西北工业大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

西北工业大学
2010年博士研究生第二次招生考试试题

科目名称：英语科目码：1001
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20%)
Section A
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Mark your choice on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter.
1. Three university departments have been ______ $600,000 to develop good practice in teaching and learning.
A. promoted
B. included
C. secured
D. awarded

2. The beam that is ______ by a laser differs in several ways from the light that comes out of a flashlight.
A. emitted
B. transported
C. motivated
D. translated

3. The rapid development of communications technology is transforming the ______ in which people communicate across time and space.
A. mood
B. mission
C. manner
D. vision

4. British government often says that furnishing children with ______ to the information superhighway is a top priority.
A. procedure
B. protection
C. allowance
D. access

5. Researchers at the University of Illinois determined that the ______ of a father can help improve a child’s grades.
A. involvement
B. interaction
C. association
D. communication

6. This research has attracted wide coverage in the ______ and has featured on BBC television’s Tomorrow’s World.
A. data
B. source
C. message
D. media

7. The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national ______.
A. personality
B. temperament
C. interest
D. destiny

8. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ______ to expressed thoughts.
A. dilemmas
B. concessions
C. countenances
D. junctions

9. Modern forms of transportation and communication have done much to ______ the isolation of life in Alaska.
A. break through
B. break down
C. break into
D. break out

10. The financial problem of this company is further ______ by the rise in interest rates.
A. increased
B. reinforced
C. strengthened
D. aggravated

11. We shall probably never be able to ______ the exact nature of these sub-atomic particles.
A. ascertain
B. impart
C. notify
D. assert

12. Giving a gift can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their ______ and the importance you place upon the relationship.
A. solidarity
B. priority
C. hospitality
D. superiority

13. Individual sports are run by over 370 independent governing bodies whose functions usually include ______ rules, holding events, selecting national teams and promoting international links.
A. drawing on
B. drawing up
C. drawing in
D. drawing down

14. The commission would find itself ______ at every turn if its members couldn’t reach an agreement.
A. collided
B. crumbled
C. hampered
D. savaged

15. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important ______ of American life.
A. facets
B. formats
C. formulas
D. fashions

16. At present, it is not possible to confirm or to refute the suggestion that there is a causal relationship between the amount of fat we eat and the ______ of heart attacks.
A. incidence
B. impetus
C. rupture
D. emergence

17. They believed that this was not the ______ of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning.
A. maximum
B. pitch
C. summit
D. climax

18. Techniques for ______ sleep would involve learning to control both mind and body so that sleep can occur.
A. cultivating
B. promoting
C. pushing
D. strengthening

19. Remember to ask for a ______ of quality for these goods; otherwise they will not offer any maintenance.
A. promise
B. certificate
C. warranty
D. receipt

20. Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.
A. enhance
B. curb
C. disrupt
D. heighten

Section B
Directions: There are twenty sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
21. The film “On Golden Pond” portrays to a certain extent the mentality of the old people.
A. activities
B. ideas
C. opinions
D. attitude of mind

22. Motion-picture actor James Dean was known for his intense portrayals of discontented, rebellious young men.
A. dissatisfied
B. disruptive
C. discouraged
D. disagreeable

23. The State Council will lay down new rules that aim to make management compatible with internationally accepted conventions.
A. conferences
B. conversations
C. practices
D. formations

24. Without question, people’s lives in China have improved dramatically in the past two decades.
A. Out of question
B. No doubt
C. Naturally
D. Obviously

25. The marked land shortage in some of the developing countries has precluded the building of more sophisticated detached and semi-detached houses.
A. restrained
B. stopped
C. excluded
D. prevented

26. At Boston’s Quincy Market, dilapidated buildings were converted into a lively complex of shops and restaurants.
A. empty
B. run-down
C. disrepair
D. deteriorate

27. Despite the poor weather conditions, the delivery people could not be deterred from their work.
A. outdone at
B. summoned from
C. kept from
D. displaced at

28. The ambassador was given the book as a token of the government’s regard for him.
A. an estimation
B. a share
C. a memento
D. a preview

29. Television advertising has been under constant scrutiny for the last few years.
A. counterattack
B. pressure
C. examination
D. revision

30. The Normandy coast was plundered repeatedly by sea-faring marauders during the twelfth century.
A. looted
B. influenced
C. occupied
D. ruled

31. A newborn kangaroo climbs steadfastly up to its mother’s stomach.
A. blindly
B. falteringly
C. speedily
D. determinedly

32. The outcry against the government’s policies will subside only if a compromise is reached in the assembly.
A. die down
B. succeed
C. proceed
D. be dislodged

33. Surrealism has infiltrated realistic painting by increasing artists.
A. conditioned
B. spread to
C. denied
D. displaced

34. Although she scrubbed the old pot thoroughly, she could not make it look completely clean.
A. disinfected
B. rinsed
C. scratched
D. scoured

35. The eagle usually captures its prey on the ground but may then carry it off to eat it elsewhere.
A. in seclusion
B. in its nest
C. in another place
D. in its territory

36. If a foreign object becomes lodged in the eye, medical help is necessary.
A. deposit in
B. invisible to
C. blurry to
D. isolated in

37. Among all societies legal marriage is usually accompanied by some kind of ceremony that expresses group sanction of the union.
A. opinion
B. coercion
C. approval
D. insistence

38. The 1960s saw a change in the form and content of movies, which were considered taboo for so many years.
A. unpleasant
B. prohibited
C. unethical
D. worthless

39. An individual nerve cell usually has a large cell body and a conspicuous nucleus.
A. an obvious
B. a cohesive
C. an enormous
D. an immature

40. Many tourists are attracted to the New England states by the Autumn foliage.
A. weather
B. leaves
C. festivals
D. harvest

Part II Reading Comprehension (25%)
Directions: Read the following passages and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your choice on the Answer Sheet.
Passage One
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stamps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggerations and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
41. To make your humor work, you should ______.
A. take advantage of different kinds of audience
B. make fun of the disorganized people
C. address different problems to different people
D. show sympathy for your listeners

42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ______.
A. impolite to new arrivals
B. very conscious of their godlike role
C. entitled to some privilege
D. very busy even during lunch hours

43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ______.
A. have benefited many people
B. are the focus of public attention
C. are an inappropriate subject for humor
D. have often been the laughing stock

44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ______.
A. in well-worded language
B. as awkwardly as possible
C. in exaggerated statements
D. as casually as possible

45. The best title for the text may be ______.
A. Use Humor Effectively
B. Various Kinds of Humor
C. Add Humor to Speech
D. Different Humor Strategies

Passage Two
My new home was a long way from the centre of London but it was becoming essential to find a job, so finally I spent a whole morning getting to town and putting my name down to be considered by London Transport for a job on the tube. They were looking for guards, not drivers. This suited me. I couldn’t drive a car but thought that I could probably guard a train, and perhaps continue to write my poems between stations. The writers Keats and Chekhov had been doctors. T.S. Eliot had worked in a bank and Wallace Stevens for an insurance company. I would be a tube guard. I could see myself being cheerful, useful, a good man in a crisis. Obviously I would be overqualified but I was willing to forget about that in return for a steady income and travel privileges—those being particularly welcome to someone living a long way from the city centre.
The next day I sat down, with almost a hundred other candidates, for the intelligence test. I must have done all right because after half an hour’s wait I was sent into another room for a psychological test. This time there were only about fifty candidates. The examiner sat at a desk. You were signaled forward to occupy the seat opposite him when the previous occupant had been dismissed, after a greater or shorter time. Obviously the long interviews were the more successful ones. Some of the interviews were as short as five minutes. Mine was the only one that lasted a minute and a half.
I can remember the question now: “Why did you leave your last job? ... Why did you leave your job before that? ... And the one before that?” I can’t recall my answers, except that they were short at first and grew progressively shorter. His closing statement, I thought, revealed a lack of sensitivity which helped to explain why as a psychologist, he had risen no higher than the underground railway. “You have failed the psychological test and we are unable to offer you a position.”
Failing to get that job was my low point. Or so I thought, believing that the work was easy. Actually, such jobs—being a postman is another one I still desire—demand exactly the sort of elementary yet responsible awareness that the habitual dreamer is least qualified to give. But I was still far short of full self-understanding. I was also short of cash.
46. The writer applied for the job because ______.
A. he could no longer afford to live without one
B. he wanted to work in the center of London
C. he had received suitable training
D. he was not interested in any other available job

47. The writer thought he was overqualified for the job because ______.
A. he had written many poems
B. he often travelled underground
C. he had worked in an insurance company
D. he could deal with difficult situations

48. The length of his interview meant that ______.
A. he had not done well in the intelligence test
B. he was not going to be offered the job
C. he had little work experience to talk about
D. he did not like the examiner

49. What was the writer’s opinion of the psychologist?
A. He was inefficient at his job.
B. He was unsympathetic.
C. He was unhappy with his job.
D. He was very aggressive.

50. What does the writer realize now that he did not realize then?
A. How difficult it can be to get a job.
B. How unpleasant ordinary jobs can be.
C. How badly he did in the interview.
D. How unsuitable he was for the job.

Passage Three
Americans usually consider themselves a friendly people. Their friendships, however, tend to be shorter and more casual than friendships among people from other cultures. It is not uncommon for Americans to have only one close friend during their lifetime, and consider other “friends” to be just social acquaintances. This attitude probably has something to do with American mobility and the fact that Americans do not like to be dependent on other people. They tend to “compartmentalize” friendships, having “friends at work,” “friends on the softball team,” “family friends,” etc.
Because the United States is full of movement and change, people always seem to be on the go. In this highly charged atmosphere, Americans can sometimes seem brusque or impatient. They want to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something. Sometimes, early on, they will ask you questions that you may feel very personal. No insult is intended; their questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity, and their impatience to get to the heart of the matter. And the same goes for you. If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them, do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves. Americans are usually eager to explain all about their country or anything “American” in which you may be interested. So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening. It doesn’t matter because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation. They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores, for example, than deal with silence.
On the other hand, don’t expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs, unless those subjects directly involve the United States. Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations, some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.
51. The general topic of the passage is ______.
A. American culture
B. American society
C. Americans’ activities
D. Americans’ personality

52. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A. Americans do not like to depend on other people
B. Friendships among Americans tend to be casual.
C. Americans know a lot about international affairs.
D. Americans always seem to be on the go.

53. The phrase “highly charged” (Paragraph 2) most probably means ______.
A. extremely free
B. highly responsible
C. very cheerful
D. full of mobility and change

54. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. Americans want to participate in all kinds of activities
B. Americans’ character is affected by their social and geographical environment
C. Americans do not know how to deal with silence.
D. Curiosity is characteristic of Americans.

55. According to the passage, Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world because ______.
A. they are not interested in other countries
B. they are too proud of themselves
C. their country does not have many neighboring nations
D. they are too busy to learn about other countries.

Passage Four
Extinction means that something is gone forever. There are two kinds of extinction. One is low level, background extinction that occurs constantly without dramatic effect. The other is the great mass extinctions that involve a large number and variety of species. These are important because such drastic losses have a major impact on remaining life.
According to scientists, there have been five great mass extinctions, with the first occurring at the end of the Cambrian period (about 500 million years ago, or 500 mya). The next one was at the end of the Ordovician period (about 450 mya), followed by the one at the end of the Devonian period (about 345 mya). Then came the greatest mass extinction of all, at the close of the Permian period (some 225 mya). For some reason about 90 percent of marine life went extinct at that time. The most famous mass extinction occurred at the end of the Cretaceous period (65 mya) when the great dinosaurs died out along with many other species, including huge tracts of the cycad forests. But, it doesn’t end there.
Now there is disconcerting evidence that we are apparently in the midst of another, truly devastating mass extinction, and this time there is little question of the cause. If we continue on this course of environmental destruction, the extinction rate could be about 100 species per day. Within the next several decades, we could lose one-third of all species now alive. This rate of loss is unprecedented on the planet. Furthermore, the problem is qualitative, as well as quantitative. Not only are we losing more species, but we’re also losing different kinds of species. The most recent mass extinction involved only certain groups of species, such as the cycads and the dinosaurs. The other groups of species were left more or less intact. At present, though, species are dying out across the board. That is, the current extinction affects all the major categories of species. Of particular note, this time the terrestrial plants are involved. In the past, such plants were also devastated, and comeback (marked by a period of rapid expansion and speciation) by animals will be greatly slowed.
The present great extinction will also prove to discourage a revival of species for another reason. This time we are killing the systems that are particularly rich in life, including tropical forests, coral reefs, saltwater marshes, and river systems. In the past these systems have provided genetic reservoirs from which new species could spring and replenish the diversity of life on the planet. In effect, we are drying up the wellspring of future speciation.
In the past, extinctions have been due to two major processes, environmental forces (such as climatic change) and competition. For the first time, a single species (our own) has had the opportunity to cause mass extinctions at both levels. Much of the habitat destruction has been due to humans desiring the land where species lived, forcing them into extinction as they failed in their competition and now we find ourselves in the remarkable position of being able to alter environmental forces. As the Amazon basin is destroyed, the trees are no longer available to cycle water back to the atmosphere, causing many experts to predict sweeping changes in the weather.
We are continuing to interact in new ways with the environment. As we continue to release chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere, the ozone holes grow larger and the delicate veil of life on earth becomes increasingly bathed in destructive radiation. And we are learning that the oceans have become perilous places for many forms of life because we continue to use the great waters as dumps for dangerous or unknown chemicals.
There are those who say that our course, by now, is irreversible, that the damage is done and now we must sit back and prepare to reap what we have sown. Others, though, argue that there is still time to alter our course, to salvage much of what is left and to protect it from further damage. The danger is in accepting the first alternative if the second is really the case.
56. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT ______.
A. Great dinosaurs died out at the end of the Permian period.
B. The first extinction occurred at the end of the Cambrian period.
C. The most famous mass extinction occurred at the end of the Cretaceous period.
D. The third extinction occurred at the end of the Devonian period.

57. Which is the main reason that discourages the revival of species?
A. We are killing all the major categories of species, including terrestrial plants.
B. We killed certain groups of species, such as the cycads and the dinosaurs.
C. We are killing coral reefs, saltwater marshes, and river systems.
D. We are losing more species.

58. The expression highlighted in paragraph 4 “we are drying up the wellspring of future speciation” could best be replaced by ______.
A. we are losing more animals and plants
B. we are drying up waters for ocean life
C. we are losing sources of future speciation
D. we are drying up resources that plants could use to launch their comeback

59. Which of the following can be inferred from the highlighted part ‘a single species (our own) has had the opportunity to cause mass extinctions at both levels’ in paragraph 5?
A. Humans force other species to become extinct by causing sweeping changes in weather.
B. Humans alter environmental forces and force other species into extinction as they fail to compete with us.
C. Other species have little chance to survive because of humans influence on environment.
D. Humans have the potential to cause mass extinction at the competition level.

60. It is implied in the passage that ______.
A. it is dangerous to assume that the damage is irreversible if it is reversible
B. it is possible to save what is left and protect it from further damage
C. it is good for human beings if the damage is reversible
D. it is dangerous to assume that the damage is reversible if it is irreversible.

Passage Five
When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.
The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.
An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.
The socio-biological view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people’s capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.
The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life.
Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parent cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense, sees us as steam engines. By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways, such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam. Some psychologists who favor the cathartic approach refer to the venting of aggressive impulses as “catharsis.” Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve. But research findings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies, however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on.
The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified—as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
61. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is related to the hypothalamus?
A. Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus.
B. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus produces aggression in animals.
C. Animals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus.
D. Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies.

62. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, members of a species are forced to struggle for survival because ______.
A. not all individuals are skilled in finding food
B. individuals try to defend their young against attackers
C. many more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction
D. individuals with certain genes are more likely to reach adulthood

63. The word “they” in paragraph 6 refers to ______.
A. future explosions
B. pent-up aggressive impulses
C. outlets
D. indirect ways

64. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people ______.
A. deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger
B. usually release aggression in explosive ways
C. must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up
D. typically lose their aggression if they do not express it

65. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 8 and 9, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person’s ______.
A. moral values
B. previous experiences with aggression
C. instinct to avoid aggression
D. beliefs about other people’s intentions

Part III Cloze (15%)
Directions: Fill in each of the following numbered spaces with one suitable word from below. Mark your choice on the Answer Sheet.
The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious (66)______ the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and (67)______ it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but (68)______ to diffuse throughout the space available; it must (69)______ be kept in a closed container, as (70)______ a planet’s atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories (71)______ the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be “dissolved” in a vapor without losing its identity, and another theory held that the two phases are (72)______ different kinds of molecules. The theories now prevailing (73)______ a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure, and they both flow easily. They are fluids. The (74)______ similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat. (75)______ a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands, or (76)______, becomes less dense; some of it evaporates. (77)______, the vapor above the liquid surface becomes denser as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature and pressure (78)______ the densities become equal is (79)______ the critical point. Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be (80)______; there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.
66.
A. in
B. on
C. under
D. beyond

67.
A. fills
B. be filled
C. filling
D. to fill

68.
A. intends
B. tends
C. inclines
D. contends

69.
A. however
B. nevertheless
C. so
D. therefore

70.
A. in the event of
B. in the case of
C. with a view to
D. with reference to

71.
A. having described
B. described
C. describing
D. to have described

72.
A. made up of
B. consisted of
C. constituted of
D. made from

73.
A. apply
B. adapt
C. take
D. conduct

74.
A. elementary
B. crucial
C. rudimentary
D. fundamental

75.
A. Suppose
B. To suppose
C. Being supposed
D. Supposed

76.
A. in a word
B. in the meantime
C. in other words
D. in that case

77.
A. Similarly
B. In contrast
C. Furthermore
D. Instead

78.
A. on that
B. on which
C. at that
D. at which

79.
A. known
B. defined
C. called
D. referred to

80.
A. classified
B. recognized
C. categorized
D. distinguished

Part IV Translation (20%)
Section A
Directions: Translate the following passage into English, making special efforts in using formal structure and vocabulary. Write your version on the Answer Sheet.
在最近几十年中，对大学教育最大的挑战是怎样适应各种不同学生的需求。由于大学教育的普及和升学率的提高，今天的学生在他们的兴趣、背景、动机和学术准备方面，真是千差万别。
与过去几十年相比，好多国家的高等教育体制在教学要求方面已变得越来越灵活了。他们已经根据学生的爱好进行了教学内容的革新。学习过程也不再完全依赖课堂教学。学生也有机会进行社会实践，以弥补课堂教学之不足。学到的知识和技能也更能适应市场和学生自己的需要。
Section B
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your version on the Answer Sheet.
Americans invite their friends to their homes more than most people in Europe. Parties for children and for grown-ups are constantly occupying the leisure hours, usually with something to drink. In their suburbs Americans are extremely friendly and hospitable. They are also very interested in each other, and when a new family moves into a suburban house the neighbors will be calling at once to see if they can help in any way. The problem of personal social barriers has been overcome very much more successfully than in any part of Europe. The new suburb recreates the sense of community of the old country village. In it, a family’s home is not an isolated island, but a part of a group of homes. Moreover, most find their homes more satisfying because they still have plenty of contacts outside the rural neighborhood. Most go to work in another place, so that the suburban home is only a part of their environment.
Part V Writing (20%)
Section A Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary. The summary you make should demonstrate your verbal skills in organizing the original information and keep the word limit to about one third of the original length.
If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
Section B Essay Writing
Directions: Write an essay on the topic given below, demonstrating your ability to write down your thoughts accurately and correctly. Your writing should meet a minimum request of 150 words. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Tell the Truth

参考答案及解析
答案速查
Part I Section A: 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.D
              11.A 12.C 13.B 14.C 15.A 16.A 17.D 18.B 19.B 20.A
Part I Section B: 21.D 22.A 23.C 24.A 25.D 26.B 27.C 28.A 29.C 30.A
              31.D 32.A 33.B 34.D 35.C 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.B
Part II Reading:   41.C 42.B 43.D 44.D 45.A 46.A 47.D 48.B 49.B 50.D
              51.D 52.C 53.D 54.B 55.C 56.A 57.C 58.C 59.B 60.B
              61.C 62.C 63.B 64.C 65.C
Part III Cloze:     66.B 67.A 68.B 69.D 70.B 71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A
              76.C 77.B 78.D 79.C 80.D
Part I Section A 解析
1. 【答案】D 【解析】动词词义辨析。promoted “提升，晋升”；included “包括”；secured “保护，使安全”；awarded “嘉奖，给予，授予”。根据句意，此处D项为答案。
2. 【答案】A 【解析】动词词义辨析。emitted “排放，射出”；transported “运输，搬运”；motivated “使……产生动机，使……有积极性”；translated “翻译”。动作的主体是laser激光，故A项正确。
3. 【答案】C 【解析】名词词义辨析。mood “情绪，心境，气氛”；mission “使命，任务”；manner “方式，方法，举止”；vision “视力，想象力，眼光，远见”。“...in which people communicate across time and space”修饰方式，故C项为答案。
4. 【答案】D 【解析】名词词义辨析及词组搭配。procedure “程序，手续，步骤”；protection “保护，防卫，贸易保护”；allowance “津贴，补助，零花钱”；access “通道，入口；使用权”。定语为to the information superhighway，即信息高速公路的使用权，故D项为答案。
5. 【答案】A 【解析】名词词义辨析及近义名词区别。involvement “参与，介入，牵涉”；interaction “相互作用”；association “协会，联合，交往，联想”；communication “通讯，交流，交往”。D项communication指两人或两人以上的交流，句中只出现了一个father，故排除D项，选A项。
6. 【答案】D 【解析】名词词义辨析。data “数据，资料”；source “来源，水源，原始资料”；message “消息，信息，要点”；media “媒体，媒介，传播手段”。BBC属于媒体，故D项为答案。
7. 【答案】B 【解析】名词词义辨析。personality “个性，品格（指个人）”；temperament “气质，性情，性格”；interest “兴趣，利益，利息”；destiny “命运，天命”。国家文化用temperament，故B项为答案。
8. 【答案】C 【解析】固定搭配题。dilemmas “困境”；concessions “让步，优惠”；countenances “面容，脸色，表情”；junctions “连接，汇合处”。与eyes并列，故选C项为最佳答案。
9. 【答案】A 【解析】固定搭配题。break through “突破，突围”；break down “分解，发生故障，失败，毁掉”；break into “闯入，破门而入”；break out “爆发，突发”。动作的对象是isolation（隔离，隔绝），故A项为最佳答案。
10. 【答案】D 【解析】动词词义辨析。increased “增强”；reinforced “加强，增援”；strengthened “加强，巩固”；aggravated “加重，加剧”。句意为c财政问题因利率上升而更加恶化”，故D项为最佳答案。
11. 【答案】A 【解析】动词词义辨析。ascertain “确定，查明，探知”（暗示通过了解、实验、研究等确切地发现），与句意相符；impart “给予（尤指抽象事物），传授，告知，透露”；notify “通知，告知”；assert “断言，主张，维护，坚持要求”。
12. 【答案】C 【解析】名词词义辨析。solidarity “团结一致”；priority “优先，优先权，优先考虑”；hospitality “好客，殷勤，款待”；superiority “优越，优势”。选项的前提是Giving a gift赠送礼物，故C项为最佳答案。
13. 【答案】B 【解析】词组辨析。drawing on “利用，吸收，邻近，戴上”；drawing up “起草，拟定”；drawing in “（白昼）渐短，（汽车或火车）到站”；drawing down “延伸”。动词词组的动作对象是rules（规则），故B项正确。
14. 【答案】C 【解析】动词词义辨析。collided “碰撞，冲突”；crumbled “崩溃，瓦解”；hampered “阻碍，妨碍”；savaged “被粗暴对待的”。C项符合题意。
15. 【答案】A 【解析】名词词义辨析。facets “方面，切面，小平面”；formats “格式，版式”；formulas “公式，配方，规则”；fashions “时尚，流行，风行一时的事物”。根据句意，此处A项为答案。
16. 【答案】A 【解析】名词词义辨析。incidence “发生率，影响范围，程度，方式”；impetus “推动，促进，刺激，冲力”；rupture “破裂，决裂，绝交”；emergence “出现，浮现，暴露，B起”。根据句意为c心脏病的发生率”，故选A。
17. 【答案】D 【解析】名词词义辨析。maximum “最大量，最大限度，极大”；pitch “投，掷；音调；程度；树脂；沥青”；summit “最高点；首脑会议；最高级会议”；climax “高潮；顶点；极点，指兴趣、情绪或重要性的最高点或戏剧、小说等的高潮”。D项符合句意。
18. 【答案】B 【解析】动词词义辨析。cultivating “培养”；promoting “促进，晋升，促销”；pushing “推，促进；逼迫”；strengthening “强化，加固”。动宾搭配promote sleep为合理搭配，故选B项。
19. 【答案】B 【解析】名词词义辨析。promise “许诺，允诺；希望”；certificate “证书，执照，文凭”；warranty “（商品）保证书，保修单，授权；（正当）理由”，在此题的意思为c保证书，保修单”，这种情况一般可以和guarantee一词替换使用，符合题意；receipt “收到；收据，收入”。
20. 【答案】A 【解析】动词词义辨析。enhance “提高；加强；增加”；curb “控制；勒住”；disrupt “破坏；使瓦解；使分裂，使中断；使陷于混乱”；heighten “提高；增高；加强，加深”。enhance可与表示较具体事物的名词搭配使用，heighten多与表示抽象事物的名词搭配使用（后接情感，意识等），故选A。
Part I Section B 解析
21. 【答案】D 【解析】名词词义辨析。activities “活动”；ideas “主意，观点”；opinions “观点，态度”；attitude of mind “思想方法，观点”。划线单词mentality “心态，智力”。D符合。
22. 【答案】A 【解析】形容词词义辨析。dissatisfied “不满意的，不高兴的”；disruptive “破坏的，分裂性的，制造混乱的”；discouraged “气馁的”；disagreeable “不愉快的，厌恶的，不为人喜的”。划线单词discontented “不满的，不愉快的”。A项符合。
23. 【答案】C 【解析】名词词义辨析。conferences “会议”；conversations “交谈，会话，社交”；practices “做法，实践，练习”；formations “形成，形式”。划线单词convention “惯例”，故C为最佳答案。
24. 【答案】A 【解析】名词词义辨析及词组搭配。Out of question “毫无疑问”；No doubt “无疑地”；Naturally “自然地”；Obviously “明显地”。划线搭配without question “毫无疑问”，A项为最佳选项。
25. 【答案】D 【解析】动词辨析题。preclude “排除；妨碍；阻止”；restrain “抑制；约束”；stop “停止；堵塞；断绝”；exclude “排除；排斥；逐出”；prevent “预防，防止；阻止”。由句中关键词“The marked land shortage 显著的土地短缺”可推知preclude在这里有c阻止”的意思，故D项c阻止”正确。
26. 【答案】B 【解析】形容词词义辨析。empty “空的”；run-down “破败的，衰弱的”；disrepair “失修，塌毁，破损”；deteriorate “恶化”。划线单词dilapidated “破损的”，B项符合。
27. 【答案】C 【解析】词组辨析。outdone at “优于，胜于”；summoned from “传唤，召唤”；kept from “阻止，抑制”；displaced at “取消，取代”。划线词组deter from “阻止”，故C项正确。
28. 【答案】A 【解析】名词词义辨析。an estimation “估计，尊重”；a share “股份”；a memento “纪念品”；a preview “预览，试映”。划线单词regard “尊重，注意”，故A项正确。
29. 【答案】C 【解析】名词词义辨析。counterattack “反击，反攻”；pressure “压力”；examination “考试，检查”；revision “修正，复习，修订本”。划线单词scrutiny “审查，监视，复查”，故C项正确。
30. 【答案】A 【解析】动词词义辨析。looted “洗劫，抢夺，耗夺”；influenced “影响”；occupied “占有”；ruled “统治，裁决”。划线单词plundered “抢夺，侵吞”，故A项正确。
31. 【答案】D 【解析】副词词义辨析。blindly “盲目的，轻率的”；falteringly “支支吾吾的，口吃的”；speedily “迅速的，赶紧的”；determinedly “决然的，毅然的”。划线单词steadfastly “紧紧的，毅然的，踏实的，不变的”，故D项正确。
32. 【答案】A 【解析】动词词义辨析。die down “逐渐消失”；succeed “成功，兴旺”；proceed “开始，继续进行，发生”；be dislodged “驱逐，逐出”。划线单词subside “减弱，逐渐消失，平息”，故A项正确。
33. 【答案】B 【解析】动词词义辨析。conditioned “使……适应”；spread to “传播，蔓延”；denied “拒绝，拒签”；displaced “取代，撤换”。划线单词infiltrate “浸透，浸入”，故B项正确。
34. 【答案】D 【解析】固定搭配题。disinfected “将……消毒”；rinsed “冲洗，漱口”；scratched “抓”；scoured “擦洗，腐蚀，摩擦”。划线单词scrub “擦洗，揉搓”，故D项正确。
35. 【答案】C 【解析】名词词义辨析。in seclusion “隔离，隐蔽的地方”；in its nest “在鸟巢”；in another place “在其他地方”；in its territory “在它的领土，在它的领域”。划线单词elsewhere “在其他地方”，故C项正确。
36. 【答案】A 【解析】固定搭配题。deposited in “在……储存”；invisible to “对……无形的，隐藏的”；blurry to “对……模糊的，不清楚的”；isolated in “在……隔离，孤立的”。划线单词lodge “租住，卡住”，故A为最佳答案。
37. 【答案】C 【解析】名词词义辨析。opinion “观点，态度”；coercion “强制，强迫，高压政策”；approval “赞成，同意，批准”；insistence “坚持，强调，强求”。划线单词sanction “制裁，处罚，认可，支持”，故C项正确。
38. 【答案】B 【解析】固定搭配题。unpleasant “不开心的，不愉快的”；prohibited “禁止的”；unethical “不道德的”；worthless “无价值的”。划线单词taboo “禁忌”，故B项正确。
39. 【答案】A 【解析】固定搭配题。an obvious “明显的”；a cohesive “有凝聚力的，紧密结合的”；an enormous “巨大的，凶暴的”；an immature “不成熟的，粗糙的”。划线单词conspicuous “明显的，显著的”，故A项正确。
40. 【答案】B 【解析】名词词义辨析。weather “气候，天气”；leaves “树叶，植物”；festivals “节日”；harvest “丰收，收获”。划线单词foliage “植物，植被”，故B项正确。
Part II Reading Comprehension 解析
41. 【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。A项ctake advantage of different kinds of audience”（利用不同的听众），在原文中没有依据；B项cmake fun of the disorganized people”（取笑没有条理的人）只是作者举的一个例子；C项caddress different problems to different people”（对不同的人谈不同的问题），与第一段第三句cDepending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different”对应；D项cshow sympathy for your listeners”（对听众表示同情）范围被缩小了。
42. 【答案】B 【解析】推理判断题。题干为c关于医生的这个笑话表明，在护士眼里，医生……”。本题讲述了一个经典的护士看待医生的笑话，将上帝比作医生那样表现的傲慢无理。考生应该明白这里实际上是在说医生将自己比作上帝，显得那么傲慢无礼。B项cvery conscious of their godlike role”非常恰当，因为它揭示了护士群体眼中的医生那种傲慢的感觉。
43. 【答案】D 【解析】推理判断题。根据公共服务定位到第三段最后一句，文中提到c邮局”和c电话”这两个行业。文章说c安全的做法是咬住一些替罪羊比如邮局和电话业”，之所以安全是因为这样不会冒犯什么人。既然是这样，那么肯定大家经常会拿这个c公共服务业”来开玩笑的。因此D项chave often been the laughing stock”是正确选项。
44. 【答案】D 【解析】推理判断题。本题问的实际上是幽默故事的讲述方式，可以定位到第四段，它指出幽默要cnatural”（自然）、ccasual”（随意）、coff-the-cuff”（即兴）、crelaxed”（放松），很容易选择D选项cas casually as possible”。
45. 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。A项cUse Humor Effectively”（有效利用幽默）能够很好地表示在文中作者教会别人怎样有效地使用幽默这样一个事实。B项不合适，因为本文中并没有谈论幽默的种类。C项仅仅讲出了幽默的必要性，但是不能体现出文中教人学会幽默的思想。D项只是文章主旨的小部分。
46. 【答案】A 【解析】细节事实题。文章第一段提到cMy new home was a long way from the centre of London but it was becoming essential to find a job”，表明现在非常需要找一份工作，说明答案A为正确选项。
47. 【答案】D 【解析】细节事实题。文章第一段提到cI could see myself being cheerful, useful, a good man in a crisis. Obviously I would be overqualified.”表明答案D为正确选项，即他能够处理许多困难的情况。
48. 【答案】B 【解析】推理判断题。文章第二段提到cObviously the long interviews were the more successful ones. Some of the interviews were as short as five minutes. Mine was the only one that lasted a minute and a half.”表明B为正确选项，即他不会被提供这份工作。
49. 【答案】B 【解析】观点态度题。文章提到cHis closing statement, I thought, revealed a lack of sensitivity which helped to explain why as a psychologist, he had risen no higher than the underground railway.”表明答案BcHe was unsympathetic”（他一点同情心都没有）为正确选项。
50. 【答案】D 【解析】推理推断题。文章最后一段提到cActually, such jobs—being a postman is another one I still desire—demand exactly the sort of elementary yet responsible awareness that the habitual dreamer is least qualified to give. But I was still far short of full self-understanding.”表明作者直到现在才明确自己是非常缺乏自知之明，所以答案D正确选项，即他当初没有认识到自己是多么不适合这份工作。
51. 【答案】D 【解析】主旨题。文章第一段提到美国人的友谊观，第二段提到美国人cseem brusque or impatient”，第三段提到美国人对国际事务的态度。整篇文章都在讲述美国人的性格，故D项cAmericans’ personality”为正确答案。
52. 【答案】C 【解析】细节事实题。题干为c下面哪句话不正确？”。文章第三段提到cOn the other hand, don’t expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs…”，显然选项CcAmericans know a lot about international affairs”与文章中的描述截然相反，故为正确答案。
53. 【答案】D 【解析】词义题。第二段提到cBecause the United States is a highly active society, full of movement and change, people always seem to be on the go.”这里highly charged指的是前面的chighly active, full of movement and change”，表明选项Dcfull of mobility and change”是正确答案。
54. 【答案】B 【解析】推理判断题。第二段提到cIn this highly charged atmosphere, Americans can sometimes seem brusque or impatient”，第三段提到cBecause the United States is not surrounded by many other nations, some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.”可以看出美国人的性格受到了他们社会环境和地域环境的影响，表明选项B是正确答案。
55. 【答案】C 【解析】细节事实题。文章第三段提到cBecause the United States is not surrounded by many other nations, some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.”句中be surrounded by…的意思是由……围绕。也就是说周围没有太多的邻国，这就表明选项C是正确答案。
56. 【答案】A 【解析】细节事实题。题干为c根据文章，下面哪个选项是错的？”。A项cGreat dinosaurs died out at the end of the Permian period.”根据文章，恐龙灭绝发生在白垩纪末期，而非二叠纪末期，故A项错误。B、C、D三项均与原文相符。
57. 【答案】C 【解析】细节事实题。题干关键词是cthe revival of species”，出现在第四段第一句话cThe present great extinction will also prove to discourage a revival of species for another reason.”接下来解释了原因cThis time we are killing the systems that are particularly rich in life, including tropical forests, coral reefs, saltwater marshes, and river systems.”由此可知，C项正确。
58. 【答案】C 【解析】词义题。根据57题的解析，可知cwe are drying up the wellspring of future speciation”指我们正在失去未来物种起源的源泉，C项cwe are losing sources of future speciation”正确。
59. 【答案】B 【解析】推理判断题。根据此段第一句cIn the past, extinctions have been due to two major processes, environmental forces (such as climatic change) and competition.”，得知B项cHumans alter environmental forces and force other species into extinction as they fail to compete with us”正确。
60. 【答案】B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话cThe danger is in accepting the first alternative if the second is really the case.”，推断为B项正确，即拯救剩下的，并且保护它远离进一步伤害是可能的。
61. 【答案】C 【解析】推理判断题。A项文章未提及；B项中artificial错误，不能从原文中的电刺激下丘脑导致动物侵略性推出人工刺激下丘脑体能导致动物侵略性；C项cAnimals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus”从第二段文意得出，为正确选项；D项文章未提及。
62. 【答案】C 【解析】细节事实题。文章第三段提及cDarwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood.”得知C项cmany more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction”正确。
63. 【答案】B 【解析】词义题。代词they在这里指代第六段最后两句cPent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways, such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.”中的pent-up aggressive impulses，故B项正确。
64. 【答案】C 【解析】细节事实题。蒸汽机的蒸汽如果不能释放出来的话，蒸汽机就会爆发。结合63题解析，可知C项cmust vent their aggression to prevent it from building up”正确。
65. 【答案】C 【解析】细节事实题。A项cmoral values”在文章明确提出是侵略行为的影响之一；B项和D项出现在第八段句中cPeople decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives.”；C项cinstinct to avoid aggression”在文中未提及，故为正确答案。
Part III Cloze 解析
66. 【答案】B 【解析】固定搭配。on与condition搭配，表示c在……条件下”；in与condition构成习惯短语，表示c身体状况良好”，而be out of condition则表示c身体状况不好”。这里是说c在地球表面通常的温度和压强条件下……”，故选项B为正确答案。
67. 【答案】A 【解析】语法题。由于所填词前有and这一并列连词，这里缺少一个谓语与前面的can be并列。谓语动词fill意思是c使……充满”，具有使动意义，其后直接跟宾语，故选项A是正确答案。
68. 【答案】B 【解析】动词词义辨析。intend意为c打算，意图”，主语通常是人；tend意为c有……倾向”，后接不定式，主语可以是人也可以是物；incline意为c使（某人）倾向于”，常用于被动语态be inclined to；contend意为c争夺；争辩”。这里是说c（气体）往往会扩散到任何可能的空间”，故选项B为正确答案。
69. 【答案】D 【解析】语法题。however表转折，意为c然而”；nevertheless也表转折，意为c然而”；so表结果，但常放于句首；therefore表结果，意为c因此，所以”。这里是说气体容易扩散，所以必须保存在密闭的容器里。因此此处需要一个表结果关系的连词，故选项D为正确答案。
70. 【答案】B 【解析】固定搭配。in the event of表示c如果发生……，万一……”；in the case of表示c在……的情况下，就……而言”；with a view to表示c以……为目的；为……起见”；with reference to意思是c关于”。根据上下文，这里是说c必须将气体存放在一个密封的容器里，如同一颗行星的大气一样。”故选项B为正确答案。
71. 【答案】C 【解析】语法题。本句中的describe的逻辑主语为theories，故应用现在分词。同时，describe这一动作是本句的主句谓语cheld”发生的，同时发生的动作，故用现在分词，选项C正确。
72. 【答案】A 【解析】短语词义辨析。consist of一般用主动式，be made from一般指某种产品由某种材料制成（但从外表上看不出原材料），be made up of表示c由……组成”。根据上下文理解，此处要求填c由……组成”的短语，故选项A为正确答案。
73. 【答案】C 【解析】固定搭配。apply意为c应用”；adapt意为c使适应”；conduct意为c指导；处理”，均不能与approach搭配。take approach为固定搭配，意思是c采用……方法”，符合句意。
74. 【答案】D 【解析】形容词词义辨析。elementary意为c初步的，基本的”，指事物处于基础的或开始的阶段；crucial意为c极紧要的，决定性的”；rudimentary意为c基本的，初步的”；fundamental意为c基础的，十分重要的”。文中说c液体与气体之间的根本相似性在温度和压强有所提高时变得十分明显。”故选项D最合题意。
75. 【答案】A 【解析】语法题。suppose后常接一个省略了that的宾语从句，表示c假定，假设……”，用来说明展开。
76. 【答案】C 【解析】关联词考察。in a word表示对上文的总结；in the meantime表示c同时”；in that case表示c在那种情况下”；in other words意为c换句话说”。上文的cexpands”和下文cbecomes less dense”的意思一致，后一句是为了解释说明前一句，故用in other words。
77. 【答案】B 【解析】语篇分析。similarly意为c同样地”；furthermore意为c而且”，表示更进一步的关系；instead意为c相反，反而”，表对比关系，一般针对相同人、事情或行为；in contrast意为c相反，大不相同”。上文说加热时液体蒸发变得稀薄，而下文说气体因为蒸汽分子的加入而变得稠密，因此两句之间存在明显对比关系，只有in contrast最合题意。
78. 【答案】D 【解析】关联词考察。本句子意为c使液体和气体密度相同的那个状态下的温度和压力被称作临界点。”句中的temperature and pressure是先行词，需要一个关系词引导一个定语从句修饰先行词。特定数值的temperature和pressure与at搭配意为c在某个温度和压力下”。由于that引导定语从句时前面不能有介词，所以正确答案是D。
79. 【答案】C 【解析】动词词义辨析。known的常用结构是be known to be或be known as；defined常用结构是be defined as；refer to为c提到，说起”，不用于被动语态；只有called后可直接接主语补语。
80. 【答案】D 【解析】动词词义辨析。classify指对某种对象进行c分类”；categorize指将某类事物c归类”；recognize表示c识别”；distinguish表示c区分”。根据句意，c在临界点之上时，气体和液体就很难再区分开来”，选项D为正确答案。
Part IV Translation 参考译文
Section A（汉译英）参考译文：
The biggest challenge for college education in recent decades is how to meet different needs from students. Students today are quite different from each other in their interests, backgrounds, incentives and academic preparations. And all that is because of popularization of college education and rise of proportion of entering higher grades.
Then what are the strategies from higher education of different countries? Revolution of higher education in many ways deserves commendations. Higher education system in many countries is becoming more and more flexible in teaching requirements today than what it was decades ago. The teaching content has been renewed according to students’ hobbies. Studying is no longer entirely dependent on teaching in class. However, students have opportunities to apply what they learnt in order to make up for the shortcomings of teaching in class. Knowledge and skills become more responsible to needs of market and students themselves.
Section B（英译汉）参考译文：
相比于欧洲的绝大多数人，美国人更愿意邀请朋友到家里去。在闲暇时，儿童和成年人都会经常举办聚会，在这样的聚会上他们通常都喝点什么。住在郊区的美国人非常友好和好客。他们对彼此之间非常关心，当有一个新的家庭搬到郊区的房子里时，住在附近的邻居们会马上打电话来关心，问问他们是否能帮上什么忙。比起欧洲，这里个人社交障碍问题的解决更容易成功。新郊区重现了旧乡村的社区意识。在这里，每一个家庭都不是一个孤立的岛屿，而是一个大家庭中的一部分。而且大多数人都觉得他们在这里的家更令人满意，因为除了乡村里的生活，他们在乡村之外还有很多的人际联系。大多数人都会到另一个地方工作，所以郊区的家只是他们生活环境的一部分而已。
Part V Writing 参考范文
Section A Summary Writing 参考范文：
The passage talks about women being exploited in our society. Women have been so afraid of being out of fashion that the designers and the big stores could exploit them. With fashion changed, women would put the worn clothes aside, even the clothes that have hardly been worn. The passage points out that fashion is just the waste. Actually, the fashion industry does something important to our society. But the designers only pay attention to the fact that women just want fashion, regardless of comfort. As to men, they won’t be treated by fashion.
Section B Essay Writing 参考范文：
Tell the Truth
Telling the truth is lauded as a virtue by most, if not all, of the world’s cultures and religions. Many of us, if asked to enumerate the qualities we seek in a relationship, in my opinion, would place telling the truth at the top of the list.
One negative repercussion of not telling the truth is that it can become a huge drain on one’s time and energy. Significant effort is required to fabricate falsehoods. People who engage in deceptive or fraudulent activities go to great lengths to ensure that others perceive them as honest and trustworthy. In the majority of cases, the first lie someone tells is not the last. Apart from depleting our time and energy, not telling the truth can also have serious repercussions on our mental health. Dishonest people, even if they have not yet been “found out,” are likely to carry guilt and shame inside them.
Considering the adverse repercussion that lying can have, it is apparent that telling the truth is our better option.