hated him in my first week, but I grew almost to love him before three years had passed. A small elderly Scotsman with a flushed face and bitter humor, he drove a new sub-editor hard with his sarcasm. Sometimes I almost fancied myself back at school again, and I was always glad when five-thirty came, for immediately the clock marked the hour when the pubs opened, he would take his bowler hat from the coat-rack and disappear for thirty minutes to his favorite bar. His place would be taken by the gentle and courteous Colonel Maude. Maude was careful to see that the new recruit was given no story which could possibly stretch his powers, and if he had been chief sub-editor I doubt if I would ever have got further than a News in Brief paragraph. At the stroke of six, when Anderson returned and hung up his bowler, his face would have turned a deeper shade of red, to match the rose he carried always in his buttonhole, and his shafts of criticism, as he scanned my copy with perhaps a too flagrant headline, would have acquired a tang of friendliness.
More than two years went by, and my novel The Man Within had been accepted by a publisher, before I discovered one slack evening, when there was hardly enough news to fill the Home pages for the ten o’clock edition, that a poet manqué (someone who would have been a poet if he had had the chance) had dug those defenses of disappointed sarcasm. When a young man, Anderson had published a volume of translations from Verlaine (the French lyric poet); he had sent it to Swinburne (the English poet) and he had been entertained there for tea and kind words by his assistant, though I don’t think he was allowed to see the poet. He never referred to the episode again, but I began to detect in him a harsh but paternal apprehension for another young man, flushed with pride in a first book, who might suffer the same disappointment. When I came to resign he spent a long time arguing with me and I think his real reason for trying to prevent my departure was that he foresaw a time might come when novel-writing would fail me and I would need, like himself, a quiet and secure life with the pubs opening at half-past five and the coal settling in the grate.
57. This author preferred George Anderson to Colonel Maude because ___________.
A. he was kind and understood writers’ problems
B. he used to go out for a drink and leave him alone.
C. he had such a good sense of humor
D. he gave him more opportunity to develop his skill
58. George Anderson’s technique in training his assistants was to ____________.
A. go out for a drink and let them solve their own problems
B. provoke them into disliking him
C. stand over them while they worked and make unpleasant remarks
D. use bitter humor to draw their attention to their mistakes
59. The reason for Anderson’s sarcastic humor was that he __________.
A. envied the author for having published a novel
B. wanted to drive a new sub-editor hard
C. had not been able to fulfill his early ambitions
D. was bored when there was not enough news to fill the paper
60. Anderson tried to persuade the author to stay on because he __________.
A. thought the author was too pleased with himself
B. was afraid of losing such a valuable employee
C. was afraid that the author would find creative writing unrewarding
D. felt that the author was ungrateful to him
PART III Translation (30%)
Section A Translate the following passage into English. (15 points)
虎年说虎，在古人眼里，动物除了有生物属性之外还带着丰富、深刻的象征意义。中国传统文化中，有十二种与人类生活息息相关的动物，它们倍受青睐而被赋予了特殊的象征意义——用来代表地支（Earthly Branch）。由于精神内涵的赋予，这些动物变为神兽，同中国人的生活有了千丝万缕的联系。其中的老虎，为万兽之王，凶猛强悍而令人生畏，因此成为威严和权势的象征。有些时候，它作为一种图腾，出现在军事、政治、宗教和社会活动当中。老虎还因其威力与神圣而被尊奉为守护神。作为儿童日常生活中的守护神，老虎的形象变得十分和善，不再代表权力。在中国人看来，虎的神气与正人君子的美德相似——内柔外刚。虎年出生的人，往往会被认为勇敢而强势。
Section B Translate the following passage into Chinese. (15 points)
Lord Kelvin was one of the great physicists of the late nineteenth century, an extraordinary influential figure in his time, and in some ways a paradigm of conventional, established scientific leadership. He did a lot of good and useful things, but once or twice he, like Homer, nodded. The instances are worth recalling today, for we have nodders among our scientific eminences still, from time to time, needing to have their elbows shaken.
On one occasion, Kelvin made a speech on the overarching importance of numbers. He maintained that no observation of nature was worth paying serious attention to unless it could be stated in precisely quantitative terms. The numbers were the final and only test, not only of truth but also meaning as well. He said, “When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it. But when you cannot—your knowledge is of meager and unsatisfactory kind.”
PART IV Writing (25%)
There are numerous famous quotes on education, as in the following:
1. Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. The human mind is our fundamental resource.
2. Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.
3. In teaching others we teach ourselves.
4. He who dares to teach must never cease to learn.
5. He who opens a school door closes a prison.
6. Do not train a child to learn by force or harshness; but direct them to it by what amuses their minds.
Write a composition of about 200 words on the topic given below. Your composition should be written neatly and clearly.
On Higher Education in China Today

陕西师范大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析
Part I. Structure and Vocabulary (25%)
Section A
1. D 【解析】语法题。wish 后接的虚拟语气用 would 固定搭配。
2. A 【解析】语法题。形容词的前中后位的固定搭配。
3. B 【解析】语法题。turn to sb. for assistance，which 引导定语从句，to 提前。
4. B 【解析】固定搭配。worth of sth./worth doing sth. 为固定搭配。
5. B 【解析】语法题。不定式的否定，not 在不定式之前。此处用被动语态。
6. A 【解析】语法题。强调句型 it is…who…。
7. D 【解析】语法题。比较形式 more than。
8. B 【解析】语法题。in turn 轮流做……。
9. D 【解析】语法题。on no account 位于句首后面用倒装。
10. D 【解析】语法题。绳梯在爬之前，故用完成时，绳梯是被扔出来的，用被动语态。
Section B
11. B 【解析】改为 between，后面接的是两类人之间。
12. C 【解析】改为 make，主语是复数。
13. D 【解析】改为 requires。此处不用进行时。
14. B 【解析】改为 on，center on 固定搭配。
15. C 【解析】改为 an，泛指。
16. B 【解析】改为 that，so…that…。
17. B 【解析】去掉 be。
18. D 【解析】改为 of distance。
19. C 【解析】改为 who，前文提示。
20. B 【解析】but must 不能……却必须……。
Section C
21. B 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “wrong 坏事”；B 项 “fault 故障，错误，缺点，失误”；C 项 “error 误差，错误，过失”；D 项 ‚mistake 错误，过失，误会”。
22. C 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “deduce 推论，推断”；B 项 “display 显示；表现；陈列”；C 项 “denote 表示，指示”；D 项 “discern 识别；领悟，认识”。
23. D 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “isolated 使隔离；使孤立；使绝缘”；B 项 “originated 发源；发生；起航”；C 项 “dissipated 驱散；放荡”；D 项 “liberated 解放；放出；释放”。
24. D 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “concise 简明的，简洁的”；B 项 “apparent 显然的；表面上的”；C 项 “distinct 明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的”；D 项 “explicit 明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的”。
25. A 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “rigid 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的”；B 项 “stern 严厉的；坚定的”；C 项 “crazy 疯狂的；狂热的，着迷的”；D 项 “alert 警惕的，警觉的；留心的”。
26. C 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “insist on 坚持，坚决要求；督促，强调”；B 项 “persist in 坚持；固执于”；C 项 “adhere to 坚持；拥护，追随”；D 项 “abide by 遵守；信守；承担……的后果”。
27. D 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “put up 提供；建造；举起；推举，提名；供给……住宿”；B 项 “bring up 提出；教育；养育；呕出；（船等）停下”；C 项 “hold up 举起；阻挡；拦截”；D 项 “work up 逐步建立；逐步发展；激发；整理”。
28. A 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “On the whole 基本上，大体上；就全体而论”；B 项 “As a whole 总的来说”；C 项 “On the average 平均而言；一般说来”；D 项 “As a rule 通常，一般说来”。
29. C 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “literally 照字面地”；B 项 “specially 特别地；专门地”；C 项 “notably 显著地；尤其”；D 项 “eventually 最后，终于”。
30. B 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “neglectful 疏忽的；忽略的；不小心的”；B 项 “neglected 被忽视的；未被好好照管的”；C 项 “negligible 微不足道的，可以忽略的”；D 项 “neglecting 疏忽，忽视；忽略”。
31. B 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “conservation 保存，保持”；B 项 “reservation 预约，预订；保留”；C 项 “convention 大会；惯例；约定；协定”；D 项 “restriction 限制；约束；束缚”。
32. C 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “stems 阻止；除去……的茎；给……装柄”；B 项 “initiates 开始，创始；发起；使初步了解”；C 项 “derives 源于；得自”；D 项 “arouses 引起；唤醒；鼓励”。
33. B 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “come into 进入；得到”；B 项 “grown into 成长为”；C 项 “fallen into 分成，开始；变成”；D 项 “entered into 订立”。
34. C 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “get through 通过；到达；做完；接通电话”；B 项 “get over 克服；恢复；熬过；原谅”；C 项 “get across 通过；使……被理解”；D 项 “get down 下来；吞下；使沮丧”。
35. D 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “at best 最多”；B 项 “at any rate 无论如何，至少”；C 项 “at heart 本质上，内心里”；D 项 “at length 最后，终于；详细地”。
36. D 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “drift 漂流，漂移；漂泊，使……漂流；使……受风吹积”；B 项 “fade 褪色；凋谢；逐渐消失 vt. 使褪色”；C 项 “wander 徘徊；漫步；迷路；离题 vt. 游荡，漫游”；D 项 “vanish 消失；突然不见；成为零，使不见，使消失”。
37. C 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “delayed 延迟”；B 项 “prevented 避免；被阻止”；C 项 “retarded 延迟；阻止；妨碍；使减速，减慢；受到阻滞”；D 项 “suspended 延缓，推迟；使暂停；使悬浮，悬浮；[体]禁赛”。
38. B 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “uniform 统一的；一致的；相同的；均衡的；始终如一的”；B 项 “identical 同一的；完全相同的”；C 项 “equivalent 等价的，相等的，同意义的”；D 项 “accurate 精确的”。
39. D 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “assurance 保证；保险；确信；断言”；B 项 “declaration （纳税品等的）申报；宣布；公告；申诉书”；C 项 “obligation 义务；职责；债务”；D 项 “commitment 承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身”。
40. C 【解析】词义辨析。A 项 “endeavor 努力；尽力”；B 项 “campaign 运动；活动；战役”；C 项 “mission 使命，任务；代表团；布道”；D 项 “transition 过渡；转变；[分子生物]转换；变调”。
PART II READING COMPREHENSION (20%)
Passage 1
41. C 从文章中我们可以知道什么？从文章第一句 Research have estimated that as many as 80 percent of all automobile accidents can be attributed to the psychological condition of the driver. 可知 80% 的交通事故和司机的心理状况有关，所以答案是 C。
42. C 文章暗示了不负责任的司机怎样？第三段 Accident researchers say that most people who drive dangerously defective cars and trucks are aware of the defects and are gambling on not having trouble. 一句可知尽管驾驶故障车辆的司机知道他们的车有故障若可能带来危险，他们还是冒险驾驶，所以答案是 C。
43. B 最让事故专家担心的是什么？从倒数第三段 But the accident experts still worry because the decline is almost wholly due to legislation, and there has been little or no improvement in the way drivers behave 一句我们可以看出尽管交通事故减少，事故专家仍然担心是因为司机的驾驶行为没有或很少改善，所以答案是 B。
44. D 为了促进安全驾驶，作者强烈认为什么？文章最后一句话说到 The difficulty in promoting safer driving can be clearly seen when you realize that practically everyone feels that he is not responsible for accidents. 由此可知作者认为每个文明人应该意识到他们对交通事故的责任，所以答案是 D。
Passage 2
45. B 作者在最后一段中谈了对口吃治疗的看法。他认为对口吃治疗，无论是成人还是儿童，都不要期望有 miraculous recovery，无论医生用什么方法，都不能保证治好口吃，治疗口吃的目标应该定在 improvement rather than cure。显然，B 项是本题的正确答案。B 项有干扰性，“不要在治疗过程中丧失信心”，对许多疾病理应如此，但对口吃不能期望治愈，只能期望有所好转。
46. D 本题测器质性口吃的治疗方法。作者在第二段中谈到 organic（即 physical）stuttering 的原因是语言机制的协调失控，因此治疗方法主要是 practice of breath control and vocalization of sounds。D 项是本题的正确答案。
47. B 作者在第四段中谈到治疗行为性口吃的方法是 identify…which the stutter speaks normally，即使口吃严重的人也有讲话正常的时候，因此要教会口吃者识别和模仿讲话时的 the physical and mental “set”，目的是 disturbing behavior pattern with a more effective one。从上下文语境考研推断，“set” 指正常讲话时的 “pattern”。因此 B 项是本题的正确答案。
48. D 根据题干中的 young child，可定位针对第三段第 3 句：If the child is young, his parents are advised to ignore the speech problem entirely and make every effort toward helping the child to feel secure and to view himself favorably. D 项的意思是：鼓励孩子正常说话，逐步提高他们的自信，意思与之吻合，是本题的正确答案。
Passage 3
49. B 根据作者，有独立思想的科学家是怎样？文章提到 The scientist who has an independent mind and is able to judge the evidence on its merits rather than in light of prevailing conceptions is the one most likely to be able to realize the potentialities in something really new. 由此可知答案是 B。
50. C 根据文章下列哪一说法正确？从 many of the classic discoveries were anticipated in this way but were not properly developed until the right men came along 一句可知很多思想的完成者并不是这一思想最初的提出者，所以答案是 C。
51. A 作者最想让研究人员知道的是什么？在决定是否继续某一研究方向时，不能仅仅因为这个想法已经被别人想到、甚至被尝试过却没有结果就放弃它。由此可知作者认为研究者不能否决那些被别人提出或已经被实验过但没有取得任何成果的想法，所以答案是 A。
52. C 文章的主要目的是什么？从 How to distinguish the promising clues is the very essence of the art of research 一句可知文章主要谈论的是调查研究的本质，所以答案是 C。
Passage 4
53. A 关于现代对美貌的狂热崇拜的说法不正确的是？从第三段最后一句 When that happy moment comes, will every woman be beautiful—as beautiful, at any rate, as the natural shape of her features, with or without surgical and chemical aid? 和第四段第一句话 The answer is emphatically: No. 可知选项 A 说法错误。
54. C 作者坚持的观点是什么？从倒数第二段 the knowledge of the way in which real health can be achieved is growing, and will in time, no doubt, be universally acted upon 一句可知人们对美貌的狂热崇拜会让人们更加追求健康，所以答案是 C。
55. C 文章最后一段将一个女人的美和瓷罐的美进行比较，这种比较的目的在于强调什么？从最后一段 The beauty of a porcelain jar is a matter of shape, of color, of surface texture. 和 But a woman is alive, and her beauty is therefore not skin deep. 这两句话可知答案是 C。
56. B 作者的主要目的是什么？从文章最后一段后半部分可以看出作者写这篇文章的主要目的是为了批评现在人们对美貌的狂热崇拜，所以答案是 B。
Passage 5
57. D 从第一段 His place would be taken by the gentle and courteous Colonel Maude. Maude was careful to see that the new recruit was given no story which could possibly stretch his powers, and if he had been chief sub-editor I doubt if I would ever have got further than a News in Brief paragraph. 可知答案是 D。
58. D 根据文中 A small elderly Scotsman with a flushed face and laconic humor, he drove a new sub-editor hard with his sarcasm. 可以判断 Anderson 善用幽默批评指正助理人员。
59. C 根据 but I began to detect in him a harsh but paternal apprehension…flushed with pride in a first book, who might suffer the same disappointment 可以判断他的讽刺性幽默来源于未能实现早期的抱负。
60. B 见文中 his real reason…prevent my departure was that he foresaw a time might come when novel-writing would fail me.
PART III TRANSLATION (30%)
Section A Translate the following passage into English（参考译文）
Let’s talk about tigers in the year of the tiger. In the eyes of the ancients, animals have not only biological features but also rich and profound symbolic meanings. There were 12 types of animals which were closely linked with human’s existence in traditional Chinese culture. These animals were extremely popular and were endowed with special symbolic significance, which was used for representing Earthly Branch. Having been given the mental connotation, these animals became mythical creatures and bore sets of associations with the life of Chinese people. Among all those animals, tiger, being fierce and daunting, is the master of them, thus it becomes the symbol of majesty and power, and sometimes it also appears as a totem in military, political, religious and social activities. Tiger is also regarded as patron saint for its power and holy. As the patron saint in children’s life, tiger represents power no more and its image becomes very genial. For Chinese people, tiger’s air resembles gentleman’s virtue, which is soft inside despite their hard shell. People born in the year of the tiger are often considered brave and mighty.
Section B Translate the following passage into Chinese（参考译文）
开尔文是 19 世纪末最伟大的物理学家之一，在当时的时代非常具有影响力，并且在某种程度上他可以说是传统的、已有的科学领导的范例。他做了很多有益的事情，但像荷马一样，他只点过两次头。这些事迹今天仍然值得回忆，因为在我们科学取得显赫成就的今天，不乏有一些点头称是的人，这些人仍然需要时不时地提出一些质疑。
有一次，开尔文就数字支配一切的重要性做了一个演讲。他坚持认为对大自然的观察只有在能通过精确地量化陈述出来的情况下才值得被认真对待。数字是最后的也是唯一的检验标准，不仅对真理，对意义来说也一样。他说道：“当你能把你所说的话测量出来并以数字的形式表达出来时，你就会知道一些关于它的事情；但当你做不到时，只能说明你的知识很微薄，不能让人满意。”
PART IV WRITING (25%)
On Higher Education in China Today
Higher education in China is continuously growing, changing and developing. There are over 2,000 universities and colleges, with more than six million enrollments in total. China has set up degree system, including Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees that are also open to foreign students. The country offers non-degree programs as well. According to the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, the government authority on all matters pertaining to education and language, higher education in China has played a significant part in economic growth, scientific progress and social development in the country “by bringing up large scale of advanced talents and experts for the construction of socialist modernization.” With the development and improvement of socialist market economy and political system, China’s higher education is also facing a new developing stage. China’s higher education has ushered in the unprecedented opportunities and achieved rapid development, becoming the focus of the whole society.
However, the present situation and growing trend of China’s higher education make people worry. There are many corrupt practices in this field. Nowadays, merging of universities becomes a prevailing trend, although there are many advantages of doing so, there are still a lot of disadvantages. For example, the majors newly established or incorporated into are mostly not good, which imperceptibly makes the overall image of universities and some majors glide. What’s more, there is no guarantee for student’s employment and they are not responsible for students. There are also problems existing in the developing process of China’s higher education. Firstly, higher education in China is a matter of unfair no matter from the beginning, during the process or at the result. If we cannot deal with this unfair properly, it could bring about unpredictable losses on the healthy development of China’s higher education. Secondly, the utilization of educational resources is very low, which definitely aggravates the tension and lack of limited resources. Thirdly, Educational Department has a blind pursuit of high level in development goals and deviates from the social demand. Talents trained in higher education do not meet social need, which causes a mismatch between supply and demand.
In conclusion, although we have made some progress in China’s higher education, if we want to make greater progress, we must solve those problems mentioned above to create a good academic environment, which in turn promote the development of the whole nation.