中国人民大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

中国人民大学2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
英语试题

一、词汇，40个小题，20分，超难！不少来自GRE或专业英语8级词汇题。人大2006年英语令很多人叫苦不迭，其实主要是词汇难。
二、阅读，30个小题，30分，6篇短文，题量大，有一题是2002年硕士研究生入学考试阅读原题。其他难度不亚于硕士研究生入学考试的英语阅读理解题。最后一篇讲的是古希腊的斯多葛学派、伊壁鸠鲁学派等问题，哲学的一些观点。整体看，阅读理解题材涉及经济、历史、传记、艺术、心理、哲学等方面。
阅读理解其中两篇
Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "On, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. (447 words)
1. To make your humor work, you should ______.
［A］take advantage of different kinds of audience.
［B］make fun of the disorganized people.
［C］address different problems to different people.
［D］show sympathy for your listeners.
2. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ______.
［A］impolite to new arrivals.
［B］very conscious of their godlike role.
［C］entitled to some privileges.
［D］very busy even during lunch hours.
3. It can be inferred from the text that public services ______.
［A］have benefited many people.
［B］are the focus of public attention.
［C］are an inappropriate subject for humor.
［D］have often been the laughing stock.
4. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ______.
［A］in well-worded language.
［B］as awkwardly as possible.
［C］in exaggerated statements.
［D］as casually as possible.
5. The best title for the text may be ______.
［A］Use Humor Effectively.
［B］Various Kinds of Humor.
［C］Add Humor to Speech.
［D］Different Humor Strategies.
Key: 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.A
Text 2
No one can be a great thinker, who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one, who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human being to attain the mental quality which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be great thinker in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never been, nor ever will be in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. While any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox was for a time suspended. Where there is an unspoken convention that principals are not to be disputed, where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we can not hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when prolonged argument avoid the subjects which are large and important enough to rouse enthusiasm was a mind of a people stirring up from its foundation and impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of thinking beings.
He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reason may be good, and no one may have been able to refute him. But if he is equally unable to refute the treason of the opposite side, and if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless himself with that, he is ether led by the authority, or adopt, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the argument of opponents form his own teachers, presented as they state them, add accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the argument, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their seemingly reasonable and persuasive form; he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; otherwise he never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what we are called educated people are in this condition, and even those who can argue fluently for their opinions. They have never thrown themselves into the mental positions of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say.
（以上是著名西哲约翰·穆勒的关于独立思考的经典文章，文章的语言相当精彩，对相关问题的论述具有很强的说服力和实用性。文章使用的英语并不浅显。）
如果一个人没有意识到思想家的首要责任应该是跟随自己的思想，尊重它所得的结论，那么这个人永远也不会成为伟大的思想家。真理的获得，更多的是通过充分的学习、准备和独立的思考——哪怕是犯错误，而不是通过守着正确的观点，不肯花费力气开动脑筋去思考。
自由思考并不是形成伟大思想家惟一的或者最重要的。相反，它是普通人达到正常的智力水平所必须，或者说不可或缺的。在普遍的思想奴役的状态下，曾经有过，或许以后也会出现，伟大的思想家，但是在那样的状态下，从来没有，也不会有积极思考的民族。也许曾经有人做过短暂的尝试，想达到那种状态，因为对于非正统思想的忧虑曾经一度中止。如果有不成文的习俗约定不能对既定规则产生怀疑，如果认为对于充满人性的伟大问题的讨论已经画上了句号，那么，我们就永远不会再找到曾使我们的某些历史充满辉煌的高级的智力活动。当长期的讨论回避那些可以激发热情的伟大重要的问题，一个民族的思想就不会从基础上产生动摇，也不会有冲动将最平凡的人变为思考的人。
只是了解自己一方观点的人实际上什么也不了解。或许他的推理很正确，没有人可以驳倒他。但是，如果他也同样不能驳倒对方的推理，不了解它们是什么，他也就没有理由更倾向于哪种观点。对他来说，明智的做法应该是停止判断，如果他不能够满足于这一点，他就会服从于权威，或者，像世界上大多数人一样，选择自己感觉上比较倾向的观点。他不能仅仅满足于聆听老师教给他的对方陈述的观点，还有他们提供的证据和反驳。那不是对待争论的正确方法，也不是将它们真正融入到自己思想中的方法。他必须倾听真正信奉这些观点，真正维护这些观点，会为这些观点尽全力的人的想法。他必须了解这些观点看起来合理和有说服力的形式，必须体会到正确观点要遇到并解决的全部困难，否则，他永远也不会拥有迎接和解决这些困难的真理的力量。百分之九十九的所谓受教育的人都属于这种情况，甚至那些滔滔不绝维护自己观点的人也属于这一类。他们的结论可能是正确的，但也有可能是完全错误的。他们从来没有设身处地了解那些持有不同想法的人的观点，从来没有考虑过那些人可能说什么。
（具体题目略。）
三、英译汉
三、英译汉，10分，一段英文，内容是关于反倾销法的，学法律的一看就懂了，不难。
四、汉译英
四、汉译英，10分，一段中文，内容是教育部长周济关于教育公平的一段讲话，不难。
上述翻译的特点是时政性强！所以长听广播看英文报纸的答起来顺手。
五、小作文
五、小作文，10分，召开学术会议的邀请函，与大纲上的样题类似，不难，格式对了估计得分容易。
参考大纲样题：
六、大作文
六、大作文，20分
Directions: Write an essay on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ with the title "the importance of building new socialist countryside".
顺便说一下，2005年作文题目是四六级原题“居住在城市还是乡村好”。
辅导班上给出了小作文的一个参考答案（真题类似于此，送分题，主要是看格式）