西北大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

西北大学2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考试科目名称：英语科目代码：1001
注意事项
1、请将答案直接做到答题纸上，做在试题纸上或草稿纸上无效。
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3、本试题共___页，满分100分，考试时间180分钟。

I. Structure and Vocabulary (20%)
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter.
1. Due to personality ______, the two colleagues never got on well in work.
A. contradiction
B. conflict
C. confrontation
D. competition

2. The teacher told the students to stay in the classroom and they did ______.
A. absolutely
B. accidentally
C. accordingly
D. accurately

3. Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity, science often operates through error, happy accidents, ______ and persistence in spite of mistakes.
A. facts
B. controls
C. hunches
D. deductions

4. After ______ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the personnel manager’s office.
A. that
B. what
C. it
D. there

5. Edith Wharton sought in her memoir to present herself as having achieved a harmonious wholeness by having ______ the conflicting elements of her life.
A. affirmed
B. highlighted
C. reconciled
D. confined

6. ______ planes in flight between airports, air traffic controllers rely on radar.
A. Tracked
B. Track of
C. To track
D. Of tracking

7. By ______ excluding competition from an industry, governments have often created public service monopolies.
A. they adopt laws
B. laws are adopted
C. adopting laws
D. having laws adopt

8. Open-pit mining follows the same sequence of operations ______ mining: drilling, blasting and loading and removing waste and ore.
A. where underground
B. that underground
C. underground
D. as underground

9. Linguists have now confirmed what experienced users of ASL—American Sign Language—have always implicitly known: ASL is a grammatically ______ language in that it is capable of expressing every possible syntactic relation.
A. limited
B. economical
C. complete
D. abstract

10. ______ should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.
A. To be not tall
B. Not being tall
C. Being not tall
D. Not to be tall

11. ______ in cases where special oxidants are used, fires are the result of a fuel rapidly combining the oxygen in the air.
A. There are
B. Even though
C. How
D. Except

12. By means of various types of wind tunnels, ______ simulate most of the flight conditions to which an airplane is subjected.
A. which aeronautical engineers can
B. aeronautical engineers can
C. the ability of aeronautical engineers to
D. aeronautical engineers, being able to

13. Steel magnate Andrew Carnegie used part of his wealth ______ more than 2,500 public libraries in English-speaking countries between 1881 and 1919.
A. helped in building
B. helped him to building
C. to help build
D. his help in building

14. Uncertainty differs from risk in that ______ basis for estimating the probability of each potential condition occurring.
A. there is no
B. although no
C. there is not
D. it is not

15. Lenses, ______, are used to correct imperfections in eyesight.
A. are the forms of glasses and contact lenses
B. in the form of glasses and contact lenses
C. glasses and contact lenses which form
D. glasses and contact lenses may be formed

16. One of the major rivers of the western United States, ______ flows for some 1,500 miles from Colorado to northwestern Mexico.
A. it is the Colorado River
B. the Colorado River which
C. and the Colorado River
D. the Colorado River

17. In arguing against assertions that environmental catastrophe is imminent, her book does not ridicule all predictions of doom but rather claims that the risks of harm have in many cases been ______.
A. exaggerated
B. ignored
C. scrutinized
D. derided

18. Even though formidable winters are the norm in the Dakotas, many people were unprepared for the ______ of the blizzard of 1888.
A. inevitability
B. ferocity
C. importance
D. mildness

19. ______ lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.
A. Although most insects
B. Most insects
C. Despite most insects
D. Most insects that

20. To break thick ice, an icebreaker boat moves fast enough to ride up on the ice, ______ under its weight.
A. so then breaks
B. when breaks it
C. which then breaks
D. for which then breaks

II. Reading Comprehension (20%)
Directions: Each of the texts given below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Make the best choice for each question, and mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter.
Text 1
More and more, the operation of our business, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.
It’s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.
Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it’s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may be the victims of uncommonly bad luck.
For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed.
Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.
Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company’s executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.
21. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
A. it is still impossible to detect computer crimes today.
B. computer crimes are the most serious problem in the operation of financial institutions.
C. computer criminals can escape punishment because they can’t be detected.
D. people commit computer crimes at the request of their company.

22. It is implied in the third paragraph that ______.
A. many more computer crimes go undetected than are discovered.
B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem.
C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes.
D. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their bad luck.

23. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
A. a strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.
B. companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information.
C. companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.
D. companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.

24. What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught?
A. with a bad reputation they can hardly find another job.
B. they will be denied access to confidential records.
C. they may walk away and easily find another job.
D. they must leave the country or go to jail.

25. The passage is mainly about ______.
A. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections.
B. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment.
C. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers.
D. why computer crimes can’t be limited.

Text 2
Graduation speeches are a bit like wedding toasts. A few are memorable. The rest tend to trigger such thoughts as, “Why did I wear such uncomfortable shoes?”
But graduation speeches are less about the message than the messenger. Every year a few colleges and universities in the US attract attention because they’ve managed to book high-profile speakers. And, every year, the media report some of these speakers’ wise remarks.
Last month, the following words of wisdom were spread:
“You really haven’t completed the circle of success unless you can help somebody else move forward.” (Oprah Winfrey, Duke University).
“There is no way to stop change; change will come. Go out and give us a future worthy of the world we all wish to create together.” (Hillary Clinton, New York University).
“This really is your moment. History is yours to bend.” (Joe Biden, Wake Forest University).
Of course, the real “get” of the graduation season was first lady Michelle Obama’s appearance at the University of California, Merced. “Remember that you are blessed,” she told the class of 2009, “Remember that in exchange for those blessings, you must give something back… As advocate and activist Marian Wright Edelman says, ‘Service is the rent we pay for living … it is the true measure, the only measure of success.’”
Calls to service have a long, rich tradition in these speeches. However, it is possible for a graduation speech to go beyond cliche and say something truly compelling. The late writer David Foster Wallace’s 2005 graduation speech at Kenyon College in Ohio talked about how to truly care about other people. It gained something of a cult after it was widely circulated on the Internet. Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs’ address at Stanford University that year, in which he talked about death, is also considered one of the best in recent memory.
But when you’re sitting in the hot sun, fidgety, and freaked out, do you really want to be lectured about the big stuff? Isn’t that like trying to maintain a smile at your wedding reception while some relative gives a toast that amounts to “marriage is hard work”? You know he’s right; you just don’t want to think about it at that particular moment. In fact, as is the case in many major life moments, you can’t really manage to think beyond the blisters your new shoes are causing.
That may seem anticlimactic. But it also gets to the heart of one of life’s greatest, saddest truths: that our most “memorable” occasions may elicit the fewest memories. It’s probably not something most graduation speakers would say, but it’s one of the first lessons of growing up.
26. According to the passage, most graduation speeches tend to recall ______ memories.
A. great
B. trivial
C. unforgettable
D. unimaginative

27. “But graduation speeches are less about the message than the messenger” is explained ______.
A. in the final paragraph.
B. in the last but one paragraph.
C. in the first paragraph.
D. in the same paragraph.

28. The graduation speeches mentioned in the passage are related to the following themes EXCEPT ______.
A. death
B. success
C. service
D. generosity.

29. It is implied in the passage that at great moments people fail to ______.
A. remain clear-headed.
B. keep good manners.
C. remember others’ words.
D. recollect specific details.

30. What is “one of the first lessons of growing up”?
A. Attending a graduation ceremony.
B. Listening to graduation speeches.
C. Forgetting details of memorable events.
D. Meeting high-profile graduation speakers.

Text 3
As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.
Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.
Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants’ side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.
One of the reasons Philadelphia’s merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.
31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Philadelphia’s agricultural importance.
B. Philadelphia’s development as a marketing center.
C. The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia.
D. The administration of the city of Philadelphia.

32. The word “hinterland” in line 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. tradition
B. association
C. produce
D. region

33. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because ______.
A. they provided more modern facilities than older markets.
B. the High Street Market was forced to close.
C. existing markets were unable to serve the growing population.
D. farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.

34. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held ______.
A. on the same day as market days
B. as often as possible
C. a couple of times a year
D. whenever the government allowed it

35. It can be inferred that the author mentions “Linens and stockings” in line 11-12 to show that they were items that ______.
A. retail merchants were not willing to sell
B. were not available in the stores in Philadelphia
C. were more popular in Germantown than in Philadelphia
D. could easily be transported

36. What does the author mean by stating in line 15 that “economic development was on the merchants’ side”?
A. Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.
B. Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.
C. Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence.
D. Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.

Text 4
Depending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for two years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to customer-loyalty experts).
The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers (people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly.
Airports resemble France before the Revolution: first-class passengers enjoy “elite” security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a flight attendant, are allowed to foul the jetway.
At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. This summer I haplessly watched kids use a $52 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats.
Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics: that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada—get this—“we have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else.”
Almost every line can be breached for a price. In several U.S. cities this summer, early arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines. On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay “waiters” or “placeholders” to wait in line for them outside Apple stores.
Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people. This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT&T store from 3:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. before a stand-in from his office literally stood in for the mayor while he conducted official business. And billionaire New York mayor Michael Bloomberg often waits for the subway with his fellow citizens, though he’s first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest to his house to a station 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.
As early as elementary school, we’re told that jumping the line is an unethical act, which is why so many U.S. lawmakers have framed the immigration debate as a kind of fundamental sin of the school lunch line. Alabama Senator Richard Shelby, to cite just one legislator, said amnesty would allow illegal immigrants “to cut in line ahead of millions of people.”
Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line, unless that line is in front of an elevator at the U.S. Capitol, where Senators and Representatives use private elevators, lest they have to queue with their constituents.
But compromising the integrity of the line is not just antidemocratic, it’s out-of-date. There was something about the orderly boarding of Noah’s Ark, two by two, that seemed to restore not just civilization but civility during the Great Flood.
How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating. But for $5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called BoardFirst.com will secure you a coveted “A” boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the savvy traveler doesn’t even wait in line when he or she is online.
Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.
And then there is the U.S., where society seems to be cleaving into two groups: Very Important Persons, who don’t wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do—unhappily.
For those of us in the latter group—consigned to coach, bereft of Flash Pass, too poor or proper to pay a placeholder—what do we do? We do what Vladimir and Estragon did in Waiting for Godot: “We wait. We are bored.”
37. What does the sentence “Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers… Poor suckers, mostly.” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Lines are symbolic of America’s democracy.
B. Lines still give Americans equal opportunities.
C. Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.
D. Lines are for people with democratic spirit only.

38. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line?
A. Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.
B. Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks.
C. First-class passenger status at airports.
D. Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder.

39. We can infer from the passage that politicians (including mayors and Congressmen) ______.
A. prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people
B. advocate the value of waiting in lines
C. believe in and practice waiting in lines
D. exploit waiting in lines for their own good

40. What is the tone of the passage?
A. Instructive
B. Humorous
C. Serious
D. Teasing

III. Text Management (10%)
Read the text about career-planning services.
Choose the best sentence from the following to fill each of the gaps.
For each gap (41-46), write one letter (A-H) on your ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use any letter more than once.
There is an example at the beginning. (O)
Your Career Path Can Lead You Anywhere
We used to be advised to plan our careers. We were told to make a plan during the later stages of our education and continue with it through our working lives. (O) Some people still see careers in this way. However, to pursue a single option for life has always been unrealistic.
Planning for a single career assumes that we set out with a full understanding of our likes and dislikes and the employment opportunities open to us. (41) For most people this degree of certainty about the future does not exist.
Our initial choice of career path and employer is often based on inadequate knowledge and false perceptions. But with age and experience, we develop new interests and aptitudes and our priorities alter. The structure of the employment market and, indeed of employment itself, is subject to change as both new technologies and new work systems are introduced. (42) We must face the uncertainties of a portfolio career.
It is clear from the recent past that we cannot foresee the changes which will affect our working lives. The pace of change is accelerating, as a result of which traditional career plans will be of very limited use. (43) They will need updating to reflect changes in our own interests as well as in the external work environment. Flexible workers already account for about half the workforce. (44) We are likely to face periods as contract workers, self-employed freelances, consultants, temps or part-timers.
Many employers encourage staff to write a personal development plan (PDP). (45) Although some people use it only to review the skills needed for their job, a PDP could be the nucleus of wider career plan—setting out alternative long-term learning needs and a plan of self-development.
A report issued by the Institute of Employment Studies advises people to enhance their employability by moving from traditional technical skills towards the attainment of a range of transferable skills. (46) Instead, special schemes should be established to encourage people to examine their effectiveness and to consider a wider range of needs.
Example:
A. This dual effect means that the relationship between employers and workers has evolved to such an extent that we can no longer expect a long-term relationship with one employer.
B. It carries an implicit assumption that we ourselves, and the jobs we enter, will change little during our working lives.
C. This growth suggests that a career plan should not be expressed only in terms of full-time employment but should make provision for the possibility of becoming a freelance or consultant.
D. This is a summary of one’s personal learning needs and an action plan to meet them.
E. Consequently, they must now accommodate a number of objectives and enable us to prepare for each on a contingency basis.
F. However, it warns that employers often identify training needs through formal appraisals, which take too narrow a view of development.
G. Such a freelance or consultant would be constantly in demand.
H. We were expected to work towards that clear goal and to consider a career change as a bad thing.

IV. Translation (25%)
Task 1 (15%)
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translated version must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term. The old protectionism referred only to trade restricting and trade expanding devices, such as the tariff or export subsidy. The new protectionism is much broader than this; it includes interventions into foreign trade but is not limited to them. The new protectionism, in fact, refers to how the whole of government intervention into the private economy affects international trade. The emphasis on trade is still there, thus came the term “protection”. But what is new is the realization that virtually all government activities can affect international economic relations.
The emergence of the new protectionism in the Western world reflects the victory of the interventionist, or welfare economy over the market economy. Jab Tumiler writes, “The old protectionism… coexisted, without any apparent intellectual difficulty, with the acceptance of the market as a national as well as an international economic distribution mechanism—indeed, protectionists as well as (if not more than) free traders stood for laissez-faire. Now, as in the 1930’s, protectionism is an expression of a profound skepticism as to the ability of the market to distribute resources and incomes to societies’ satisfaction.”
It is precisely this profound skepticism of the market economy that is responsible for the protectionism. In a market economy, economic change of various colors implies redistribution of resources and incomes. The same opinion in many communities apparently is that such redistributions often are not proper. Therefore, the government intervenes to bring about a more desired result.
Task 2 (10%)
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate it into English. Your translated version must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
当今的世界，既非丝绸之路时代，亦非马可波罗时代。从上海去东京，只需要两个多小时，相当于从杭州到北京的时间。从中国去地球另一端的美国，也能在日历上的同一天到达。昔日遥远的地理距离，被现代科学技术一下缩短到令人难以置信的程度。这是人类文明进步的共同成果。只有交流，才能相互学习，相互了解；只有交流，才能共同去促进人类智慧向着一座又一座高峰发展，并共同享用其成果。
V. Writing (25%)
You should spend about 40 minutes to write about the following topic within 250 words:
Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair.
Discuss both views, give your own opinion, and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

参考答案及解析
I. Structure and Vocabulary (20%)
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. B
11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. C

1. 【答案】B
【解析】名词词义辨析。contradiction 意为“（事实、看法、行动等的）不一致，矛盾；反驳”；conflict 意为“冲突，矛盾；斗争，争执”（特指双方坚持己见、互不妥协、争锋相对）；confrontation 意为“对抗；面对，对质”；competition 意为“竞争，比赛，竞赛”。由关键词“personality（个性）”及“冲突”的语境可知 B 项正确。
2. 【答案】C
【解析】副词词义辨析。absolutely 绝对地，完全地；accidentally 意外地，偶然地；accordingly 因此；相应地；照着；accurately 精确地，准确地。由“they did（他们照做了，即待在教室里）”可知“相应地”符合，故 C 项正确。
3. 【答案】C
【解析】名词词义辨析。fact 事实；control 控制；hunch 预感，直觉；deduction 扣除；推论。由“与科学受有意识的客观性推动这一流行概念相反”可知“预感”与“有意识的客观性”相对，故 C 项正确。
4. 【答案】B
【解析】语法结构——关系代词 what。此处需填一个关系代词充当“seemed an endless wait”中谓语动词 seemed 的主语，并与该从句共同作介词 after 的宾语。that 不能在从句中充当成分，it/there 不能引导宾语从句，故 B 项正确。
5. 【答案】C
【解析】动词词义辨析。affirm 肯定，断言；highlight 突出，强调；reconcile 使一致，使和解，调和；confine 限制。由“having achieved a harmonious wholeness（取得和谐的整体）”可知“调和”符合，故 C 项正确。
6. 【答案】C
【解析】语法结构——不定式短语充当目的状语。前一句表目的，后一句表结果，四个选项中只有不定式 to track（追踪）能与空格后句子构成目的状语，故 C 项正确。
7. 【答案】C
【解析】语法结构——介词 by 后接动名词。by 后应接动名词，可排除 A、B 项；又 have sth. done 表示“使某事被做”，D 项中 adopt 应改为被动 adopted，故 C 项正确。
8. 【答案】D
【解析】固定搭配 the same… as“与……相同”，故 D 项正确。
9. 【答案】C
【解析】形容词词义辨析。limited 有限的；economical 经济的，节约的；complete 完整的，完全的；abstract 抽象的。由“capable of expressing every possible syntactic relation（能够表达所有可能的语法关系）”可知“完整的”符合，故 C 项正确。
10. 【答案】B
【解析】语法结构——动名词短语作主语及其否定形式。此处缺乏主语；不定式作主语的句子一般用形式主语 it，可排除 A、D 项；动名词短语的否定形式为在动名词前加 not，故 B 项正确。
11. 【答案】D
【解析】语法结构——介词 except 引导。句意为“除了使用特殊氧化剂的情况外，火灾是燃料与空气中的氧快速结合的结果”，故“除……之外”符合，D 项正确。
12. 【答案】B
【解析】语法结构——句子主语缺失。由谓语动词 simulate（模拟）可知句子缺乏与之搭配的主语，可排除 A、C 项；D 项中 being able to 仅作独立主语，结构不符，故 B 项正确。
13. 【答案】C
【解析】固定搭配 use sth. to do sth.“使用……做……”，故 C 项正确。
14. 【答案】A
【解析】语法结构——there be 结构。句子无转折关系，含 although 的 B 项不正确；in that 此处意为“在于”，C 项应改为 there is not any（相当于 there is no），故 A 项正确。
15. 【答案】B
【解析】语法结构——插入语。空格前后句子成分完整，此处需填一个对 Lenses（透镜）作进一步说明且不影响前后部分的插入语，四项中只有 B 项正确。
16. 【答案】D
【解析】语法结构——同位语。the Colorado River 与“One of the major rivers of the western United States”指代同一事物并共用谓语动词 flows，此处需填同位语充当主语，只有 D 项正确。
17. 【答案】A
【解析】动词词义辨析。exaggerate 夸大，夸张；ignore 忽视；scrutinize 仔细检查；deride 嘲笑。由“does not ridicule all predictions of doom（没有嘲笑所有关于世界末日的预测）”可知此处指“夸大了危害的风险”，故 A 项正确。
18. 【答案】B
【解析】名词词义辨析。inevitability 必然性；ferocity 凶猛，猛烈；importance 重要性；mildness 温和。由“even though formidable winters are the norm（尽管严冬在当地是常态）”与“unprepared（没有准备）”的对比可知“猛烈”符合，故 B 项正确。
19. 【答案】B
【解析】语法结构——英语中的转折连词。句中已有 but 表示转折，不能再用 Although/Despite 引导让步，可排除 A、C 项；D 项中 that 多余，故 B 项正确。
20. 【答案】C
【解析】语法结构——which 引导非限制性定语从句。此处填写部分要与 under its weight 构成从句修饰 the ice，故 C 项正确。
II. Reading Comprehension (20%)
Text 1: 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. C 25. D
Text 2: 26. B 27. D 28. D 29. C 30. C
Text 3: 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C 35. B 36. B
Text 4: 37. C 38. A 39. D 40. B

21.【答案】B。主旨/推理题。由首段“…financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories… Anyone clever enough to modify this information… can reap substantial rewards”可知 B 项“计算机犯罪在金融机构的运行中是最严重的问题”正确。A、C 项与第二段“easy to go undetected”相悖，D 项文中未提及。
22.【答案】A。推理判断题。由第三段“…how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections… The computer criminals who have been caught may be the victims of uncommonly bad luck”可知“相比被发现的，更多计算机犯罪没有被发现”，故 A 项正确。
23.【答案】D。推理判断题。由末段“company executives are afraid of the bad publicity”可知“公司经常犹豫去揭露计算机犯罪”，故 D 项正确。
24.【答案】C。细节事实题。由第五段“computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits”可知“他们可能一走了之并容易地找到另一份工作”，故 C 项正确。
25.【答案】D。主旨大意题。由末句“And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere”可知文章论述“为何计算机犯罪不能被限制”，故 D 项正确。
26.【答案】B。细节事实题。由末段“that our most ‘memorable’ occasions may elicit the fewest memories”可知“微不足道的”正确，故 B 项正确。
27.【答案】D。推理判断题。由第二段“Every year a few colleges and universities in the US attract attention because they’ve managed to book high-profile speakers”可知该句在同一段落内即被解释，故 D 项正确。
28.【答案】D。细节事实题。service（第七段）、death（第八段）、success（第四段）文中均提及；generosity（慷慨）未提及，故 D 项为正确选项。
29.【答案】C。推理判断题。由倒数第二段“you just don’t want to think about it”与末段“elicit the fewest memories”对应可知“记得其他人的话”正确，故 C 项正确。
30.【答案】C。推理判断题。由末段“…our most ‘memorable’ occasions may elicit the fewest memories… it’s one of the first lessons of growing up”可知指“忘记难忘大事的细节”，故 C 项正确。
31.【答案】B。主旨大意题。首段“it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland”提出“费城发展为市场营销中心”这一话题，故 B 项正确。
32.【答案】D。词汇题。由“vast and growing agricultural”中 vast（广阔的）对应可知 hinterland 意为“地区，区域”，故 D 项正确。
33.【答案】C。推理判断题。由“Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded”及末段“the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth”可知“现有市场不能服务不断增长的人口”，故 C 项正确。
34.【答案】C。细节事实题。由第二段“the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia”可知“一年两次（即一年几次）”，故 C 项正确。
35.【答案】B。推理判断题。由“The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city”与“Linens and stockings from Germantown… were popular items”对应可知这些商品“在费城的商店里没有”，故 B 项正确。
36.【答案】B。推理判断题。由倒数第二段“increasing business specialization became the order of the day”及末段费城商人成功源于周边经济人口增长，可知“经济因素允许商人成功”，故 B 项正确。
37.【答案】C。句意理解题。由“The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether”可知“排队如今只针对普通美国人”，故 C 项正确。
38.【答案】A。推理判断题。由第五段“…in Canada… ‘we have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else.’”可知在加拿大机场过海关时并未插队，故 A 项为 NOT 项。
39.【答案】D。推理判断题。由第七段“some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people”可知政客“利用排队等候为自己谋求好处”，故 D 项正确。
40.【答案】B。观点态度题。由倒数第三段关于前苏联公民排队的幽默描述可知作者语气为“幽默的”，故 B 项正确。
III. Text Management (10%)
41. B 42. A 43. E 44. C 45. D 46. F

41.【答案】B。空格前叙述“对未来的某种确定性”，B 项“它含蓄地设想我们自己和我们所从事的工作在工作生涯期间将极少发生变化”与下文“this degree of certainty”对应。
42.【答案】A。空格前讲就业者自身变化与就业市场结构变化，空格后讲“组合式职业的不确定性”，A 项“这一双重影响意味着雇主与员工的关系已演化到我们不能再期待与一个雇主保持长期关系”承上启下。
43.【答案】E。空格前讲传统职业规划用途有限，空格后讲“它们需要被更新”，E 项“所以它们现在必须容纳若干目标，使我们能在应急基础上为每个目标做好准备”衔接。
44.【答案】C。空格前“灵活就业人员已占约一半劳动力”，C 项“这一增长表明职业规划不应只按全职工作来体现，而应为成为自由职业者或顾问的可能做好准备”对应。
45.【答案】D。空格前讲鼓励员工写个人发展计划（PDP），D 项“它是对个人学习需要及满足这些需要的行动计划的总结”介绍该计划内容。
46.【答案】F。空格后“Instead（反而）”表转折，F 项“然而，它警告说雇主常通过正式评估来确定培训需要，这种做法狭隘地看待了发展”构成转折。
IV. Translation (25%)
Task 1 (15%) 参考译文
新贸易保护主义在某种意义上根本就不是贸易保护主义，至少在传统意义上来说它不是这样。传统的贸易保护主义仅指贸易限制和贸易扩张策略，如关税或出口补贴。新的贸易保护主义要比这个广泛得多；它包括干预对外贸易，但却不限于此。新贸易保护主义其实指政府对私营经济的整体干预如何影响国际贸易。对贸易的强调仍然存在，因此就产生了“保护”这一术语。但新的情况是，人们意识到几乎所有的政府行为都能影响国际经济关系。
正是这种对市场经济的深刻怀疑，导致了贸易保护主义。在市场经济中，各种性质的经济变化意味着资源和收入的重新分配。许多社会里普遍的看法是，这类重新分配往往是不合适的。因此，政府便进行干预，以取得一个更令人满意的结果。
Task 2 (10%) 参考译文
The world today is neither the era of the Silk Road, nor the age of Marco Polo. It takes only a little over two hours from Shanghai to Tokyo, which is equivalent to the time from Hangzhou to Beijing. From China to the United States on the other side of the globe, one can also arrive on the same day on the calendar. The once-far geographic distance has been shortened to an unbelievable extent by modern science and technology. This is the common achievement of the progress of human civilization. Only through exchange can we learn from and understand each other; only through exchange can we together promote human intelligence to develop toward one peak after another, and jointly enjoy its fruits.
V. Writing (25%)
参考范文
The Money Earned by Successful Sports Professionals Should Be Reasonably Justified
Nowadays, successful professional sports athletes are earning a great deal more money than people in other important professions. With regard to such a phenomenon, there are two main viewpoints: the first thinks it is fully justified and the second deems it unfair.
As to the first viewpoint, its arguments are: sports professionals who earn a great deal of money are hard workers in their respective fields; the sports profession requires an athlete to make tremendous efforts through continuous exercise from a young age and puts him or her at great risk of injury due to training intensity. Moreover, to win a game, an athlete has to face more unimaginable pressure than ordinary people. Furthermore, successful sports professionals can win great honor for their countries by winning games in international sports events. For the second viewpoint, it claims that there are also many other important professions which are no less important, but people working in such professions earn much less. For example, doctors devote all their lives to saving and curing patients to prevent human beings from sufferings caused by various diseases; teachers educate us to be knowledgeable and responsible members of society.
As far as I am concerned, I think we should synthesize the two viewpoints. The high income of successful sports professionals is justified to a reasonable degree because of their hard work and the honor they bring, but the income gap between them and other important professions should not be allowed to widen to the extent that it becomes a root cause of economic inequality and social instability.