西安交通大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

西安交通大学2008年博士入学考试英语试题

Part I Cloze Test (10 points)
Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Human beings are capable _1_ thought; they are swayed by emotions. We can leave to the philosopher and the physician such questions _2_ the power of the mind to abstract, to comprehend and to reason, the nature of instincts, the action and interaction of intellect and will and emotions. _3_ when men think and feel deeply, their normal reaction is to wish to communicate their thoughts and their feelings. The sharing fulfills a _4_ need in human nature. Men live in society; they do not normally live in isolation. When one human being wished to convey his _5_ to another, he has to make use of a medium, a bridge. That bridge is language.
The science _6_ object is the study of language is known as Linguistics. The student of Linguistics is concerned with every aspect of this conveying of ideas from one mind to another, with language as a means of inter-communication, whether it is spoken, pictured or written. The more specialized branch of this study which is concerned only with spoken language, more specifically with the sounds used in speech, _7_ known as Phonetics.
Now even in this scientific age, communication is still _8_ oral. It is still true to say the great majority of information is conveyed by means of the spoken word. It is self-evident that before any language can be written it must be spoken. It is, _9_, quite possible, as we know from examples up to our own times, to have literature without literacy. The pen and the printing press merely give visual permanence to messages which would otherwise have to be transmitted by the tongue and received by the ear. Writing is, of course, a powerful defense against the ravages of time or distance, a more permanent and reliable storehouse _10_ human memory.

1.
A. in
B. of
C. at
D. for

2.
A. of
B. in
C. as
D. to

3.
A. So
B. And
C. Then
D. But

4.
A. deep-seat
B. deep-seated
C. deep seat
D. deep-seating

5.
A. thought
B. thoughts
C. thinking
D. thinkings

6.
A. that
B. which
C. whose
D. what

7.
A. is
B. are
C. being
D. as

8.
A. largely
B. merely
C. specifically
D. particularly

9.
A. therefore
B. as a result
C. on the contrary
D. in fact

10.
A. of
B. than
C. as
D. in

Part II Reading Comprehension (35 points, 1 for each)
Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Passage 1
People can be addicted to different things—for example, alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive; that is, they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders. They feel that they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.
There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don't need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game. When they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason.
It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business-people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business. They consider people's needs for love, power, or influence, their basic values, their beliefs and opinions and so on in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists often use a method called "behavior therapy" to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.
Although behavior has many causes, most scientists seek to isolate single causes. This makes the scientific study of behavior hard. Many researchers in psychology use controlled experiments in which they can examine the effect of one factor at a time in a particular kind of behavior. Some investigators design experiments to test the behavioral effects of several factors in various combinations. Still other researchers study behavior in the "real" world by observing people in their daily activities. Observing behavior outside controlled experiments cannot prove that one thing causes another. But studying people in the real world often helps scientists see the ways in which causes identified in experiments actually operate in people's daily lives.
Specialists in many fields study behavior. Psychologists and some biologists study animal behavior in controlled experiments. Other psychologists study individuals or small groups of people in controlled games or tasks to understand many aspects of behavior, including the reasons for people's feelings, thoughts and motives. These studies help establish principles that can be used to explain, predict, and modify behavior. Educational researchers study how people behave in the classroom. In sociology, behavioral research focuses mainly on the behavior of people in large groups and social institutions, such as businesses, churches, governments, and hospitals. An anthropologist may live in an isolated community to study behavior patterns of a whole group.
11. According to the psychologists, a compulsive spender is one who spends money ____.
A. and takes great pleasure from what he or she buys
B. in order to satisfy his or her basic needs in life
C. just to meet his or her strong psychological need
D. entirely with an irrational plan for his incomes

12. According to the writer, compulsive bargain hunters are in constant search of the lowest possible prices ____.
A. because they want to save money to help their budgets
B. because they want to win over others in getting things for less money
C. and will not have money problems if they can keep to their budget
D. but they never feel satisfied after they can get things for less money than others

13. The article is mainly about ____.
A. the psychology of money-spending habits
B. the living habits of compulsive spenders
C. a special psychology of bargain hunting
D. the use of the psychology of spending habits in business

14. From the passage we may safely conclude that compulsive spenders or compulsive bargain hunters ____.
A. are really unreasonable
B. need special treatment
C. are really beyond remedies
D. can never get any help to solve their problems with money

15. From the passage, we know that scientific study of behavior is ____.
A. difficult
B. easy
C. interesting
D. extremely useful

16. A controlled experiment in this passage is one in which ____.
A. all the conditions are kept the same when studying a behavior
B. all the variables are consciously changed when examining a behavior
C. the effects of several factors that affect a behavior are studied at a time
D. the effect of one factor is studied at a time in a particular behavior

17. We can infer that ____.
A. people behave differently in different countries
B. people behave the same in the same situation
C. students behave differently when they stay in a classroom setting and stay at home
D. the behavior of the people in larger groups and social institutions is the same as that of the students in the classroom

Passage 2
Farming is still the world's greatest industry. On average, over half of the population spend their lives ploughing the soil, planting seeds, harvesting crops, and raising animals which provide us with meat, milk, eggs, wool, leather, and many other products. Traditional farming, in which most of the hard work on the farm is done by manual labor and animals, is still practiced in many countries. But traditional methods cannot produce enough food to cope with the great explosion in population.
Only with modern methods of farming—using machines to replace men and animals, artificial fertilizers to enrich the soil, and chemicals to keep weeds and diseases under control, can man hope to avoid a catastrophic world food shortage. Farming methods are well advanced in most parts of Europe and North America, and farmers elsewhere are being helped by such organizations as the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) to modernize as quickly as possible.
Machinery has brought about the greatest revolution in farming. By far the most important machine is the tractor, which is used for pulling many kinds of implements—ploughs to break up the soil, drills to sow the seeds, trailers to carry manure, and so on. In this respect it does the same kind of work as teams of horses, or oxen once did. But a tractor does more than just pull. It also provides power to drive other machinery, such as mowing machines, and potato harvesters.
The standard type of tractor has two massive wheels at the rear and two small ones at the front, but those designed for traveling over heavy ground or for pulling heavy loads have caterpillar or crawler tracks. Tractors supply power to drive other machinery either through a pulley wheel driven by the engine or by means of what is called power take-off (p.t.o.). In p.t.o. drive, the moving part of the machine the tractor is pulling, such as the knife blade of a mower, is turned directly by a shaft driven by the engine.
Among the many other farm machines, combine harvesters are probably the most important. They are so called because they combine the actions of reaping and threshing. Cereals are the main, but not the only crops that are harvested with the combine. Peas and beans can also be harvested with it.
Growing plants take their nourishment from the soil. They need certain essential elements, particularly calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, if they are to grow well. It stands to reason that after every crop there will be less of these elements remaining in the soil for a subsequent crop. To ensure a good crop every time, farmers apply fertilizers to the soil before planting to replace the essential elements the previous crop removed.
The farmer's traditional fertilizer is farm-yard manure, a rotted mixture of dung and straw. It improves the texture of the soil as well. But there is not enough manure to supply the needs of a modern farmer, and artificial fertilizers are widely used instead. There are a variety of artificial fertilizers, each supplying certain of the essential elements. Sulphate of ammonia supplies nitrogen, super phosphate of lime supplies phosphorus, bone meal supplies both nitrogen and phosphorus, sulphate of potash supplies potassium, and there are many, many more. Super phosphate is probably one of the most widely used of all the fertilizers. Lime is also added to the soil on a large scale. It is valuable not only as a fertilizer but also as a soil conditioner.
Of course, stimulating crops into better growth makes the weeds grow better, too! Fortunately the chemist has come to the aid of farmers and developed selective weed-killers, properly called herbicides, for use with their crops. Herbicides have a selective action in that they kill the weeds but leave the crop unharmed. They are used particularly with the cereal crops. Chemists have also developed a wide range of fungicides to kill fungus diseases, such as potato blight or rust in wheat, which could devastate the crops. Farmers wage continual war against insects, too. Maggots, beetles, and weevils can do untold damage if they are not checked. Again, modern science has produced powerful insecticides to protect crops against insect attack.
18. What is the symbol of traditional farming?
A. Ploughing the soil, planting seeds, harvesting crops and raising animals.
B. Enriching the soil with artificial fertilizers.
C. Hard farm work is done by manual labor and animals
D. Ploughing the soil with tractors.

19. According to the author, tractor ____.
A. does the same kind of work as teams of horses, or oxen once did
B. is used to break up the soil, sow the seeds and carries manure
C. replaces both men and animals and provides power to drive other machinery
D. has two massive wheels at the rear

20. To supply the needs of modern farming ____.
A. growing plants need certain essential elements
B. farmers apply manure before planting
C. stimulating crops into better growth also has side effect
D. artificial fertilizers are widely used

21. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A. there are tremendous differences between traditional farming and modern farming
B. in modern farming tractor is essential
C. fertilizers are the symbol of modern farming
D. farmers seldom apply manure now.

22. The word "revolution" in line 1 of paragraph 3 can be best replaced by ____.
A. gradual change
B. complete change
C. sudden change
D. slow change

23. The word "they" in line 2 of paragraph 5 refers to ____.
A. general farm machines
B. farmers
C. tractors
D. combine harvesters

24. The phrase "come to the aid of" in line 2 of the last paragraph most probably means ____.
A. run here to help
B. come to the area
C. offer help to
D. serve as an aide

Passage 3
Since the first settlers from England had arrived in Virginia in the seventeenth century, independence for the United States was a long time coming. But even if England had not given the colonies cause for rebellion, there would probably have been a separation from the mother country, for the roots of American independence lay in the character of the American colonists. Any people who would willingly forsake the comforts and safety of the Old World to wrest a home from the wilderness in the raw New World would never take kindly to a rein on their liberties. And England assuredly did stir the colonists to rebellion by its Writs of Assistance, Stamp Act, and tax on tea. Further, many of the colonists had never seen England, either being descendants of English settlers or coming from families rooted in other nations; thus, the ties to England were tenuous at best.
As with any explosive situation, however, it took a single act to ignite the powder keg. The light for the fuse was supplied when England's taxed tea was thrown overboard from ships in Boston Harbor in December of 1773 in what is called the Boston Tea Party. England demanded payment, and its Boston Port Act proposed to close the harbor until the tea was paid for. With this, all thirteen colonies flared. They saw, clearly, that Boston's fate could be their own, and that Boston's fight was their fight. Alone, no colony could prevail against England. Together, they had a fighting chance. The movement to unite began at an unofficial session of the Virginia House of Burgesses on May 27, 1774. By September of this same year the First Continental Congress met and formed the nucleus of a union. The delegates agreed to boycott British goods. Before the Second Continental Congress could hold its first meeting on May 10, 1775, the American Revolution had begun. With the shots exchanged between the colonists and the British at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the nation exploded into war. By June the Americans had an army with George Washington as its commander in chief. By spring of 1776 all thirteen colonies delegates to Congress felt keenly the mandate of the people. The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in June and formed a committee to draw up a Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson was appointed by the committee to draft the Declaration. The Declaration as we know it today was unanimously adopted on July 4, and was signed on August 2, 1776.
The Declaration of Independence contained five of the most earthshaking words ever written, "...all men are created equal." Not since the signing of England's Magna Carta in 1215 had such an astonishing idea found its way into the public consciousness. The document has often been confused with a declaration of war, which it definitely was not, since war had existed before July 4, 1776. It was primarily a statement of the reasons to the world of the colonists for wishing independence from England. As the world took heed, the phrase "... all men are created equal" stuck in men's minds and could not be dislodged. The fervor for freedom flamed in France where that nation's first great revolution began in 1789, fought under the banner of "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity." Later, President Abraham Lincoln was to say, "I have often inquired of myself what great principle or idea it was that kept this Confederacy so long together. It was not the mere matter of the separation of the Colonies from the motherland; but that sentiment in the Declaration of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but, I hope, to the world, for all future time."
25. According to the first paragraph, the separation from England was ____.
A. inevitable
B. avoidable
C. doomed to failure
D. reconcilable

26. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
A. The thirteen states used to be colonies of England.
B. Thomas Jefferson was appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence.
C. The Declaration of Independence was actually a declaration of war.
D. George Washington was the commander in chief of the American army.

27. The word "boycott" in the second paragraph most probably means ____.
A. To be willing to accept
B. To hesitate to take
C. To break
D. To refuse to buy

28. What can you learn from the last paragraph?
A. The Declaration of Independence contained "all men are created equal".
B. Abraham Lincoln spoke highly of the document.
C. The Declaration of Independence has a far-reaching influence on the world.
D. People were frightened by the five words.

29. We can infer that ____.
A. Boston Tea Party started the movement of independence
B. the Declaration of Independence was drafted in 1215
C. England wanted to make money by governing the colonists
D. Thomas Jefferson became a writer ever since he wrote the Declaration of Independence

30. The word "document" in line 3 of the last paragraph refers to ____.
A. England's Magna Carta
B. Declaration of Independence
C. an astonishing idea
D. way into the public consciousness

31. The word "motherland" refers to ____.
A. America
B. Union
C. Colonies
D. England

Passage 4
Of all figures from America's past, Abraham Lincoln is dearest to the hearts of the American people. In fact, the admiration they have for him borders on worship. Writers note that the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC is not unlike the temples that ancient Greeks built in honor of their gods, and that annual ceremonies of celebrating Lincoln's birthday in schools and public places have sometimes had characteristics of religious services. Certainly Lincoln is America's ideal of a great leader. He had many of the qualities of leadership that Americans admire.
First of all, Lincoln's career fits popular American belief that every child can dream of becoming president. Americans admire the person—the one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top. Lincoln was born of poor parents. His mother died when he was young. He had little opportunity for schooling. His early study was done alone at night by the light of a fireplace. He did hard manual labor through the day—splitting rails for fences, taking care of livestock, working on a riverboat—or in a store. But as he grew older he studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him and eventually he became president of the United States.
Lincoln is also admired because of his leadership during the difficult period of the Civil War. He dared to do what he thought was right at a time when his beliefs were unpopular with many people. He, in a sense, represents the spirit of union among the states. Before the Civil War, the economy of the South depended on an agricultural system which made use of slave labor. When reformers in the northern states put pressure on Congress not to permit states to secede or withdraw from the United States, they argued that the question of slavery was a matter for the individual states to decide rather than the federal government, and they did not want to accept its decision. The national government said that no state had the right to secede, and the Civil War was the result. If the South had won the war, what is the United States might well have been divided into several countries. Lincoln worked hard to preserve the union, and the northern states were victorious.
Furthermore, Lincoln had many personal qualities that made him dear to the hearts of his countrymen. He had infinite patience and tolerance for those who disagreed with him. As president, he appointed men to high government positions whom he considered most capable, even though some of them openly scorned him. He was generous to his opponents. There are many stories about his thoughtful treatment of southern leaders. When the war was over, he showed the South no hatred. Since generosity toward a defeated opponent is admired by Americans, Lincoln fitted the national idea of what is right.
Shortly after the Civil War ended, Lincoln was shot while attending a play in Washington Theater. He died within a few hours. The uncontrolled emotional reaction of the nation to his death was almost unbelievable and demonstrated the deep esteem in which he was held. Newspapers were edged with black; religious leaders gave praise of Lincoln instead of their prepared sermons. His funeral procession in Washington was miles long. Lincoln's body was taken by train back to his former home in Springfield, Illinois, but in all the major cities through which the train passed, the coffin was paraded through streets lined with sorrowful thousands. In the small towns through which the train passed bells rang in honor of the dead president. Citizens lit torches along the railroad track to show their last respects.
The circumstances of his death set Lincoln apart from other American leaders. Had Lincoln lived, it might well be that his postwar policies would have brought criticisms upon him that would have tarnished his popularity. Instead, an assassin's bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had and emphasized his virtues.
32. What are the aspects that made Lincoln ideal of a great leader?
A. Lincoln's career and family
B. Lincoln was a self-made person
C. Lincoln's leadership during the difficult period of the Civil War
D. His career, leadership, generosity and right time of death

33. Lincoln's beliefs used to be ____.
A. unpopular with many people during the period of the Civil War
B. a self-made person
C. worshipped
D. popular with the American people

34. From the last paragraph it could be inferred that ____.
A. American people like those who are generous to their opponents
B. A president must be like a president
C. Lincoln's death was at a right time to him
D. Lincoln is still popular with the American people

35. From the second paragraph we learn that ____.
A. a person who fights his or her way to the top will be president
B. Americans believe that everyone can be president if he has ability
C. a self-made person will succeed
D. it's a piece of cake to be president of the United States

36. Lincoln came from a city named ____.
A. Washington
B. Springfield
C. Illinois
D. not mentioned

37. How many personal qualities are mentioned in paragraph 4?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

38. The word "assassin" means ____.
A. helper
B. assistant
C. soldier
D. killer

Passage 5
Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man. They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married. The young people's parents shook their heads. "You can't get married yet," they said. "Wait till you get a good job with good prospects." So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married. They were still poor, of course. They didn't have a house to live in or any furniture, but that didn't matter. The young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car. The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lives. And so ends another modern romantic fable.
We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earliest years to be acquisitive. Our possessions, "mine" and "yours" are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of money you earn. We spend the whole of our lives keeping up with the Joneses. If we buy a new television set, a Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one. If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will get one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself. The most amusing thing about this game is that the Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.
It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheel of industry must be kept turning. "Built-in obsolescence" provides the means: goods are made to be discarded. Cars get tinnier and tinnier. You no sooner acquire this year's model than you are thinking about its replacement.
This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage packet. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and "fringe benefits" are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the "brain drain", the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.
39. From the first paragraph, we can infer that ____.
A. good job with good prospects can have a good marriage
B. those who are poor can't marry
C. poor in love is better than rich in love
D. even marriage is closely related with money

40. The expression "keep up with the Joneses" might mean ____.
A. maintain a high standard of achievement
B. prevent something from moving
C. try to maintain the same social and material standards as one's neighbors
D. continue to be in contact with somebody

41. According to the author ____.
A. money seems extremely important today
B. interest in earning money is not a modern phenomenon
C. money is one there, love is another
D. love without money is a field without water

42. What's the best title for the passage?
A. Keep Up with the Joneses
B. The Only Thing People Are Interested in Today Is Earning More Money
C. Love Me, Love My Dog
D. Money Makes the Go

43. We can infer that more people in the past acquired knowledge ____.
A. eagerly
B. for its own sake
C. for practical purpose
D. passively

44. "Brain drain" means ____.
A. brain becomes empty
B. brain has problems
C. a process in which the highly skilled people change to work for the organizations who pay them higher
D. a process by which the clever people are offered better jobs

45. We can infer that brain drain ____.
A. attracts no attention from all the countries
B. brings about bad effects to poor countries
C. makes richer countries poor because they have to pay more to them
D. is worshipped

Part III Writing (15 points)
Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition of no less than 150 words according to the following topic. Please write your composition clearly on the Answer Sheet provided.
TOPIC: Do you want to take a job that is well-paying but demands highly, or a job that pays you moderately but demands lightly? Please choose one option and write an essay of at least 150 words. Please use adequate material to support your position.
Part IV Translation
Section A Chinese to English (20 points)
Directions: Choose ONLY ONE passage from the following and translate it into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided. If more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored.
Passage 1
当然，水的质量及其他许多环境问题和人类健康问题密切相关。虽然许多过去的疾病危害已经得到控制甚至消灭，但一些旧疾病至今仍能置人于死地，而且让人类面临越来越多的新型疾病的攻击威胁。某些新的致命病毒的杀伤力更强大，蔓延的速度更快。人类迫切需要新的医疗技术和方法。
Passage 2
近年来，随着传感器和无线移动设备的飞速发展，随时随地获得个人位置成为可能。一方面，促进了基于位置服务的飞速发展；另一方面，个人位置隐私泄露的问题引起人们的广泛关注。由于移动环境中位置信息的特殊性，造成无法直接利用现有的关系数据库隐私保护技术。
Passage 3
再次，管理具有二重性。管理科学只是管理自然属性的一种表现，它并不能解决管理社会属性的全部问题。其自然属性是可以并有望科学化的，但是其社会属性只能通过正确处理人际关系来解决。从这个角度上讲，管理应当属于人文科学和社会科学，或者说管理科学具有很强的人文性质。
Section B English to Chinese (20 points)
Directions: Choose ONLY ONE passage from the following passages and translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided. If more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored.
Passage 1
Many human diseases are caused by the absence or inappropriate presence of a protein. The protein could then be administered to patients in order to compensate for its absence. Today, gene therapy is the ultimate method of protein delivery, in which the delivered gene enters the body's cells and turns them into small "factories" that produce a therapeutic protein for a specific disease over a prolonged period. As gene therapy has moved from the laboratory into the clinic, several issues have emerged as central to the development of this technology: gene identification, gene expression and gene delivery. A number of disease-related genes with direct clinical value have already been identified, and this number is growing as the field rapidly advances. Genes with broader clinical application are also being utilized to make cells express immune activating agents locally at the disease site or to become susceptible to further drug treatment or to immune response recognition.
Passage 2
It is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution. IBM released the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computers, which were widely used during the exploration period of such devices. During the late 1950s, the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages, and such issues were commonplace. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computer science technology. Modern society has seen a significant shift from computers being used solely by experts or professionals to a more and more widespread user base. By the 1990s, computers became accepted as being the norm within everyday life. During this time data entry was a primary component of the use of computers, many preferring to streamline their business practices through the use of a computer. This also gave the additional benefit of removing the need for large amounts of documentation and file records which consumed much-needed physical space within offices.
Passage 3
Every organization is an emotional place. It is an emotional place because it is a human invention, serving human purposes and dependent on human beings to function. And human beings are emotional animals: subject to anger, fear, surprise, disgust, happiness or joy, ease and unease. Recently, there have been attempts to develop the idea of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence emphasizes the impact reason can make on emotion. The claim made for this perspective is that it represents "an ability to perceive, to process, to understand, and to manage emotions in self and others." Proponents of emotional intelligence maintain that there are distinct individual abilities and skills that relate to the explicit management of emotion. In addition, emotional intelligence develops over time and can be enhanced by training. Therefore, learning to perceive emotion in others and manage these emotions successfully is an important tool in every manager's guide book.

参考答案及解析
Part I Cloze Test
【答案】1. B 【解析】be capable of 指"具有……的能力；能够……"，此处指"人类具有思考的能力"。
【答案】2. C 【解析】as 指"如……"，此处 such questions as 指"诸如……的问题"。
【答案】3. D 【解析】联系文意可知，此句与上一句之间存在转折关系。上一句指虽然某些问题可以留给哲学家和医生去思考，但当人们深入思考或感受时，人们自然的反应是交流思想和感受。
【答案】4. B 【解析】deep-seated 指"根深蒂固的，深层的"，此处指根植于人性的需要，其他选项形式不正确。
【答案】5. B 【解析】联系上文，thought 指"想法"，此处应使用复数形式。
【答案】6. C 【解析】此处为定语从句，应使用关系代词 whose，表示"……的"。此处意思为以语言研究为对象的科学被称作语言学。
【答案】7. A 【解析】此句主语为 the more specialized branch of this study，故应使用 is。
【答案】8. A 【解析】largely 指"大多数，主要地"，此处意思为"即使在现今的科学时代，交流主要是口语的"。
【答案】9. A 【解析】此句与前一句之间存在一种因果递进关系，意思指正是由于口语产生在书面文字之前，因此，在读写文化之前就存在文学，故选择 therefore"因此"。
【答案】10. A 【解析】此处指文字是更永久和可靠的人类记忆的宝库。
Part II Reading Comprehension
参考答案：11.C 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.A 16.D 17.C 18.C 19.C 20.D
21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B
31.D 32.D 33.A 34.C 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.D 39.D 40.C
41.A 42.B 43.B 44.C 45.B

【答案】11.C 【解析】compulsive spender 是指有强烈心理需求的人，正如 they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy，由此可知 C 正确。由第一段结尾可知，A 和 B 与文意相反。D 文中并未提及。
【答案】12.B 【解析】由文章第二段可知，虽然淘便宜货上瘾的人自认为他们是为了节约花销，但实际上他们是对那种从买到便宜货中得到的胜利感兴趣。原文：they are really playing an exciting game. When they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. 故 B 选项正确。
【答案】13.A 【解析】本文主要是对人们所具有的某些与花钱相关的习惯进行心理层面的分析，A 最为全面。B、C 和 D 过于片面。
【答案】14.A 【解析】文章第一段明确指出：This compulsion, like most others is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. 由此可知 A 正确。虽然文章第四段指出心理学家使用"行为疗法"来帮助人们解决人格问题，但并不能得出结论说具有购物癖和淘便宜货癖的人需要 special treatment。
【答案】15.A 【解析】由 This makes the scientific study of behavior hard 以及联系下文内容可知，A 选项最为符合文意。
【答案】16.D 【解析】原文：Many researchers in psychology use controlled experiments in which they can examine the effect of one factor at a time in a particular kind of behavior. 由此可知 D 选项符合。
【答案】17.C 【解析】文中最后一段指出不同学科的研究者研究人们在不同场合下的行为，例如教育研究者只研究学生在教室内的行为，由此可推知人们在教室和家庭的行为模式是不一样的，故 C 选项正确。A 选项文中并未提及。B 和 D 恰恰与文意相反。
【答案】18.C 【解析】由文章第一段可知，传统农业主要以人力和畜力为主，而现代农业与传统农业的最大区别就在于用机器取代人力和畜力。故 C 选项符合文意。
【答案】19.C 【解析】由文章第三段和第四段可知，拖拉机不仅能代替人力和畜力牵引机器，它还具有其它功能，例如为其他机器提供动力，故可知 C 选项最为符合。A 和 B 都不全面。D 并未概括拖拉机的所有类型。
【答案】20.D 【解析】文章倒数第二段原文：But there is not enough manure to supply the needs of a modern farmer, and artificial fertilizers are widely used instead. 由此可知 D 选项符合。
【答案】21.A 【解析】从文中所介绍的现代农业所使用的工具和肥料等可推知，现代农业与传统农业之间具有巨大的差异，故 A 选项符合。
【答案】22.B 【解析】第三段指出拖拉机的出现取代了人力和畜力，这对传统农业而言是一种根本性的变革，故 B 最为符合。
【答案】23.D 【解析】联系上下文，此处的 they 显然指的是 combine harvester（联合收割机）。
【答案】24.C 【解析】此处指化学家通过研制除草剂为农民提供帮助，故 C 选项符合。
【答案】25.A 【解析】由文章第一段所述内容可知，即便英国没有激发美国的独立斗争，由于殖民者的自由天性，以及他们本身与英国本土本无多大直接的联系，美国的独立是无法避免的。故 A 选项符合。
【答案】26.C 【解析】最后一段明确指出《独立宣言》并非战争宣言。其他选项文中均有提及。
【答案】27.D 【解析】文章第二段提到了波士顿倾茶运动，并指出由此引发的对英国商品的抵制，boycott 为"抵制"之意思，故 D 选项符合。
【答案】28.B 【解析】从林肯的话可知，他对《独立宣言》所主张的"人生而平等"的理念给予了高度的评价。
【答案】29.C 【解析】由波士顿倾茶事件中英国的表现可以推知英国一直试图通过控制殖民地而获利，而这正是激起殖民地人民反抗的原因。其他选项均与文意不符。
【答案】30.B 【解析】联系上下文，很明显此处 document 指的是《独立宣言》。
【答案】31.D 【解析】此处指美国从英国独立出来。
【答案】32.D 【解析】文章从四个方面分析了林肯受到美国人民爱戴的原因，即他的出身和成长经历、他在内战时期的领导能力、他对对手和反对者的宽容和大方，以及他被暗杀。由此可知 D 选项最为全面。
【答案】33.A 【解析】从文章第三段可知，在内战时期，林肯的观点并不被多数人所赞成。原文：He dared to do what he thought was right at a time when his beliefs were unpopular with many people. A 选项符合文意。
【答案】34.C 【解析】文章最后一段指出，林肯被暗杀死亡使他免受可能受到的诟病，人们遗忘了他所可能犯过的错误，而只深深牢记他的美德。由此可知，客观上而言，林肯的死亡时间也是他受到美国人民爱戴的一个原因，故 C 选项符合。
【答案】35.B 【解析】第二段第一句指出：Lincoln's career fits popular American belief that every child can dream of becoming president. 由此可知 B 选项符合。
【答案】36.B 【解析】文章第五段指出，林肯死后，棺椁被带回到他的家 Springfield。
【答案】37.A 【解析】第四段指出了林肯三方面的人格特征：patience、tolerance 和 generosity。
【答案】38.D 【解析】assassin's bullet 指"暗杀者的子弹"，此处指林肯被暗杀的事实，故选 D。
【答案】39.D 【解析】结合整篇文章的主旨来看，第一段所讲的故事旨在说明人们的生活是被物质的、即对金钱的考虑所左右，故 D 选项最为符合文意。
【答案】40.C 【解析】文章第二段主要在讲人们在物质生活上互相攀比，如此循环不断。Joneses 指代邻人、他人。C 选项最为符合文意。
【答案】41.A 【解析】从通篇文章所述内容以及 Mammon is worshipped as never before 等表述可知，在当今社会，金钱被人们所膜拜，故可知 A 选项正确。
【答案】42.B 【解析】通篇在讲现代社会中的人们执着于对物质生活和金钱的追求，故 B 最为符合。
【答案】43.B 【解析】最后一段原文：Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. 由此可知，以往人们是为了获得知识而学习，而现在的人是为了赚钱而学习。故 B 选项符合。
【答案】44.C 【解析】原文：the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder. 由此可知，C 选项正确。
【答案】45.B 【解析】文章最后指出，富裕的国家通过这种方法从贫穷的邻国挖走了最有能力的人才，由此可知 B 选项符合。
Part III Writing（参考范文）
My Choice on Job
Last week, one of a senior staff in a big cooperation in Shanghai died suddenly while he was working overtime. Incidents like this are not rare today. Despite their enviable salaries and positions, many well-paid white-collar workers are suffering great pressures and various health problems. Depression, chronic diseases and even suicidal tendency are all common syndromes of modern well-paid staff, since well-paying jobs always demand highly. In a materialistic society like ours, most people have a distorted notion of happiness and success, while it seems that the money earned is the only and the ultimate yardstick against which success and happiness are measured. However, while concerns for money may have improved our work, it barely improves the quality of our life.
The worship of highly paying jobs may deprive us of the time and energy we need to enjoy our life. Friendship, romantic life, family life, etc., all these should be the things we pursue. It is important to realize that a job is only a tool to serve these goals, and it is not the goal itself. So if someone asks me what choice I would make between a job that is well-paying but demands highly and a job that pays moderately but demands lightly, my answer would be "the latter".
Part IV Translation（参考译文）
Section A Chinese to English
Passage 1 参考译文：
Naturally, water quality and many other environmental concerns are closely related to questions of human health. While many of the health scourges of the past have been controlled and even eliminated, other old ones still have remained deadly. And people are attacked by increasing new kinds of disease, some of which kill people fatally and spread faster. Human beings are eager to require new medical technologies and methods.
Passage 2 参考译文：
Due to the rapid development of sensors and wireless mobile devices in recent years, it has become possible to acquire information of individual positions anytime and anywhere. On the one hand, it prompts the rapid development based on position service. On the other hand, the issue of leakage of personal position privacy arouses wide concern. Because of the particularity of position information in mobile context, it is impossible to make use of the present privacy protection technology of relational database.
Passage 3 参考译文：
Moreover, management has a dual character. As only an exhibition of the natural properties of management, management science cannot solve all the problems with the social properties of management. The issues concerning its natural properties can be hopefully made scientific, while the issues concerning its social properties can only be solved through the correct handling of interpersonal relationships. From this perspective, management should be classified as a human science and social science, or we can say that management science has a strong humanity nature.
Section B English to Chinese
Passage 1 参考译文：
许多人类疾病是由某种蛋白质的缺失或不当的存在所引起的。可以通过给病人服用这种蛋白质来填补这种缺失。现今，基因疗法是蛋白质输送的最尖端的方法。这一疗法将基因输入人体细胞内，该基因能够将这些细胞变成长期生产对特定疾病具有治疗功能的蛋白质的小型"工厂"。随着基因疗法走出实验室并应用到诊所中，出现了几个涉及该技术发展的核心问题：包括基因识别、基因表达和基因输送。有一些与疾病相关并具有直接治疗意义的基因已经被识别，随着这一领域的飞速发展，这一数字在增加。具有更广泛治疗应用的基因同样被用来促使细胞在病灶部位表达免疫激活剂，或使其有助于后续的药物治疗或免疫反应识别。
Passage 2 参考译文：
众所周知，IBM 品牌构成了电脑科学革命的一部分。IBM 曾发售 IBM 704 型电脑，并在之后发售 IBM 709 型号电脑，在人们对电脑还处于探索时期时，这两种电脑得到了广泛的应用。在 20 世纪 50 年代后期，电脑科学还处于发展阶段，这些问题很常见。随着时间的推移，电脑科学技术的实用性和效用得到了显著的提高。现代社会中，电脑已经不再是仅仅供专家或专业人士使用的，而是获得了越来越广泛的应用。到了 20 世纪 90 年代，电脑已经被视作日常生活中的必备品。在这一期间，电脑主要被用来做数据登记，许多人偏爱使用电脑来提高他们工作的效率。这同时还免去了占用稀缺的办公室空间的大量的文件和档案记录的必要性。
Passage 3 参考译文：
每个组织都是一个具有情感的场所。这是因为它是人类的发明，服务于人类的目的并依赖于人类才能运作。而人是有情感的动物：愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、厌恶、快乐或欢喜、放松和不安等。近来，有人试图发展情感智力这一观念。情感智力强调理性对情感的影响。从这一视角出发的观点认为情感智力代表了"一种认知、处理、理解和控制自己和他人情感的能力"。情感智力的主张者断言人们具有与情感控制直接相关的不同的个人能力和技巧。此外，情感智力是随着时间的推移而发展的，并且能够通过训练得以加强。因此，学会观察他人的情感并成功地控制这些情感是每个管理者应当掌握的重要技能。