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To its member nations, the EU's plan means
A. a fierce competition
B. an ideal goal
C. a good opportunity
D. a difficult task
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According to the EU's ETS, big polluters
A. shall be given no permits until 2011
B. have to pay for their existence
C. will be allowed a fixed amount of emissions
D. can benefit if they chose to be inside the EU
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答案:D
- 解题思路:首先定位原文关键信息,第一段提到 “A mammoth climate-change plan spells out in detail how much pain each of its 27 members will have to bear”(一项庞大的气候变化计划详细说明了其 27 个成员国 each 需承受多大的 “痛苦”),第二段指出 “The new plan turns these goals into national targets. This will surely start much rumbling and months of horse-trading”(新计划将这些目标转化为国家目标,这无疑会引发诸多争议和长达数月的讨价还价)。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “a fierce competition”(激烈竞争):原文未提及成员国之间因该计划产生 “竞争”,仅提到讨价还价(horse-trading),属于无中生有,排除。
- B 选项 “an ideal goal”(理想目标):原文强调计划实施需成员国承受 “痛苦”,且过程充满争议,并非 “理想” 状态,排除。
- C 选项 “a good opportunity”(良好机会):文中未提及计划能为成员国带来 “机会”,反而突出实施难度,排除。
- D 选项 “a difficult task”(艰巨任务):“pain”“rumbling”“horse-trading” 等词汇均体现计划对成员国而言难度大、需克服困难,与 “difficult task” 高度契合,当选。
- 知识扩展:欧盟气候变化计划的核心目标是 2020 年温室气体减排 20%、可再生能源占比 20%、交通领域生物燃料占比 10%(“20-20-20” 目标),这类跨国家政策实施需平衡各国经济实力、资源禀赋差异,因此常面临执行阻力,体现国际政策协调的复杂性。
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答案:C
- 解题思路:定位原文第五段对 ETS(排放交易体系)的描述:“This obliges big polluters... to trade permits that allow them to emit CO2 and other climate-change nasties, within a steadily tightening overall cap”(该体系要求大型污染企业交易排放许可,在逐步收紧的总限额内排放二氧化碳及其他致气候变化的有害气体)。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “shall be given no permits until 2011”(2011 年前不发放许可):原文仅提到 “if countries such as the US do not sign binding international agreements by 2011, then the heaviest greenhouse-gas emitters inside the EU may be given these allowances free”(若美国等国 2011 年前不签署有约束力的国际协议,欧盟内部最大污染者或获免费许可),并非 “2011 年前不发放许可”,表述错误,排除。
- B 选项 “have to pay for their existence”(需为自身存在付费):ETS 要求企业为 “超额排放” 付费(购买许可),而非为 “存在” 付费,过度解读,排除。
- C 选项 “will be allowed a fixed amount of emissions”(被允许固定排放量):“within a steadily tightening overall cap”(总限额内)及 “trade permits”(交易许可)均表明企业排放需遵循固定额度(许可对应排放量),符合原文,当选。
- D 选项 “can benefit if they chose to be inside the EU”(选择留在欧盟内可获益):原文未提及 “留在欧盟” 与 “获益” 的关联,仅讨论欧盟内部企业的排放规则,排除。
- 知识扩展:ETS 是欧盟应对气候变化的核心政策工具,通过 “总量控制 - 交易” 机制将环境成本内部化,推动企业减排。其 “总限额收紧” 设计体现长期减排目标,而许可交易机制则为企业提供灵活减排路径,兼顾环保与经济效率。
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What has caused the chronic organ shortage?
A. A decrease in donation rates.
B. Inefficient governmental policy.
C. Illegal trade in human organs.
D. News media's indifference.
-
The author is most critical of
A. the media
B. doctors
C. U.S. Legislators
D. the British government
-
答案:B
- 解题思路:定位原文第二段首句 “Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society”(政府在尸体处理问题上犹豫不决,这对社会中最脆弱的群体造成了打击),以及第三段 “The Human Tissue Authority's position... is equally flawed. The new consent forms... are so lengthy... wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post-mortem has fallen quickly”(人体组织管理局的立场同样存在缺陷,新的知情同意书冗长、表述直白,导致亲属不愿签署,尸检数量骤降)。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “A decrease in donation rates”(捐赠率下降):捐赠率下降是 “器官短缺” 的结果而非原因,原文未提及捐赠率本身下降,排除。
- B 选项 “Inefficient governmental policy”(低效的政府政策):政府在尸体处理上的 “犹豫不决”、人体组织管理局的 “缺陷立场”、知情同意书设计不合理,均属于政府政策或管理层面的低效问题,直接导致器官来源减少(如尸检减少影响器官获取),是慢性器官短缺的根源,当选。
- C 选项 “Illegal trade in human organs”(人体器官非法交易):原文提到 “some on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ... something that is forbidden in the UK”(部分等待者赴国外购买器官),但这是器官短缺的 “结果”(人们为获取器官而寻求非法途径),而非 “原因”,排除。
- D 选项 “News media's indifference”(新闻媒体的冷漠):原文仅提到 BBC 节目让观众投票决定器官捐赠对象,但未指责媒体 “冷漠”,反而指出节目未提及 “解决器官短缺” 的核心问题,并非 “冷漠”,排除。
- 知识扩展:器官短缺是全球医疗难题,政策层面的优化(如简化捐赠流程、推广 “默认捐赠” 制度)是关键。例如,西班牙通过完善器官捐赠协调体系、提高公众认知,其器官捐赠率长期居全球首位,印证了高效政策对缓解器官短缺的重要性。
-
答案:C
- 解题思路:分析原文对各主体的态度:
- 对媒体(A 选项):提到 BBC 节目 “failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage”(未告知解决器官短缺可避免生死抉择),但仅为客观指出不足,无强烈批判。
- 对医生(B 选项):提到 “the forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them”(同意书冗长导致医生没时间填写),未指责医生,反而暗示医生是政策缺陷的受害者,排除。
- 对英国政府(D 选项):指出其在尸体处理、知情同意书设计上的问题,但也提到 “the British Government has refused the position of the United States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe”(英国拒绝美国立场,实行欧洲最自由的胚胎研究制度),态度有肯定有批评,并非 “最批判”。
- 对美国立法者(C 选项):原文提到 “The United States... refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potential ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos... Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of 'potential persons'. Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate”(美国拒绝为胚胎研究提供资金,参议员以 “尊重潜在人格尊严” 为由反对,而作者认为这一概念 “空洞无物”),“vacuous”(空洞的)一词体现强烈批判,且未提及对美国立法者的肯定,是最批判的对象,当选。
- 知识扩展:胚胎干细胞研究因涉及伦理争议(如胚胎是否具有 “人格”),在各国政策中差异显著。美国曾长期限制联邦资金用于胚胎干细胞研究,而英国、日本等国则相对开放,这种政策差异反映了不同国家对 “科学进步” 与 “伦理底线” 的平衡逻辑。
- A) Since B) Because C) When D) While
- A) in terms of B) in the course of C) in line with D) in relation to
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答案:D
- 解题思路:分析空格前后逻辑关系:前句 “Jokes rarely translate”(笑话很难翻译),后句 “there are many similarities... and there are important cross-cultural differences as well”(幽默在普遍维度上有很多相似之处,同时也存在重要的跨文化差异)。前后句存在 “转折让步” 关系 —— 尽管笑话难翻译,但幽默仍有相似性与差异性。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “Since”(因为 / 自从):表原因或时间,不符合前后句转折逻辑,排除。
- B 选项 “Because”(因为):表原因,前后句并非因果关系,排除。
- C 选项 “When”(当…… 时):表时间,与语境无关,排除。
- D 选项 “While”(尽管 / 然而):可表转折让步,“While there are many similarities...”(尽管存在诸多相似之处……),符合前后句逻辑,当选。
- 知识扩展:“While” 是英语中常用的转折连词,需注意其与 “but” 的区别:“While” 引导的从句多为对比或让步,语气较温和,且常置于句首;“but” 表直接转折,语气更强,不可与 “though/while” 同时使用。
-
答案:A
- 解题思路:空格后 “the universal dimensions of humor”(幽默的普遍维度)是对 “similarities”(相似之处)的具体限定 —— 即 “在幽默的普遍维度方面的相似之处”。需选择能体现 “在…… 方面 / 从…… 角度” 的短语。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “in terms of”(在…… 方面 / 从…… 角度):“similarities in terms of the universal dimensions of humor”(从幽默的普遍维度来看的相似之处),符合语境,当选。
- B 选项 “in the course of”(在…… 过程中):表时间或过程,如 “in the course of discussion”(在讨论过程中),与 “similarities” 和 “dimensions” 的搭配不符,排除。
- C 选项 “in line with”(与…… 一致):表一致性,如 “in line with the policy”(符合政策),无法修饰 “similarities”,排除。
- D 选项 “in relation to”(关于 / 涉及):侧重 “关联”,如 “issues in relation to health”(与健康相关的问题),不如 “in terms of” 精准体现 “在某一维度上的相似”,排除。
- 知识扩展:“in terms of” 是学术英语中常用的表达,用于对事物进行分类、限定或从特定角度描述,例如 “assess the project in terms of cost and efficiency”(从成本和效率角度评估项目),在考博英语完形填空及写作中高频出现,需重点掌握。
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All living languages_, and English seems to change more readily than some others.
A. evoke B. evacuate C. evolve D. evade
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The doctor promised that his medicine would_the pain in the stomach.
A. affirmed B. agitated C. alleviate D. allocate
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答案:C
- 解题思路:根据空格后 “English seems to change more readily”(英语似乎比其他一些语言变化更快),可推断前句核心语义为 “所有活的语言都在变化”,需选择与 “变化、发展” 相关的词汇。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “evoke”(唤起、引起):如 “evoke memories”(唤起记忆),与 “语言变化” 无关,排除。
- B 选项 “evacuate”(撤离、疏散):如 “evacuate the area”(疏散该区域),语义不符,排除。
- C 选项 “evolve”(进化、发展):“living languages evolve”(所有活的语言都在发展演变),与后句 “change” 呼应,符合语境,当选。
- D 选项 “evade”(逃避、回避):如 “evade responsibility”(逃避责任),语义不符,排除。
- 知识扩展:语言的 “evolution”(演变)是语言学核心概念,包括语音、词汇、语法等层面的变化。例如,英语从古英语(如 “Beowulf” 时期)到现代英语的演变,体现了词汇简化、语法规则规范化等趋势,而 “living languages”(活的语言)与 “dead languages”(死语言,如拉丁语)的核心区别即在于是否仍在动态演变。
-
答案:C
- 解题思路:空格后 “the pain in the stomach”(胃痛)表明语境为 “药物对疼痛的作用”,医生承诺药物应能 “缓解或减轻” 疼痛,需选择与 “减轻、缓解” 相关的词汇。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “affirmed”(确认、肯定):如 “affirm the truth”(确认事实),无法与 “pain” 搭配,排除。
- B 选项 “agitated”(使焦虑、搅动):如 “agitate the crowd”(煽动人群),与 “缓解疼痛” 语义相反,排除。
- C 选项 “alleviate”(减轻、缓解):“alleviate the pain”(缓解疼痛),是医疗语境中常用搭配,符合医生承诺的语义,当选。
- D 选项 “allocate”(分配、划拨):如 “allocate resources”(分配资源),与 “pain” 搭配不当,排除。
- 知识扩展:“alleviate” 在医疗、社会科学等领域高频出现,近义词包括 “relieve”(缓解,如 “relieve symptoms”)、“mitigate”(减轻,如 “mitigate risks”),需注意区分:“alleviate” 侧重 “减轻程度”,“relieve” 侧重 “暂时解除不适”,“mitigate” 侧重 “降低负面影响”,在考博英语阅读及写作中需根据语境精准使用。
The world is on the cusp of a staggering rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth and "secular stagnation", while the swelling ranks of pensioners will bust government budgets.
- 参考译文:世界正处于老年人口数量激增的关键节点,且老年人的寿命将比以往任何时候都长。未来 20 年,全球 65 岁及以上老年人口数量将几乎翻倍,从 6 亿增至 11 亿。20 世纪的经验表明,当时人口寿命的延长并未转化为更长的工作年限,反而意味着更长的退休时间 —— 这让许多观察人士认为,此次人口结构变化将导致经济增长放缓及 “长期停滞”,同时不断壮大的养老金领取者群体将使政府预算不堪重负。
- 解析:
- 词汇精准处理:
- “on the cusp of”:字面意为 “在…… 的尖端”,结合语境 “老年人口激增”,译为 “处于…… 的关键节点”,体现 “即将发生重大变化” 的含义,比直译 “在…… 的尖端” 更符合中文表达习惯。
- “staggering rise”:“staggering” 表示 “令人震惊的、巨大的”,“rise” 此处指 “数量增长”,译为 “激增”,简洁传达 “增长幅度大、速度快” 的语义,避免直译 “令人震惊的增长” 的冗余。
- “secular stagnation”:经济学专业术语,译为 “长期停滞”,指经济长期处于低增长、低通胀、低利率的状态,需保留术语准确性,不可随意意译。
- 句式逻辑优化:
- 原文 “when greater longevity translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work” 为定语从句,修饰 “the experience of the 20th century”,译文将其拆分为 “当时人口寿命的延长并未转化为更长的工作年限,反而意味着更长的退休时间”,用 “并未…… 反而……” 体现 “rather than” 的对比逻辑,同时补充 “人口” 作为 “longevity”(寿命)的定语,使语义更清晰(中文需明确主语,避免 “寿命延长” 的抽象表述)。
- 原文 “has persuaded many observers that...” 为复合句,译文调整为 “这让许多观察人士认为”,用 “这” 指代前文 20 世纪的经验,避免英文式的长主语(“The experience of the 20th century... has persuaded...”),符合中文 “短句多、逻辑显性” 的特点。
- 文化语境适配:
- “the swelling ranks of pensioners”:“ranks” 指 “群体、队伍”,“swelling” 表示 “不断扩大的”,译为 “不断壮大的养老金领取者群体”,而非直译 “养老金领取者的膨胀队伍”,更符合中文对 “群体” 的表达习惯(如 “老年群体”“劳动者群体”),同时 “不堪重负” 对应 “bust”(使破产、使不堪重负),准确传达 “政府预算无法承担养老金支出” 的含义。
"Stay hungry, stay foolish" was quoted by Steve Jobs, the former CEO of APPLE, at commencement address at Stanford University. Write an essay with 300 words to present your understanding of the statement.
When Steve Jobs delivered his famous "Stay hungry, stay foolish" at Stanford’s commencement, he offered not just a piece of advice, but a philosophy for navigating life and innovation. To me, this statement encapsulates two core virtues: an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and a humble willingness to embrace "foolishness" in the face of convention.
"Stay hungry" is a call to remain curious and ambitious. In a world where complacency breeds stagnation, hunger drives us to explore the unknown. For example, Jobs himself embodied this: after founding Apple, he was ousted but never lost his hunger—he went on to create Pixar (revolutionizing animation) and NeXT (paving the way for Apple’s later comeback). This hunger is not greed for material gain, but a passion for growth: it pushes scholars to delve deeper into their fields, entrepreneurs to challenge market norms, and individuals to outgrow their past selves.
"Stay foolish," by contrast, is a rejection of blind conformity. "Foolishness" here is not ignorance, but the courage to question the "impossible." Think of how the Wright brothers were mocked for pursuing human flight—their "foolish" dream eventually redefined transportation. In academia, breakthroughs often come from those who dare to "foolishly" challenge established theories: Einstein’s relativity, for instance, defied Newtonian physics, yet it reshaped our understanding of the universe. To stay foolish is to remain open to mistakes, for it is through "foolish" attempts that we discover new paths.
In an era of rapid change, "Stay hungry, stay foolish" remains timeless. It reminds us that growth lies in curiosity, and innovation in humility. Whether we are students, researchers, or professionals, embracing this wisdom will keep us moving forward—never satisfied, never afraid to "foolishly" reach for more.
- 写作思路解析:
- 立意明确,结构清晰:
- 开篇点明 “Stay hungry, stay foolish” 的出处(乔布斯斯坦福演讲)及核心内涵(对知识的渴望 + 对传统的突破),避免泛泛而谈,迅速抓住读者注意力。
- 主体分两段,分别解析 “Stay hungry” 和 “Stay foolish”:每段先定义语义(如 “Stay hungry” 是 “对知识的渴望”,“Stay foolish” 是 “突破常规的勇气”),再结合案例(乔布斯创立皮克斯、莱特兄弟发明飞机、爱因斯坦提出相对论)论证,案例涵盖商业、科技、学术领域,体现普适性,符合考博作文 “论点 + 论据 + 论证” 的严谨要求。
- 结尾升华主题,联系 “快速变化的时代”,强调该理念对学生、研究者、从业者的启示,呼应开篇,形成 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构,逻辑完整。
- 语言学术化,符合博士水平:
- 使用 “encapsulates”(概括)、“unquenchable thirst”(无法满足的渴望)、“blind conformity”(盲目从众)、“breakthroughs”(突破)等学术及书面词汇,避免口语化表达(如不用 “want” 而用 “thirst for”,不用 “think” 而用 “embrace”“defy”)。
- 句式多样,包含定语从句(“When Steve Jobs delivered... which offered...”)、举例论证(“For example...”“Think of...”)、对比逻辑(“by contrast”),体现语法复杂度,符合考博英语写作对 “语言多样性” 的要求。
- 案例典型,论证有力:
- 选择乔布斯(与引言出处相关,增强关联性)、莱特兄弟(科技突破的经典案例)、爱因斯坦(学术创新的代表),案例具有权威性和代表性,避免使用小众或不恰当的例子(如不使用娱乐明星案例,符合博士作文 “严谨、深刻” 的风格)。
- 每个案例均紧扣分论点:乔布斯案例证明 “hunger” 推动成长,莱特兄弟和爱因斯坦案例证明 “foolishness” 促进创新,案例与论点高度契合,无脱节。