Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
In terms of the evolution of life on Earth, human beings have just arrived.
(1)_ their short time on Earth, however, people have brought about enormous changes to the surfaces of the planet--changes far out of
(2)_ to the interval of time they have
(3)_ it.
...
- [A] For [B] Despite [C] In [D] Owing to
- [A] control [B] step [C] date [D] proportion
- 语境分析：前句指出 “从地球生命进化的角度来看，人类才刚刚出现”，后句以 “however” 转折，强调 “人类在地球上的时间很短，却给地球表面带来了巨大变化”。前后句存在 “时间短” 与 “变化大” 的转折关系，需选择表转折的介词。
- 选项辨析：
- A. For：表 “因为、为了”，用于引出原因或目的，不符合前后转折逻辑，排除；
- B. Despite：表 “尽管、不管”，后接名词或名词短语，可体现 “尽管时间短，却产生巨大变化” 的转折关系，符合语境；
- C. In：表 “在…… 之内”，如 “In their short time” 仅强调 “在短时间内”，无法体现转折，排除；
- D. Owing to：表 “由于”，用于引出原因，与后句 “however” 引导的转折逻辑矛盾，排除。
- 考点延伸：博士英语完形填空常考查逻辑连接词的使用，需重点关注 “转折（despite/though/however）、因果（because/owing to/therefore）、让步（although/even if）” 等逻辑关系，解题时需先判断前后句逻辑，再匹配选项。
- 语境分析：此处需表达 “人类带来的变化与其在地球上占据的时间跨度极不成比例”，核心是 “变化规模” 与 “时间长度” 的比例关系。
- 选项辨析：
- A. control：构成 “out of control”（失控），代入句中 “变化远失控于时间”，语义不通，排除；
- B. step：构成 “out of step”（不合拍、不协调），多形容人与事物的节奏、步调不一致，不用于 “变化与时间” 的比例关系，排除；
- C. date：构成 “out of date”（过时的），为形容词短语，无法与 “far out of...” 搭配表 “比例”，排除；
- D. proportion：构成 “out of proportion”（不成比例），符合 “变化规模远超时间跨度应有的比例” 的语义，为正确答案。
- 考点延伸：本题考查固定搭配与语义匹配，博士英语中 “out of + 名词” 的固定短语（如 out of proportion/out of control/out of reach）是高频考点，需熟记短语含义及适用场景，同时结合上下文判断语义逻辑是否通顺。
Text 1
People who let their dogs sleep with them or allow them to lick their faces are no more likely than other dog owners to have the same strains of E. coli bacteria as their dogs, a Kansas State University veterinarian reports.
Dr. Kate Stenske, a clinical assistant professor at the university’s College of Veterinary Medicine, said it’s known that diseases can be shared between dogs and people and that about 75 percent of emerging diseases are transferrable between humans and other animals.
...
21. What can we infer from the first paragraph?
[A] Close human-dog bonding behaviors aren’t more likely to spread germs.
[B] Dog owners should not let their dogs lick their faces or sleep with them.
[C] It is not hygienic to let dogs sleep with you or lick your face.
[D] The E. coli bacteria are spread from dogs to their masters.
第 21 题：答案 A（Close human-dog bonding behaviors aren’t more likely to spread germs.）
- 题干分析：题目要求从第一段 “推断”（infer）信息，需注意 “推断” 需基于原文内容，既不能直接摘抄原文，也不能脱离原文过度推测。
- 原文定位与分析：第一段核心句为 “People who let their dogs sleep with them or allow them to lick their faces are no more likely than other dog owners to have the same strains of E. coli bacteria as their dogs”，意为 “让狗同睡或舔脸的主人，与其他狗主人相比，并不更可能与狗携带相同菌株的大肠杆菌”。“let their dogs sleep with them or allow them to lick their faces” 属于 “亲密的人狗互动行为（close human-dog bonding behaviors）”，“no more likely to have the same strains of E. coli bacteria” 即 “不更可能传播病菌（spread germs）”。
- 选项辨析：
- A. 符合原文核心逻辑，“亲密人狗互动行为并不更可能传播病菌”，是对第一段内容的合理推断，正确；
- B. 原文未提及 “不应该（should not）让狗同睡或舔脸”，仅客观说明 “不更可能传播病菌”，无建议性表述，排除；
- C. 与原文语义相反，原文明确 “此类行为不更可能传播病菌”，并非 “不卫生（not hygienic）”，排除；
- D. 原文未提及 “大肠杆菌从狗传播给主人（spread from dogs to their masters）”，仅讨论 “主人与狗是否携带相同菌株”，无传播方向的表述，排除。
- 考点延伸：博士英语阅读理解 “推断题” 需遵循 “原文为依据、适度推断” 原则，避免 “过度推测（如 B 选项的‘should not’）”“语义相反（如 C 选项）”“无中生有（如 D 选项）”，解题时需先定位原文核心信息，再逐一匹配选项，验证是否符合 “推断” 逻辑。
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Will teleportation become a reality in time for General Relativity’s 100th birthday?
THE YEAR 2015 is the 100th anniversary of the publication of Albert Einstein’s first papers on relativity. (46) This revolutionary theory of physics changed our view of the Universe and opened up many possibilities, such as the use of atomic energy, which had never been dreamed of before.
...
第 46 题：翻译答案 ——“这一革命性的物理学理论改变了我们对宇宙的认知，并开启了诸多此前从未有人设想过的可能性，例如原子能的利用。”
- 句式分析：本句为复合句，主句为 “This revolutionary theory of physics changed...and opened up...”，包含 “changed” 和 “opened up” 两个并列谓语；“such as the use of atomic energy” 为同位语，举例说明 “possibilities”；“which had never been dreamed of before” 为定语从句，修饰 “many possibilities”。
- 重点词汇与短语处理：
- “revolutionary theory”：译为 “革命性的理论”，“revolutionary” 在此处强调 “对传统认知的突破”，符合相对论在物理学领域的历史意义；
- “changed our view of the Universe”：译为 “改变了我们对宇宙的认知”，“view” 此处指 “认知、看法”，比 “观点” 更贴合 “对宇宙的整体认识” 的语境；
- “opened up many possibilities”：译为 “开启了诸多可能性”，“open up” 有 “开拓、开创” 之意，体现理论对新领域的推动；
- “which had never been dreamed of before”：译为 “此前从未有人设想过的”，定语从句前置翻译，符合中文 “定语在前” 的表达习惯，避免语序混乱。
- 翻译技巧与考点延伸：博士英语翻译注重 “准确性、流畅性、专业性”，需注意：
- 复合句拆分：如本句将并列谓语、同位语、定语从句拆分，用 “并、例如” 等连接词衔接，使中文表达连贯；
- 专业术语准确：“atomic energy” 译为 “原子能”，而非 “核能”，符合物理学领域常用表述；
- 语境贴合：“never been dreamed of before” 强调 “理论提出前的未知状态”，译为 “从未有人设想过”，体现相对论的创新性。
Directions:
Carefully read the following passage and write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words. You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. Note that your score will be awarded mainly on the base of content, logic, style and language. (30%)
In the United Kingdom and many other European countries, many old buildings are well reserved and protected by historic trusts and international organizations such as UNESCO. In China, a number of public administrations however believe that old buildings stand in the way of progress.
Why is protection of old buildings important in China or not? An argumentative is expected to support your viewpoint.
In many European countries like the UK, old buildings are carefully preserved as cultural treasures. However, some Chinese public administrations view them as obstacles to progress. From my perspective, protecting old buildings is of great importance to China, as they are irreplaceable carriers of culture and can coexist with modern development.
Old buildings are living witnesses to China’s long history and unique culture. Unlike newly built structures, each old building—whether a traditional courtyard in Beijing or a ancient temple in Shanxi—embodies the architectural style, social customs, and even values of a specific era. For example, the Chengdu Kuanzhai Alley, a cluster of traditional Qing Dynasty buildings, not only retains the “lane culture” of old Chengdu but also becomes a cultural landmark attracting global tourists. If these buildings are demolished, China’s cultural memory will be fragmented, and future generations will lose the chance to connect with their roots.
Moreover, protecting old buildings does not conflict with progress; instead, it can promote sustainable development. Many Chinese cities have proved this: Shanghai renovated the Bund’s historic buildings into high-end restaurants and art galleries, blending modern functions with historical charm; Suzhou integrated ancient gardens into its urban planning, making “city within gardens” a unique feature. These cases show that old buildings can be “reborn” through scientific protection, adding cultural value to modern cities rather than hindering their development.
In conclusion, old buildings are not barriers to progress but precious assets of China. The government and the public should join hands to protect them, ensuring that China’s cultural heritage shines in the process of modernization.
- 内容与逻辑（符合博士写作要求）：
- 观点明确：开篇直接提出 “保护古建筑对中国至关重要，因其是不可替代的文化载体且可与现代发展共存”，立场清晰；
- 论证充分：从 “文化传承” 和 “与现代发展共存” 两个维度展开，每个维度均搭配具体案例（北京四合院、山西古寺、成都宽窄巷子、上海外滩、苏州园林），避免空泛论述，符合博士写作 “论据扎实、逻辑严谨” 的要求；
- 结构完整：采用 “引言（提出观点）— 论证（分论点 + 案例）— 结论（总结升华）” 的经典议论文结构，层次分明，逻辑连贯。
- 语言与风格：
- 词汇准确且丰富：使用 “irreplaceable carriers（不可替代的载体）”“fragmented（碎片化的）”“sustainable development（可持续发展）”“blending...with...（融合）” 等词汇，体现学术性；
- 句式多样：结合简单句（“Old buildings are living witnesses...”）、复合句（“If these buildings are demolished, China’s cultural memory will be fragmented...”）、倒装句（“Not only retains the ‘lane culture’...but also becomes...”），避免句式单一，符合博士英语写作 “语言多样性” 的评分标准；
- 风格正式：无口语化表达，整体语气客观、严谨，符合议论文的学术风格。
- 考点延伸：博士英语写作注重 “观点深度、论证力度、语言规范性”，备考时需：
- 积累跨领域案例：如文化、经济、社会等领域的典型案例，增强论证说服力；
- 训练逻辑衔接：使用 “however”“moreover”“for example”“in conclusion” 等连接词，确保段落间、句子间过渡自然；
- 关注中国语境：本题需结合中国实际（如国内古建筑保护现状、典型城市案例），避免脱离 “中国背景” 泛泛而谈，体现对本土问题的思考深度。
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