云南师范大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

云南师范大学
2013年博士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷

报考专业：公共科目考试科目及代码：英语 1001
（答案必须写在答题纸上、写在卷面上无效）
Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the ______.
A. latter
B. latest
C. later
D. last

2. It will take us twenty minutes to get to the railway station, ______ traffic delays.
A. acknowledging
B. affording
C. allowing for
D. accounting for

3. He will have to ______ his indecent behavior one day.
A. answer to
B. answer for
C. answer back
D. answer about

4. With ______ exceptions, the former president does not appear in public now.
A. rare
B. unusual
C. extraordinary
D. unique

5. We have been hearing ______ accounts of your work.
A. favored
B. favorable
C. favorite
D. favoring

6. During the summer holiday season there are no ______ rooms in this seaside hotel.
A. empty
B. blank
C. deserted
D. vacant

7. I accidentally pressed the button and ______ the alarm clock.
A. set out
B. set off
C. set away
D. set over

8. Words are little ______ when tragedy strikes.
A. consolation
B. confrontation
C. connotation
D. revelation

9. Her suspicions were fortunately ______.
A. conformed
B. confirmed
C. reformed
D. infirmed

10. There is a ______ between what he says and what he does.
A. prediction
B. intention
C. distinction
D. distinguish

11. In small-scale societies, inventions are more likely to ______ by accident.
A. come about
B. come in
C. come off
D. come out

12. I fell on wondering how we should persuade Professor Mariaty to ______ our request.
A. reply to
B. comply with
C. supply
D. apply to

13. The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.
A. abandoned
B. resigned
C. released
D. disused

14. The coupon ______ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.
A. confers
B. entitles
C. grants
D. offers

15. At the weekend, all the local TV channels provide extensive ______ of sporting events.
A. view
B. coverage
C. broadcast
D. network

16. In order not to be heard, the woman ______ that someone was moving about in the bush.
A. screamed
B. shouted
C. spoke
D. whispered

17. The young has ______ some brilliant scheme to double his income.
A. come out
B. come to
C. come about
D. come up with

18. Please dispose ______ those old books while you’re cleaning up the room.
A. out
B. away
C. in
D. of

19. The lecture was boring and the students could hardly ______ their yawns.
A. depress
B. suppress
C. oppress
D. press

20. The final cost was considerably higher than the builder’s original ______.
A. amount
B. sum
C. account
D. estimate

Part II Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point each)
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the passage. Then write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found on the surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and (21)______ it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but (22)______ to diffuse throughout the space available; it must therefore be kept in a closed container, as (23)______ a planet’s atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories (24)______ the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be “dissolved” in a vapor without losing its identity, and another theory held that the two phases are (25)______ different kinds of molecules. The theories now prevailing (26)______ a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure, and they both flow easily. They are fluids.
The (27)______ similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat. (28)______ a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands, or in other words, becomes less dense; some of it evaporates. (29)______, the vapor above the liquid surface becomes denser as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature and pressure at which the densities become equal is called the critical point. Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be (30)______; there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.
21.
A. fills
B. be filled
C. filling
D. to fill

22.
A. intends
B. tends
C. inclines
D. contends

23.
A. in the event of
B. in the case of
C. with a view to
D. with reference to

24.
A. having described
B. described
C. describing
D. to have described

25.
A. made up of
B. consisted of
C. constituted of
D. make up of

26.
A. apply
B. adapt
C. take
D. conduct

27.
A. elementary
B. crucial
C. rudimentary
D. fundamental

28.
A. Suppose
B. To suppose
C. Being supposed
D. Supposed

29.
A. Similarly
B. In contrast
C. Furthermore
D. Instead

30.
A. classified
B. recognized
C. categorized
D. distinguished

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each)
Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Write the appropriate letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
We lost two superstars in 1977. Neither man’s admirers have been able to understand the success of the other one. And this tells us something of the difference between the generations that the two singers represent.
There were similarities between Bing Crosby and Elvis Presley. Both reached fame while quite young and became very rich. Although neither one had any musical education, both developed their own musical styles—styles which were at first scorned by the critics and later studied as new forms in the art of popular song. Both men had successful movie careers despite a total lack of acting ability.
Both were creations of the microphone, which made it possible for singers with weak voices to be heard beyond the third row. With Bing the microphone was usually hidden; but Elvis brought it to the stage, took it from its support, stroked it, pressed it to his lips.
The difference between the two men reflects the changing values in American life. Crosby’s music was soothing; Presley’s was disturbing. Crosby was singing to wartime America. His audiences had all the disturbances they could handle in their private lives; they did not want to buy more at the record shop and the movie theater.
Crosby’s admirers always said how “relaxed” he was, how “natural” and easy-going. When Presley began his career, the whole country had become relaxed and easy-going. Its young people, who had no memory of troubled times, found it boring. They were hungry for excitement. They welcomed Elvis, who was not soothing, and who was certainly not the kind of young man their parents would admire. Presley was loud, gaudy, vulgar—and he was bringing something new and exciting.
It is probably too simple to explain each man in terms of changes in the economic and political situation. Something in the culture was also changing. Crosby’s songs were saying something; their “message” was as important to the audience as the music. The words were often sweet and sentimental; ordinary, perhaps, but Crosby—and Frank Sinatra after him—gave them life and meaning. People remembered them, sang them, and thought of them as true to life. Although many of Presley’s songs were, in fact, quite sentimental too, it was mostly the sound that moved the audiences. Rock ’n’ roll was a “sound” event. Songs stopped being songs and turned into noise.
The Crosby generation has trouble with rock ’n’ roll because it makes the mistake of trying to understand the words. The Presley generation has trouble with Crosby because it finds the music unexciting and the words empty. The mutual lack of understanding may be a sign of how far we have come from troubled times, and how deeply we now distrust the value of words.
31. Both Crosby and Presley ______.
A. were good at acting
B. were not very good at acting
C. were incapable of acting
D. showed some ability of acting

32. Their music was ______.
A. criticized and then recognized as innovative
B. appreciated by the critics immediately
C. praised by the critics and then studied
D. developed by the critics

33. The difference between the two men ______ the changing values in American life.
A. mirrors
B. disturbs
C. soothes
D. ruins

34. Presley’s admirers found Crosby’s work ______.
A. boring
B. easy-going
C. too relaxed
D. natural

35. This passage is chiefly about ______.
A. the troubled times that Presley and Crosby and their audiences lived in
B. the contrast between Presley’s and Crosby’s music and their audiences
C. wartime America
D. noisy rock ’n’ roll

Passage Two
Increasingly, over the past ten years, people—especially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed foods, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today.
Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount—but not the quality—of foods grown in commercial farming areas.
Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.
There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a non-essential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it does seem to be additive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals—and no fibre.
It is significant that nowadays fibre is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fibre has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis placed on the eating of wholemeal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on “healthy eating”.
36. People have become more interested in natural foods because ______.
A. they want a change of diet
B. they want to eat food that is more tasty
C. they no longer like processed foods
D. they want to be fashionable

37. Soil that is rich in organic matter ______.
A. has had nothing added to it
B. already contains vitamins and minerals
C. contains unused vegetable matter
D. has had chemicals and fertilizers added to it

38. Which of the following is true?
A. Natural foods only refer to the plants that are grown in soil.
B. Natural foods are generally affected by chemical fertilizers.
C. Natural foods contain all the essential vitamins and minerals as required by the human body.
D. We can get more vitamins and minerals from natural foods.

39. According to the author, the use of chemicals and fertilizers ______.
A. will not necessarily increase the production of foods.
B. is a good way to improve the quality of foods
C. promotes the foods both in quality and in quantity
D. is harmful to the health

40. Which of the following is considered good or healthy eating?
A. Unrefined flour and vegetables.
B. White bread and honey.
C. Canned beans and fruits.
D. Mass-produced chickens and eggs.

Passage Three
Shundagarh is a village on India’s east-facing coast. It is a village of simple mud and grass houses built on the beach just above the waterline. The Khadra Hills rise immediately behind the village, to a height of one hundred and fifty meters. A simple, good-hearted old man, whose name was Jalpur, farmed two small fields on the very edge of these hills, overlooking Shundagarh. From his fields he could see the fishing boats that traveled up and down the coast. He could see the children playing on the sand; their mothers washing clothes on the flat stones where the Shiva River flowed into the sea; and their fathers landing the latest catch or repairing nets and telling stories that had no end.
All Jalpur owned in the world were the clothes he wore day in and day out, the miserable hut that he slept in at night, a few tools and cooking pots—and his fields. The corn that he grew was all that made life possible. If the weather was kind and the harvest was good, Jalpur could live happily enough—not well, but happily. When the sun was fierce, and there was little or no rain, then he came close to the line between a life which was too hard, and death itself.
Last year the weather had been so kind, and the harvest promised to be so good, that Jalpur had been wondering whether he could sell all that he had and live with his son farther up the coast. He had been thinking about doing this for some years. It was his dearest wish to spend his last days with his son and his wife and children. But he would go only if he could give; he would not go if it meant taking food out of the mouths of his grandchildren. He would rather die hungry than do this.
On the day on which Jalpur decided that he would harvest his corn, sell it, and move up the coast, he looked out to sea and saw a huge wave, several kilometers out, advancing on the coast and on the village of Shundagarh. Within ten minutes everyone in Shundagarh would be drowned. Jalpur would have shouted, but the people were too far away to hear. He would have run down the hill, but he was too old to run. He was prepared to do anything to save the people of Shundagarh, so he did the only thing that he could do: he set fire to his corn. In a matter of seconds the flames were rising high and smoke was rising higher. Within a minute the people of Shundagarh were racing up the hill to see what had happened. There, in the middle of his blackened cornfield, they found Jalpur; and there they buried him.
On his grave, they wrote the words: here lies Jalpur, a man who gave, living; a man who died, giving.
41. Why didn’t Jalpur live well?
A. He didn’t work hard.
B. He had too many children to feed.
C. He depended on good weather and harvest for survival.
D. The villagers kept taking his corn.

42. What was Jalpur’s dearest wish?
A. To move away from his son.
B. To take a vacation up the coast.
C. To make a great deal of money in order to live an easy life.
D. To spend his last days with his son.

43. Why did Jalpur need money?
A. His son charged him rent.
B. He wanted to buy his son a new house.
C. He wanted to bring presents to his grandchildren.
D. He didn’t want his son’s family to go hungry just because of him.

44. Which of the following statements is true?
A. He lay dead in the middle of his blackened cornfield.
B. The villagers gave him corn to replace his burnt harvest.
C. The villagers paid him for the damage.
D. He left the village to live with his son.

45. The villagers were thankful to Jalpur because he had ______.
A. given his life in order to save theirs
B. saved their village from being drowned by the wave
C. given them many things during his life
D. given them his corn in order to save them from hunger

Passage Four
It seems that fate was on the side of the Japanese. At 6.30 a.m. on 7 December a small Japanese submarine entered a prohibited area off Oahu and was sunk by destroyers and aircraft. The naval watch-officer was informed and, in his turn, informed the Chiefs-of-Staff at Pearl Harbor; but for some reason no general alert was given. More extraordinary still, it is a fact that at 7.00 a.m. the operator of a provisional detector station out in the Pacific belonging to the American Army reported a large flight of airplanes about 210 kilometers from Oahu to the east-north-east. An army lieutenant decided that the airplanes must obviously be friendly ones and took no action. An unusually cloudy sky added to Japanese luck. A routine dawn patrol of American aircraft had passed over Oahu and reported nothing.
At 7.50 a.m. on that Sunday morning a great noise of approaching aircraft was heard on Oahu and at 7.55 the first bombs fell. Low-level bombers and torpedo aircraft attacked the ships in the harbor and the naval installations; high-level bombers bombed the airfields and also Honolulu some 11 kilometers away. The attacks were followed by fighter planes firing machine-guns with incendiary bullets, particularly at the planes on the airfield; some pocket submarines attacked the harbor at the same time.
Just as there had been no adequate air or sea patrols, so inside Pearl Harbor no precautions against attack had been taken; warships were moored close one against another and a large proportion of officers and ratings were on leave and many sleeping ashore. A similar peace-time carelessness pervaded the Hickham army airfield close to Pearl Harbor and other aerodromes on the island. Before the last attack, which was made at 9.00 a.m. and which met with heavy anti-aircraft and naval gun-fire, the Japanese were able to strafe their objectives almost without resistance and the aircraft were able to return to their carriers to refuel and to return to the attack.
Of the eight battleships, the Arizona, California and Utah, a target ship, were sunk outright; the Oklahoma capsized shortly after being bombed; the Nevada was set on fire and put out of action for many months; the three others were more or less seriously damaged. Considerable additional damages were done to ships, a minelayer was sunk, three cruisers damaged, two destroyers sunk and another damaged. Some 2300 officers and men were killed and some hundreds of the nearly two thousand wounded died later. The Japanese are said to have lost 60 aircraft, whilst the Americans had 173 destroyed and over 100 damaged.
46. How was fate on the side of the Japanese?
A. A Japanese submarine was able to enter a prohibited area.
B. A cloudy sky covered the Japanese movement.
C. No general alert was given by the Chiefs-of-Staff.
D. All of the above.

47. What was “extraordinary” about the sighting of planes by the provisional detector station?
A. The planes were too far away to be seen.
B. An army lieutenant took no action, thinking the planes were friendly.
C. The planes were immediately shot down.
D. The station was supposed to be looking for ships, not planes.

48. When did the attack on Pearl Harbor take place?
A. Early on Sunday morning.
B. Late Saturday evening.
C. During a regular workday.
D. In the middle of the night.

49. What does “capsized” mean?
A. “Caught fire”.
B. “Started its engines”.
C. “Overturned”.
D. “Escaped”.

50. Why was the United States unprepared for the attack?
A. All the ships of the U.S. Navy were somewhere else.
B. The attack came as a complete surprise.
C. The U.S. and Japan had just signed a peace treaty.
D. The U.S. thought it would attack Japan first.

Part IV Translation (20 points)
Directions: Put the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on the ANSWER SHEET.
My Impressions of Beijing
When I first arrived in Beijing, I couldn’t speak any Chinese. I didn’t know anyone, and I didn’t know my way around. I had no friends, and I didn’t really know anything about Beijing. Now things are different. Not only is my Chinese better, but I can even navigate my way around by bus or subway. I know how to shop in the markets, and so on.
Everyone knows that Beijing is the capital of China and its center of government. I’m very interested in China’s politics, because of the nature of my job. Interestingly, I find that Beijing residents are all fascinated by politics.
This is my first time living in China, and I’ve been surprised at how modern a city Beijing actually is. For example, there are quite a number of five-star hotels, restaurants of all kinds, beautiful parks, wide streets, an excellent public transportation system, skyscrapers everywhere, and so on. At the same time, Beijing has a long history. There are many scenic spots and historical sites, and the city has a lot of culture to offer.
The less-good side of Beijing is that overly rapid modernization has created a number of problems. For example, it’s crowded. There are too many cars. There is too much dust from construction sites. In spring, there is always sandstorm. Air pollution is bad. The dry climate has depleted the water supply, and the population is increasing, so you can imagine the future problems. Despite all this, I still enjoy living in Beijing.
Part V Writing (20 points)
Directions: In this section, you are required to write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Your composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
My View on the Water Shortage in Kunming: Causes and Solutions