Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.
In most countries,the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined. The existing framework 1 to physical assault and care of the dead has no 2 for organ transplantation. It is 3 to get the permission of the relatives, 4 because organ 5 must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives 6 time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to 7 in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An 8 is to provide by law that permission is 9 unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. It is, of course, important that there 10 public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not 11 normal resuscitative efforts of the 12 donor.
- A) relating B) associated C) associating D) related
- A) description B) provision C) rule D) statement
- A) impossible B) vital C) ritual D) customary
- A) and B) or C) but D) then
- A) replacement B) transplantation C) removal D) burial
- 语法与搭配解析
句意为 “现有涉及人身伤害与死者照管的法律框架，未对器官移植作出规定”。空格后接介词 “to”，“relating to” 为固定搭配，意为 “涉及、与…… 相关”，符合语境；“related” 需与 “with” 搭配（be related with），故排除 D；“associated” 常与 “with” 搭配（be associated with），且需被动语态，排除 B、C。
- 考点延伸：考博英语完形填空中，“介词 + 名词” 的固定搭配是高频考点，需重点记忆 “relate to”“associate with”“connect with” 等短语的用法差异，避免因搭配错误失分。
- 语义辨析解析
句中 “has no ___ for organ transplantation” 意为 “未对器官移植作出___”。“provision” 在此处指 “法律条款、规定”，符合 “法律框架对特定领域的界定” 语境；“description”（描述）、“rule”（规则，侧重日常规范）、“statement”（陈述）均无法体现 “法律层面的明确条款”，故排除 A、C、D。
- 考点延伸：涉及法律、学术类文本时，需优先选择精准的专业词汇（如 provision、regulation、clause），体现博士研究生的语言学术性。
- 语境逻辑解析
句意为 “获取亲属许可通常是惯例，但由于器官获取必须在死亡后立即进行，可能无法及时联系到亲属”。“customary” 意为 “惯例性的、通常的”，符合 “器官移植中常规流程” 的语境；“impossible”（不可能）与后文 “可能无法联系” 矛盾，“vital”（至关重要的）未体现 “常规性”，“ritual”（仪式性的）语义过重，故排除 A、B、C。
- 考点延伸：完形填空需关注上下文逻辑转折（如本题 “but”），通过逻辑关系判断空格处的语义倾向，避免孤立选择。
- 逻辑关系解析
前半句 “获取亲属许可是惯例” 与后半句 “可能无法及时联系亲属” 存在转折关系，“but” 表转折，符合逻辑；“and”（并列）、“or”（选择）、“then”（顺承）均无法体现前后文的矛盾对立，故排除 A、B、D。
- 考点延伸：逻辑连接词（but、however、therefore、thus）是完形填空的核心考点，需通过上下文语义对比、因果、顺承等关系精准判断。
- 语义与专业语境解析
句中 “organ ___ must take place immediately after death” 意为 “器官___必须在死亡后立即进行”。“removal” 在此处指 “器官摘取”，是器官移植的前置关键步骤，符合医学语境；“replacement”（替换）、“transplantation”（移植）均发生在器官摘取之后，“burial”（埋葬）与语境无关，故排除 A、B、D。
- 考点延伸：考博英语常涉及医学、科技等专业语境，需积累领域内基础词汇（如 removal、transplantation、resuscitative），提升专业文本的理解能力。
Up to this point there has been solid evidence that certain pathological mental states, like depression, are linked with a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular death, but the relationship between normal personality traits like optimism and health have not been as thoroughly studied. Dr. Giltay carefully controlled the baseline risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking and alcohol consumption in his study. Even after controlling for these confounding variables, there was still a significant excess of mortality in the pessimists compared with the optimists. And when he factored in the subjects' own perception of their health-optimists, not surprisingly, report feeling better-pessimists still had higher morbidity and mortality.
What about the possibility that some of the pessimistic subjects were simply suffering from undiagnosed depression? After all, depression is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Dr. Giltay conceded that the subjects were not psychiatrically screened for depression or any other mental disorder, so this is a possibility. But he said depression was unlikely to explain the correlation between pessimism and mortality. Perhaps, but we know that depression exists, too, on a spectrum. Mild chronic depressive states like dysthymia could easily masquerade as everyday pessimism, so this study cannot rule out mild depression as a contributor to excess mortality in the pessimistic subjects. Still, assuming that these findings are replicated and optimism does indeed confer a survival advantage, how mechanism could explain it?
Questions:
21. We can convincingly infer from the first paragraph that
A) normal personality guarantees good health
B) pessimism constitutes a fatal threat for health
C) the relationship between pessimism and death is being investigated
D) pessimism results in mortality
-
Comparing pessimists with optimists, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) Optimists have better perception of their future.
B) Pessimists have higher morbidity.
C) Optimists are less likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease.
D) Optimists enjoy longer lives than pessimists.
-
The optimism-enhancing treatments can
A) help develop normal personality
B) help decrease heart disease
C) help enhance the life span
D) help cure the clinical depression
- 解题思路
- 定位原文：第一段首句提到 “normal personality traits like optimism and health have not been as thoroughly studied”，且 Dr. Giltay 的研究对比了悲观者与乐观者的死亡率，说明 “悲观主义与死亡的关系仍在研究中”，与选项 C 一致。
- 排除干扰：A（正常性格保证健康）中 “guarantees” 过于绝对，原文仅提及 “关联” 而非 “保证”；B（悲观主义是致命威胁）中 “fatal threat” 未被原文证实，原文仅说 “死亡率更高”；D（悲观主义导致死亡）中 “results in” 存在因果误判，原文仅体现 “相关性” 而非 “因果性”。
- 考点延伸：阅读理解推理题需避免 “绝对化表述”（如 guarantees、results in）和 “因果混淆”，优先选择表述严谨、符合原文逻辑的选项。
- 解题思路
- 定位原文：第一段末句提到 “optimists... report feeling better”（乐观者自我报告健康状况更好），但未提及 “对未来的认知（perception of their future）”，选项 A 属于无中生有；
- 验证其他选项：B（悲观者发病率更高）、C（乐观者心血管疾病风险更低）、D（乐观者寿命更长）均能从第一段 “pessimists still had higher morbidity and mortality”“depression... higher risk of cardiovascular death” 等内容中推导，故排除 B、C、D。
- 考点延伸：“NOT true” 类题目需逐一核对选项与原文的对应关系，特别注意 “原文未提及”“偷换概念”（如本题 “health perception”→“future perception”）的干扰项。
- 解题思路
- 定位原文：第二段末句提到 “serotonin-enhancing antidepressants can alter normal personality traits like sociability, even in people without depression”，而 “optimism-enhancing treatments” 与 “antidepressants” 存在关联，可推断此类治疗能改善性格特征，与选项 A 一致；
- 排除干扰：B（减少心脏病）、C（延长寿命）在原文中未被证实，原文仅提及 “抑郁症与心脏病相关”，未说治疗乐观性能直接减少心脏病或延长寿命；D（治愈临床抑郁症）中 “cure” 过于绝对，原文仅说 “改善抑郁症状”，故排除 B、C、D。
- 考点延伸：涉及 “治疗效果” 的选项需注意 “程度限定”（如 cure vs improve），避免过度推断原文未明确的疗效。
A capsule hotel is a type of hotel in Japan with a large number of extremely small "rooms". The guest space is reduced in size to a modular plastic or fiberglass block roughly 2m by 1m by 1.25m, providing room to sleep. Facilities range in entertainment offerings (most include a television, an electronic console, and wireless internet connection). These capsules are stacked side by side and two units top to bottom, with steps providing access to the second level rooms. Luggage is stored in a locker, usually somewhere outside of the hotel. Washrooms are communal and most hotels include restaurants (or at least vending machines), pools, and other entertainment facilities. The benefit of these hotels is convenience and price, usually around $21-42 a night. Many capsules are used primarily by men. Others (especially on weekdays) are often too inebriated to safely travel to their homes, or too embarrassed to face their spouses when they are unemployed or underemployed.
胶囊酒店是日本的一种酒店类型，设有大量极小的 “客房”。客人的住宿空间被压缩成一个模块化的塑料或玻璃纤维舱体，尺寸约为 2 米 ×1 米 ×1.25 米，仅能容纳睡眠。娱乐设施种类各异（大多数配备电视、电子控制台和无线网络）。这些胶囊舱体并排堆叠，且上下两层排列，设有台阶供客人进入二层舱体。行李通常存放在酒店外某处的储物柜中。卫生间为公共设施，大多数胶囊酒店还设有餐厅（或至少配备自动售货机）、泳池及其他娱乐设施。这类酒店的优势在于便利性与价格，每晚通常在 21 至 42 美元之间。多数胶囊舱主要供男性使用。另有一些客人（尤其在工作日）往往因醉酒无法安全回家，或因失业、就业不足而羞于面对配偶。
- 专业术语与文化概念处理
- “capsule hotel” 译为 “胶囊酒店”，保留文化特色且符合中文通用译法；“modular plastic or fiberglass block” 译为 “模块化的塑料或玻璃纤维舱体”，“舱体” 比 “舱室” 更精准体现 “极小空间” 的特征；
- “inebriated” 译为 “醉酒”，避免直译 “喝醉的” 的口语化，符合学术翻译的正式性；“underemployed” 译为 “就业不足”，准确对应 “未充分就业” 的经济学术语。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 长句拆分：原文 “The guest space is reduced... providing room to sleep” 拆分为两个短句，避免中文长句的晦涩；
- 逻辑补充：“with steps providing access to the second level rooms” 译为 “设有台阶供客人进入二层舱体”，补充 “供客人” 使语义完整；“usually somewhere outside of the hotel” 译为 “通常存放在酒店外某处的储物柜中”，调整语序符合中文 “地点 + 动作” 的表达习惯。
- 学术规范与细节精准
- 数字表述：“2m by 1m by 1.25m” 译为 “2 米 ×1 米 ×1.25 米”，符合中文度量单位规范；
- 括号内容处理：“(most include...)" 译为 “（大多数配备……）”，保留原文补充说明的逻辑，同时使用中文标点符号。
- 积累高频固定搭配（如 relate to、provision for、in time），整理《考博英语核心短语手册》，避免因搭配错误失分；
- 强化逻辑关系判断能力，通过真题练习识别 “转折、因果、顺承” 等逻辑连接词（but、therefore、and），形成 “上下文语义→逻辑关系→选项匹配” 的解题链条。
- 掌握 “关键词定位法”，通过题干中的名词、动词快速锁定原文对应段落，避免盲目通读；
- 针对推理题，总结 “绝对化表述（guarantee、cure）”“因果混淆”“无中生有” 等常见干扰项特征，提升选项辨析能力；
- 每周精读 1-2 篇医学、社会类学术文章（如《The Lancet》《The Economist》短文），适应考博英语的专业语境。
- 积累专业领域基础词汇（如医学、经济、社会类），避免因术语误译影响得分；
- 练习长句拆分技巧，将英文复杂句式转化为符合中文表达习惯的短句，同时保留原文逻辑；
- 对照真题参考译文，分析 “语义补充”“语序调整” 的技巧，提升译文的完整性与流畅度。
- 针对 “社会议题类” 写作（如住房、健康、环境），构建 “背景引入→利弊分析→个人观点” 的固定框架，减少考场构思时间；
- 积累现实案例与政策术语（如 affordable housing、migrant workers、public health），避免内容空洞；
- 每周仿写 1 篇真题作文，对照高分范文修正语言错误，优化逻辑衔接，形成个人写作风格。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸沈阳药科大学博士研究生。
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