中国科学技术大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

中国科学技术大学2004年秋季
博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
(April, 2004)

PAPER ONE
SECTION I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 points)
Part A
Directions:
In this part, you will hear 10 short conversations between two people. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
1.
A. In a hotel.
B. At home.
C. In a hospital.
D. In a dentist's office.
2.
A. A news program.
B. Bibliographies.
C. Research topics.
D. A dating service.
3.
A. She can't give him more without doctor's orders.
B. She has no more of what he wants.
C. She can give him a new private.
D. She can't recommend a doctor to him.
4.
A. He's opposed to the tuition increase.
B. He wasn't able to attend the protest rally.
C. He works for the student newspaper.
D. He is the chairman of students' union.
5.
A. The woman is worried about losing some papers.
B. The woman wants the man to find the report.
C. The woman saved the report until the last minute.
D. The woman's report was thrown out by the man.
6.
A. Sell trousers for small boys.
B. Make these trousers a bit smaller.
C. Exchange the trousers for larger ones.
D. Work as a seamstress at the store.
7.
A. To remind him of the data he should take to the conference.
B. To see if he is ready for the coming conference.
C. To tell him something about the conference.
D. To help him prepare for the conference.
8.
A. He always rests before exercising.
B. He's very excited about joining the team.
C. He's not in shape for gymnastics.
D. He hasn't been stopped by the gymnastics office yet.
9.
A. She doesn't like to watch basketball.
B. She would like the man to accompany her to the game.
C. She doesn't have a television.
D. She'll sell the man her ticket.
10.
A. He no longer watches much television.
B. He prefers the comedies from the sixties.
C. Television comedies haven't improved since the sixties.
D. He hasn't seen many of the old shows.
Part B
Directions:
In this part, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
11.
A. To make a comparison between the old and the young.
B. To describe the life of old people.
C. To show that old age does not mean a lack of spirit.
D. To make people have a sense of sympathy for the elderly.
12.
A. It had changed a lot in the past.
B. It had been in business for 70 years.
C. It had only a couple of tables.
D. Only women like to go to the shop.
13.
A. She should be pitied for her old age.
B. She was old and bent and insensitive to life.
C. She idled away her prime.
D. She was more alive and sensitive to life than the speaker.
14.
A. The training of bees.
B. The behavior of bees.
C. Testing the awareness of bees.
D. Navigational techniques of bees.
15.
A. To make people believe his description of the beehive.
B. To introduce Karl's observation on bee behavior.
C. To contrast his theories with those of Karl von Frisch.
D. To support the argument that bees use sunlight to navigate.
16.
A. Bees are considered by their trainers to be very dumb.
B. Bees are unable to navigate 100 feet beyond their hive.
C. Experimenting on bees is too dangerous to be successful.
D. Bees are able to perform limited reasoning tasks.
17.
A. 6.
B. 19.
C. 20.
D. 30
18.
A. Less than 400 feet.
B. Less than 1200 feet.
C. Less than 1500 feet.
D. Less than 2000 feet.
19.
A. A brief cooling of relations between the United States and Italy.
B. The closing of United States military bases in Italy.
C. A conflict between the United States and Italy.
D. A revision of Italian laws about the minimum flight altitude.
20.
A. He ordered to relieve the pilot responsible for the accident.
B. He supported the public sentiment against the United States.
C. He urged the United States to issue a formal apology to the Italian government.
D. He called on the United States to turn over the pilot to the Italian government.
SECTION II READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)
Directions:
There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage:
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.
Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
21. The best title for this selection is ______.
A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime.
B. Approaches to Just Punishment.
C. Improvement in Legal Justice.
D. Attaining Justice in the Courts.
22. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the ______.
A. type of crime that was proven
B. severity of the punishment
C. reason for the sentence
D. outcome of the trial
23. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be ______.
A. forced labor
B. imprisonment
C. fair sentence
D. the electric chair
24. The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth" was presented in order to ______.
A. show that man has long been interested in justice
B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law
C. give moral backing to retributive justice
D. prove that equality demands just punishment
Passage Two
Questions 25 to 28 are based on the following passage:
Fortunately there are still a few tasty things for us gourmands to enjoy in relative security. Their numbers, however, are depleted almost daily, it seems, by ruthless proclamations from the ever-vigilant Food and Drug Administration and its allies, our doctors. The latest felon to face prosecution is the salt of life, sodium chloride.
Ostensibly, overuse of salt causes high blood pressure and hypertension, the cause of half the deaths in the United States every year. A few years ago the anti-salt campaigners raised such a rumpus that salt was banned from baby food. Currently pressure is being applied to food manufacturers to oblige them to label their products to show sodium content. Because doing so would cost mercenary manufacturers money, they argue that they have no idea how much salt remains on such things as potato chips and how much sticks to the bag. Furthermore, salt isn't the only harmful ingredient in food. If the manufacturer has to provide sodium content, why not require him to list every ingredient and specify which are detrimental to our health? Cigarettes have a warning printed on them. Shouldn't the same type of warning appear on canned foods that are notoriously oversalted?
There are endless ifs and buts in the controversy, but the most telling of these is the questionable proof of salt's diabolic effect upon the blood pressure. True, people who cut their salt intake lowered their blood pressure, but where is the scientific proof that something other than salt didn't do the trick? The most common means of providing dubious proof that salt causes hypertension is to compare societies that use little salt with those that use mountains of salt in their daily diets. Which group has the higher rate of hypertension? Whose blood pressure is lower? What happens when salt is introduced into a group where salt is a novelty? Does the blood pressure rise significantly? Studies of the Japanese indicate that as the world's greatest salters, they suffer the most from hypertension. On the other hand, the simple, salt-free cuisine of several tribes in the Solomon Islands has kept older tribesmen and women from developing hypertension and high blood pressure, ailments traditionally killing their peers in America. No account is taken of the effects of inflation, recession, pollution, crime, and sundry other ills to which Americans, unlike people on primitive islands, are exposed.
To salt or not to salt? That is the question. Now that the question has arisen, it must not be treated with levity but, rather, with searching scientific investigation so that those of us who are preoccupied with both savory food and longevity may decide which of the two is worth its salt.
25. The attitude of the author of this passage toward the salt controversy is that ______.
A. we must stop eating salt immediately
B. he is not convinced that salt is harmful
C. the Food and Drug Administration works well with doctors
D. soon there won't be anything tasty left to eat
26. The author's approach to the topic is ______.
A. angry
B. sympathetic
C. scientific
D. humorous
27. Food manufacturers don't want to label packages with sodium content because ______.
A. they disagree with the FDA
B. salt doesn't stick to potato chips
C. they would have to spend more money
D. it isn't important to single out salt
28. The author suggests that Americans suffer from hypertension as a result of ______.
A. emotional stress
B. too much salt
C. salt-free cuisine
D. ailments
Passage Three
Questions 29 to 32 are based on the following passage:
Every profession, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.
Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their old strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild. The lawyer, the physician, the scientist, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it—as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.
29. The author's main purpose in the passage is to ______.
A. propose a solution
B. argue against a belief
C. describe a phenomenon
D. provide entertainment
30. According to the author, which of the following special vocabularies is understood by more people?
A. Medical vocabulary.
B. Legal vocabulary.
C. Political vocabulary.
D. Agricultural vocabulary.
31. When the author refers to professions as no longer being "closed guilds", he means that ______.
A. it is much easier to become a professional today than it was in the past
B. there is more social interaction between professionals and others
C. popular science has told their secrets to the world
D. anyone can now understand anything in a profession.
32. It seems that the passage implies ______.
A. the words of the English language are always changing
B. one can never be sure of what a word means without consulting an expert
C. like English, all languages are becoming more and more technical.
D. technical terms in most non-scientific fields have little chance of becoming part of the main body of the language.
Passage Four
Questions 33 to 36 are based on the following passage:
It is curious to note how slowly the mechanism of the intellectual life improves. Contrast the ordinary library facilities of a middle-class English home, such as the present writer is now working in, with the inconveniences and deficiencies of the equipment of an Alexandrian writer, and one realizes the enormous waste of time, physical exertion, and attention that went on through all the centuries during which that library flourished. Before the present writer lies half a dozen books, and there are good indices to three of them. He can pick up any one of these six books, refer quickly to a statement, verify a quotation, and go on writing. Contrast with that the tedious unfolding of a rolled manuscript. Close at hand are two encyclopedias, a dictionary, an atlas of the world, a biographical dictionary, and other books of reference. They have no marginal indices, it is true; but that, perhaps, is asking too much at present. There were no such resources in the world in 300 B.C. Alexandria had still to produce the first grammar and the first dictionary. This present book is being written in manuscript; it is then taken by a typist and typewritten very accurately. It can then, with the utmost convenience, be read over, corrected amply, rearranged freely, retyped, and recorrected. The Alexandrian author had to dictate or recopy every word he wrote. Before he could turn back to what he had written previously, he had to dry his last words by waving them in the air or pouring sand over them; he had not even blotting-paper. Whatever an author wrote had to be recopied again and again before it could reach any considerable circle of readers, and every copyist introduced some new error. New books were dictated to a roomful of copyists, and so issued in a first edition of some hundreds at least. In Rome, Horace and Virgil seem to have been issued in quite considerable editions. Whenever a need for maps or diagrams arose, there were fresh difficulties. Such a science as anatomy, for example, depending as it does upon accurate drawing, must have been enormously hampered by the natural limitations of the copyist. The transmission of geographical fact again must have been almost incredibly tedious. No doubt a day will come when a private library and writing desk of the year A.D.1925 will seem quaintly clumsy and difficult; but, measured by the standards of Alexandria, they are astonishingly quick, efficient, and economical of nervous and mental energy.
33. The best title for this passage might be ______.
A. The Difficulties of Alexandrian Writers.
B. The Advance of Writing and Publishing Since Alexandrian Times.
C. The Advantages of Present Day (1925 A.D.) Writers.
D. The Inadequacies of Ancient and Modern Times.
34. According to this passage, books written in Alexandria were ______.
A. each produced one at a time
B. necessarily produced by dictation
C. severely limited in output because of technical difficulties
D. blotted as each page was written
35. In writing about his subject, the writer apparently ______.
A. wants to share his interests in his discoveries about the intellectual life with his readers
B. rejoices over the difficulties of ancient writers
C. is a practical historian who sticks to established facts
D. is impatient with the improvements that have been made in a writer's tools
36. In developing his case about writing, past and present, the author makes use primarily of ______.
A. analogy
B. comparison
C. deductive reasoning
D. contrast
Passage Five
Questions 37 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine's "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simpleminded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simplemindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.
Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians' literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists' theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed?—is thereby ignored.
37. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which of the following?
A. Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.
B. Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.
C. Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.
D. Provide one definition of intelligence.
38. According to the passage, scientists are skeptical toward their equations because ______.
A. scientists work to explain real rather than theoretical situations
B. scientists are unable to express their data in terms of multiple variables
C. scientists are unwilling to relax the axioms they have developed
D. scientists are unable to accept mathematical explanations of natural phenomena
39. What does the author think of the approach of physicists to solving scientific problems?
A. It is harmful to scientific progress.
B. It is unimportant in most situations.
C. It is effective, but rarely recognized as such.
D. It is practical for scientific purposes.
40. For which of the following reasons do mathematicians present a danger to scientists, according to the passage?
A. Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.
B. Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.
C. Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts.
D. Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.
SECTION III VOCABULARY (10 points)
Directions:
In this section, there are twenty sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
41. Although the Arab cutbacks represented a loss of less than 7 percent in world supply, they created panic on the part of oil companies, consumers, oil traders, and some governments.
A. fright
B. deficit
C. strain
D. misfortune
42. Optimism is contagious, and one good way to develop a winner's attitude is to work for someone who has it.
A. inherent
B. beneficial
C. infectious
D. essential
43. Some cells, such as epithelia, proliferate more rapidly when the body is asleep than when it is awake.
A. cluster
B. multiply
C. convert
D. subsist
44. To his supporters' dismay, Mr. White became rather haughty after he won the election.
A. sarcastic
B. brutal
C. lofty
D. arrogant
45. A group of American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty sprang up in protest against the Stamp Act of 1765.
A. announced
B. emerged
C. demonstrated
D. departed
46. Those who have never suffered impairment of sight and hearing seldom make the fullest use of their blessed faculties. Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sounds hazily.
A. lazily
B. indifferently
C. obscurely
D. hastily
47. When the will and conscience of the international community is defied, we will act—with peaceful diplomacy whenever possible, with force when necessary.
A. despised
B. encroached
C. assaulted
D. deplored
48. Culture shock explains much of the bewilderment, frustration, and disorientation that plagues people in their dealings with other societies.
A. perplexity
B. imposition
C. hazard
D. upheaval
49. One of the most common techniques is to add alloying elements that inhibit the corrosion.
A. repulse
B. retain
C. relieve
D. restrain
50. The young man was greatly taken aback by the news that the police intended to prosecute him.
A. astonished
B. disturbed
C. stumbled
D. baffled
51. The focus of first aid should be to prevent the venom from spreading rapidly through the individual's bloodstream.
A. cell
B. tumor
C. poison
D. tissue
52. Under the benevolent policies of the early Qing rulers, the population grew from 100 million in 1644 to 430 million in 1850.
A. judicious
B. humane
C. sovereign
D. arbitrary
53. Strict regulations of commercial banking have caused some bankers to devote considerable resources to circumventing government controls.
A. executing
B. condemning
C. resisting
D. evading
54. At his second inaugural on March 3, 1865, Lincoln's closing lines are among the most eloquent in the English language: "With malice toward none, with charity for all; …".
A. contempt
B. hostility
C. compassion
D. jealousy
55. The Gilgamesh Epic, the most popular, dramatic, and creative Babylonian literary work, centers on a vain and pathetic quest for eternal life.
A. pitiable
B. persistent
C. pointless
D. pretentious
56. During the 1976 campaign, Carter had promised to slash drastically the number of agencies in the federal bureaucracy, which he called "the worst, most confused, bloated, overlapping, and wasteful" in history.
A. cut away
B. cut off
C. cut back
D. cut out
57. In 1978 Congress passed the Civil Service Reform Act, which established the Senior Executive Service to provide presidents with greater discretion in reassigning top officials to various departments and agencies.
A. privilege
B. penetration
C. perception
D. prudence
58. Shortly after 1360, armies of the Ottoman Empire began to ravage the Maritsa Valley and by 1396 they controlled all of Bulgaria.
A. plunder
B. dominate
C. renovate
D. subdue
59. In 1986 the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that sexual harassment of an employee violates the civil rights law.
A. conclusively
B. concertedly
C. concretely
D. compulsorily
60. Of the two classes of nontectonic earthquake, those of volcanic origin are seldom very large or destructive. They are of interest chiefly because they often herald impending volcanic eruptions.
A. initiate
B. transform
C. signal
D. diminish
SECTION IV ERROR IDENTIFICATION (10 points)
Directions:
In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C and D. Identify which of the four parts is incorrectly used and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a line through the center.
61. In places where rates of natural population increase exceed three per cent [A: annually]—meaning much of the Third World—[B: that alone] is enough to double [C: a city population] within 20 years. [原文模糊：A、B、C、D 划线位置分别为 annually / that alone / a city population，第四处划线对应位置原文模糊。]
62. It is true that never in human history [A: so many people were] so often and so much [B: exposed to] so many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes [C: other than] those [D: which] they obtain in their own local societies.
63. If a number of observations [A: have been found] to [B: conform with] a law, it is highly possible that [C: the next one] will do so [D: whether] the law is true or not.
64. It is the system of data-based explanation [A: that] distinguishes science from dogma. Scientists have both the right and responsibility to decide [B: for themselves], on the basis of the evidence [C: at hand], the best explanation of [D: a set of phenomenon].
65. Much contemporary growth theory can [A: be viewed as] an attempt to develop a theoretical model that would bring the rate of growth of demand and of supply [B: into line], since a model [C: implies] that capitalist systems are inherently unstable [D: would not correspond to] the historical facts.
66. It is [A: quite probable] that every law of Nature [B: so far stated] has been stated incorrectly. [C: Nevertheless], these inaccurately stated laws are [D: immense value].
67. Services are inseparable [A: with] their production because they are typically produced and consumed simultaneously. This is not [B: true of] physical products, [C: which] are often consumed [D: long after] the product has been manufactured, distributed and placed in a retail store.
68. Hundreds of studies have examined television's influence on [A: a wide spectrum of] attitudes and behaviors of the [B: viewing population], with many of them [C: focusing on] the effects of the medium on aggression and other forms of deviant behavior, [D: many of them] could be classified as "delinquent".
69. How many people will actually form opinions on a given issue, [A: as well as] what sort of opinions [B: will they form], depends partly on their own [C: preexisting knowledge], attitudes and values, and partly on the personal situations [D: in which] they find themselves.
70. It has been suggested that sexual reproduction became [A: the dominant type of reproduction] [B: among organisms] because of [C: their inherent advantage] of variability, which is the mechanism that enables [D: a species] to adjust to changing conditions.
PAPER TWO
SECTION V WORD FORMATION (5 points)
Directions:
Form a word from the word given at the end of each sentence. Write the word you have formed in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.
71. The United States Information Agency is planning a radio-TV series with texts and study guides ______ to young adults. (appeal)
72. Most technical professionals want to work on problems that are critical to the success of the firm. They want to know what the firm's ______ are and be given an opportunity to contribute to those goals. (prior)
73. Patients with explosive personality disorder have a tendency to sudden emotional rages that result in their physically assaulting others or ______ attempting to commit suicide. (impulse)
74. The Process of Westernization, modernization, and development that had come to ______ southwest Asia since the end of World War II met with major reversals in some parts of region in later years. (character)
75. By 1727 no fewer than 14 types of submarines had been patented in England alone. In 1747 an ______ inventor proposed an ingenious method of submerging and returning to the surface. (identify)
SECTION VI TRANSLATION (10 points)
Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
Water pollution involves the release into lakes, rivers, and oceans of substances that become dissolved or suspended in the water or deposited upon the bottom and accumulate to the extent that they interfere with the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. It may also include the release of energy in the form of radioactivity or heat, as in the case of thermal pollution. Any body of water has the capacity to absorb, break down, or recycle introduced materials. Under normal circumstances, inorganic substances are widely dispersed and have little or no effect on life within the bodies of water into which they are released; organic materials are broken down by bacteria or other organisms and converted into a form in which they are useful to aquatic life. But, if the capacity of water to dissolve, disperse, or recycle is exceeded, all additional substances or forms of energy become pollutants.
SECTION VII WRITING (15 points)
Directions:
Write a 200-250 composition to present your views on the issue below, using relevant reasons and examples to support your views.
"It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free."