西安电子科技大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

西安电子科技大学2010年春季入学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目代码、名称：1001 英语
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Part I: READING COMPREHENSION (50 points)
Directions: In this part of the tests, there are five short passages for you to read. Read the passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
Passage One
Good sense is the most equitably distributed thing in the world, for each man considers himself so well provided with it that even those who are most difficult to satisfy in everything else do not usually wish to have more of it than they have already. It is not likely that everyone is mistaken in this; it shows, rather, that the ability to judge rightly and separate the true from the false, which is essentially what is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men, and thus that our opinions differ not because some men are better endowed with reason than others, but only because we direct our thoughts along different paths, and do not consider the same things; for it is not enough to have a good mind: what is most important is to apply it rightly. The greatest souls are capable of the greatest vices; and those who walk very slowly can advance much further, if they always keep to the direct road, than those who run and go astray.
For my part, I have never presumed my mind to be more perfect than average in any way; I have, in fact, often wished that my thoughts were as quick, or my imagination as precise and distinct, or my memory as capacious or prompt, as those of some other men. And I know of no other qualities than these which make for the perfection of the mind; for as to reason, or good sense, in as much as it alone makes us men and distinguishes us from the beasts, I am quite willing to believe that it is whole and entire in each of us, and to follow in the common opinion of the philosophers who say that there are differences of more or less only among the accidents, and not among the forms, or natures, of the individuals of a single species.
1. According to the author, the three elements that comprise our mind are ______.
A. tenacity (坚韧) of thought, capacious memory, quickness of mind
B. precise of wit, ease of conscience, quickness of thought
C. quickness of wit, ease of conscience, quickness of thought
D. promptness of memory, distinctness of imagination, quickness of thought

2. The basic idea of the first paragraph may be stated as follows: ______.
A. All persons have an equal portion of good will when they are born
B. Great souls are capable of great evil
C. Good sense, in terms of its distribution among persons, may be called common sense
D. Good sense is the mark of the truly good person

3. About himself, the author states that ______.
A. he had always sensed his mental superiority over most persons
B. his awareness of his mental superiority over others was something that grew slowly with experience
C. he actually regards his own mental faculties as inferior in many ways to those of the great majority of persons
D. he has never had the feeling that his mind was more than average in any way

4. The author claims that what sets human beings apart from beasts is ______.
A. a sense of organization combined with the ability to create
B. the ability to adapt to the surroundings
C. a sense of reason coupled with a strong sense of practicality
D. a sense of reason

5. According to the author, the ability to distinguish between the true and the false is ______.
A. endowed by nature to all creatures
B. endowed in equal measure to all persons
C. more heavily present in some persons than in others
D. an unnatural, cultivated trait in all persons

Passage Two
Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously. But chemical knowledge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a chemical process; so is the melting of metals and the administration of drugs and potions. This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment. It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves. New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results.
The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however, hampered by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulties, chemistry is nothing if not practical; those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair (天赋). Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest.
The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric (难解的) nature of the knowledge of alchemists, who were trying to transform base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure.
6. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The scientific revolution in the seventeenth century
B. Reasons that chemistry developed slowly as a science
C. The practical aspects of chemistry
D. Difficulties of organizing knowledge systematically

7. According to the passage, how did knowledge about chemical processes increase before the seventeenth century?
A. Philosophers devised theories about chemical properties
B. A special symbolic language was developed
C. Experience led workers to revise their techniques
D. Experts shared their discoveries with the public

8. The word "hampered" in sentence 1 Para 2 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. recognized
B. determined
C. solved
D. hindered

9. The word "it" in sentence 2, Para 2 refers to which of the following?
A. problem
B. material
C. difficulty
D. system

10. Which of the following statements best explains why "the second of these was the more serious impediment" (Para 3)?
A. Chemical knowledge was limited to a small number of people.
B. The symbolic language used was very imprecise.
C. Very few new discoveries were made by alchemists.
D. The records of the chemical processes were not based on experiments.

Passage Three
A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1992 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.
DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.
The controversy in 1992 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo. Lewontin and Hartl called into question the methods used to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns within ethnic groups in order to determine whether the DNA fingerprinting methods are adequate.
In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1992, however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences panel called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.
11. Which of the statements is true of DNA?
A. DNA was discovered in 1987.
B. DNA is found in every cell of the body.
C. DNA molecule is made of genes.
D. DNA technology can be used to identify individuals.

12. Criminal investigators may find DNA fingerprinting useful in that they can ______.
A. compare the fingerprint from a suspect with that obtained at the scene of a crime
B. compare the blood type from a suspect with that obtained at the scene of a crime
C. use DNA materials as evidence to prove a suspect guilty
D. use DNA materials to identify a suspect

13. According to Lewontin and Hartl, ______.
A. the current method cannot determine whether two fingerprints are identical by chance
B. even if two DNA samples match, it is likely that they come from different individuals
C. two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group have same DNA
D. DNA samples from the same person is likely not to match

14. It can be inferred that the Federal Bureau of Investigation tends to accept the opinion of ______.
A. Richard C. Lewontin
B. Ranajit Chakraborty
C. Kenneth K. Kidd
D. none of the above

15. The main idea of this article is that ______.
A. the controversy over the reliability of DNA fingerprinting technology
B. the wide use of DNA fingerprinting in various fields
C. DNA fingerprinting as a powerful tool in criminal investigation
D. scientists' argument on the validity of blood samples as evidence to convict a suspect

Passage Four
Throughout the nation's more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster (平淡的) achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries.
Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, "no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science." The reason, he said, "is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed."
The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va., is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study.
Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school district's curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers' activities. This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries.
On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that "is a mile wide and an inch deep," Schmidt notes.
For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider. U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems "share our pattern of splintered (支离破碎的) visions" but which are not economic leaders.
The new report "couldn't come at a better time," says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington. "The new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision," including the call "to do less, but in greater depth."
Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.
In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards "face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble (嘈杂声)."
16. According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is ______.
A. focused on tapping students' potential
B. characterized by its diversity
C. losing its vitality gradually
D. going downhill in recent years

17. The fundamental flaw of American school education is that ______.
A. it lacks a coordinated national program
B. it sets a very low academic standard for students
C. it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers
D. it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects

18. By saying that the U.S. educational environment is "a mile wide and an inch deep", the author means U.S. educational practice ______.
A. lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity
B. offers an environment for comprehensive education
C. encourages learning both in depth and in scope
D. scratches the surface of a wide range of topics

19. The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will ______.
A. provide depth to school science education
B. solve most of the problems in school teaching
C. be able to meet the demands of the community
D. quickly dominate U.S. educational practice

20. Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because ______.
A. there is always controversy in educational circles
B. not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so
C. school districts are responsible for making their own decisions
D. many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability of these standards

Passage Five
It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you don't, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.
21. According to the author, really good science ______.
A. would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment
B. will produce results which cannot be foreseen
C. will help people to make the right choice in advance
D. will bring about disturbing results

22. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century ______.
A. thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science
B. were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research
C. knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
D. did more harm than good in promoting man's understanding of nature

23. Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?
A. They invented false theories to explain things they didn't understand.
B. They falsely claimed to know all about nature.
C. They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
D. They paid little attention to the problems they didn't understand.

24. What is the author's attitude towards science?
A. He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.
B. He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
C. He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
D. He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.

25. The author believes that ______.
A. man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
B. man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
C. sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
D. questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research

Part IV: TRANSLATION (30 points)
Section A (15 points)
Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.
1. In the late 1960s integrated circuits, tiny transistors and other electrical components arranged on a single chip of silicon (硅), replaced individual transistors in computers. Integrated circuits became miniaturized (使小型化), enabling more components to be designed into a single computer circuit.
2. One of the principal applications of the diode (二极管) is in the production of a dc voltage from an ac supply (电源), a process referred to as rectification (整流).
3. A baseball (棒球) that lands in an open (开阔地) soon comes to rest because of its interaction with the ground.
4. The atomic number (原子序数) is equal to the number of electrons per atom or, what is equivalent, the number of protons (质子) per nucleus.
5. This reduction (减化) of Boolean expressions (布尔表达式) eliminates (去掉) unnecessary gates (门电路), thereby saving cost, space and weight.
6. The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (电位差) across it provided there is no change in the physical conditions of the conductor.
7. A further complication (并发症) is the tendency of the pilot's blood to leave his head because of inertia (惯性), leaving him impaired vision and perhaps unconscious.
8. It is the existence of and the ability to control precisely the two independent charge-transport mechanisms that make possible all junction semiconductor devices.
9. Light, durable (经久耐用), simple and inexpensive, such devices are warmly received by users.
10. Feedback plays an important role in almost all electronic circuits. Its study is introduced here to provide a view of the amplifier as a gain element.
Section B (15 points)
Directions: Put the following sentences into English. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.
1. 这些书都没有解释这一现象。
2. 输出随输入的变化是很大的。
3. 如果把电压加到电路的两端，在电路中就会有电流流动。
4. 中国具有数倍于法国 (France) 那么大的面积 (area)。
5. 这是一只如此灵敏的 (sensitive) 安培表 (ammeter) 以至于它能测出电流的微弱变化。
6. 两根平行的 (parallel) 橡皮筋 (rubber band) 所提供的力为一根橡皮筋的两倍。
7. 晶体管 (transistor) 与电子管 (electron tube) 相比有好多优点 (advantage)。
8. 这个电压为原来的2/5。
9. 在日常生活中，力似乎是靠"直接接触" (direct contact) 来传递的。
10. 电阻越大，其消耗 (dissipate) 的能量 (energy) 就越多。
Part V: WRITING (20 points)
Directions: Choose one topic from the following four topics. Then, write a composition of at least 150 words on the topic you choose.
1. The Development of Engineering Material
2. Intelligent Network
3. Electro-magnetic Field and Its Influence on Our Life
4. Charges in Our Life