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A. across
B. to
C. from
D. through
- 本题考查介词词义辨析，需结合 “宇宙射线从外太空进入大气层” 的语境判断。
- 选项分析：
- A. across：意为 “穿过；横穿”，侧重 “从表面穿过”，如 “walk across the street”，不贴合 “射线穿透空气” 的语境；
- B. to：意为 “到；向”，仅表示方向，无法体现 “穿透空气” 的动作；
- C. from：意为 “来自”，与后文 “from outer space” 重复，且未体现 “穿过空气” 的过程；
- D. through：意为 “穿过；透过”，侧重 “从内部穿透”，符合 “宇宙射线从外太空穿透空气进入地球” 的语义，搭配合理。
- 解题关键：区分 “across”（表面穿过）与 “through”（内部穿透）的核心差异，结合 “射线穿透空气” 的物理过程锁定答案。
A. shifts
B. converts
C. modifies
D. varies
- 本题考查动词词义辨析，需结合 “辐射剂量因居住地不同而变化” 的语境判断。
- 选项分析：
- A. shifts：意为 “转移；转换”，侧重 “位置、方向或态度的改变”，不搭配 “剂量”；
- B. converts：意为 “转换；转化”，侧重 “形式、性质的改变”，如 “convert water into steam”，与 “剂量变化” 无关；
- C. modifies：意为 “修改；调整”，侧重 “人为修改使更合适”，而辐射剂量变化是自然差异，非人为调整；
- D. varies：意为 “变化；不同”，“vary according to” 为固定搭配，意为 “根据…… 而变化”，符合句意 “我们每年接受的正常辐射剂量约为 2 毫克，具体数值因居住地不同而变化，这只是一个非常粗略的估计”。
- 解题关键：牢记 “vary according to” 的固定搭配，结合 “因地点不同产生差异” 的逻辑锁定答案。
A. the service industry is relying more and more on the female work force
B. manufacturing industries are steadily increasing
C. people find it harder and harder to earn a living by working in factories
D. most of the job opportunities can now be found in the service industry
- 本题考查细节理解题，需定位原文中信息时代的核心特征。
- 原文依据：“Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise.”
- 选项分析：
- A. “服务业越来越依赖女性劳动力”：原文仅提到 “更多女性进入劳动力市场”，未说 “服务业依赖女性”，无中生有；
- B. “制造业稳步增长” 与原文 “the percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically”（靠制造谋生的比例大幅下降）矛盾；
- C. “人们发现在工厂谋生越来越难”：原文未提及 “谋生难度”，仅说制造行业就业比例下降，语义过度延伸；
- D. “大多数就业机会现在集中在服务业” 与原文 “the majority of jobs... are in the service industry” 直接对应，符合题意。
- 解题关键：抓住 “the majority of jobs” 与 “service industry” 的核心对应关系，排除无关或矛盾选项。
A. take advantage of different kinds of audience
B. make fun of the disorganized people
C. address different problems to different people
D. show sympathy for your listeners
- 本题考查细节理解题，需定位原文中 “让幽默生效” 的核心方法。
- 原文依据：“Depending on who you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.”
- 选项分析：
- A. “利用不同类型的观众”：原文强调 “针对不同观众调整话题”，而非 “利用观众”，语义不当；
- B. “取笑做事混乱的人”：仅为针对特定观众的举例，并非普遍原则；
- C. “对不同的人谈论不同的问题” 与原文 “Depending on who you are addressing, the problems will be different” 完全一致，是幽默生效的核心方法；
- D. “对听众表示同情”：原文说 “understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view”（理解并认同他们的观点），而非 “同情”，语义混淆。
- 解题关键：抓住 “针对不同听众选择不同话题” 的核心逻辑，锁定答案。
What makes Silicon Valley such a unique entity? There are some crucial factors. It has the largest concentration of brilliant computer professionals and the best supporting services in the world, and easy access to world-class research institutions like Stanford University, which continually nurtures would-be geniuses which the industry needs in order to move forward. Without these advantages, the Valley would be a different place.
是什么让硅谷成为如此独特的存在？有几个关键因素。这里汇聚了全球最多的杰出计算机专业人才和最优质的配套服务，且能便捷对接斯坦福大学等世界级研究机构 —— 这些机构持续培育出行业发展所需的未来精英。若没有这些优势，硅谷将会是另一番景象。
- 句式调整：
- 疑问句 “What makes...?” 译为 “是什么让……？”，简洁自然；
- 定语从句 “which continually nurtures...” 译为破折号衔接的短句，避免中文长句晦涩；
- 虚拟语气 “would be a different place” 译为 “将会是另一番景象”，符合中文表达习惯。
- 词汇处理：
- “unique entity” 译为 “独特的存在”，比 “独特实体” 更自然；
- “concentration of” 译为 “汇聚”，准确体现人才密集的特点；
- “would-be geniuses” 译为 “未来精英”，既贴合 “潜在天才” 的含义，又符合中文表达；
- “move forward” 译为 “发展”，简洁适配 “行业” 的搭配。
根据研究，在考试或面试前熬夜会产生相反的效果。该研究发现，要把记忆 “下载” 到大脑中，睡眠是必不可少的。科学家们已经发现，在试图记住一项新的记忆任务后，30 小时之内睡个好觉，是在未来几周内能够很好地回想起来的一个前提条件。
According to research, staying up late before an exam or interview has the opposite effect. The study found that sleep is indispensable for "downloading" memories into the brain. Scientists have discovered that getting a good night's sleep within 30 hours after attempting to memorize a new task is a prerequisite for being able to recall it well in the following weeks.
- 句式调整：
- “在考试或面试前” 译为 “before an exam or interview”，简洁准确；
- “把记忆‘下载’到大脑中” 保留引号，译为 “downloading memories into the brain”，形象传达比喻义；
- “是…… 的一个前提条件” 译为 “is a prerequisite for...”，符合学术英语表达习惯。
- 词汇处理：
- “产生相反的效果” 译为 “has the opposite effect”，固定搭配；
- “必不可少的” 译为 “indispensable”，比 “necessary” 更强调必要性；
- “记忆任务” 译为 “memorize a new task”，避免重复 “memory”；
- “回想起来” 译为 “recall it well”，自然流畅；
- “未来几周内” 译为 “in the following weeks”，符合时间表达逻辑。
Write an essay of no less than 250 words on the topic "The Income Gap Between the Rich and the Poor in China". State your opinion with appropriate supporting details.
The Income Gap Between the Rich and the Poor in China
Since the start of economic reform, China has achieved remarkable economic growth, and the average living standard of its people has been greatly improved. However, the growing income gap between the rich and the poor has become an undeniable social issue that deserves serious attention.
There are several factors contributing to this gap. On one hand, the reform and opening-up policy has allowed some people and regions to take the lead in becoming rich, such as entrepreneurs in emerging industries and residents in coastal developed areas. On the other hand, due to differences in education level, industry characteristics, and regional development conditions, rural areas and inland regions have developed more slowly, leading to a widening income gap. Additionally, the imperfect distribution system and inadequate social security also fail to effectively regulate the income distribution, further exacerbating the problem.
While a reasonable income gap can stimulate social vitality and promote economic development, an excessive gap may trigger social contradictions and affect social stability. Therefore, measures should be taken to narrow the gap. First, the government should strengthen the regulation of income distribution, improve the tax system, and increase the income of low-income groups through policies such as minimum wage standards and rural revitalization. Second, more investment should be made in education and vocational training to improve the overall quality of the labor force, enabling low-income groups to have more opportunities for income growth. Finally, the social security system should be improved to provide basic living guarantees for vulnerable groups, reducing the impact of the income gap on their lives.
In conclusion, the income gap is an inevitable product of economic development, but it can be regulated through scientific policies. By balancing efficiency and fairness, we can narrow the income gap while maintaining economic vitality, ensuring that the fruits of development are shared by all people and promoting the sustainable and stable development of society.
- 结构框架：开篇点明 “经济发展与收入差距并存” 的现状，中间分析收入差距的成因及影响，最后提出针对性解决措施，逻辑连贯；
- 语言表达：用词准确，如 “remarkable economic growth”“income distribution”“rural revitalization” 等；句式多样，结合定语从句、状语从句，避免单一化；
- 篇幅达标：全文约 280 词，论证充分，符合考博写作的学术性与思想性要求。
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