Section A. Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.
- Three university departments have been ______ $600,000 to develop good practice in teaching and learning.
[A] promoted [B] included [C] secured [D] awarded
- British government often says that furnishing children with ______ to the information superhighway is a top priority.
[A] procedure [B] protection [C] allowance [D] access
- The financial problem of this company is further ______ by the rise in interest rates.
[A] increased [B] reinforced [C] strengthened [D] aggravated
- They believed that this was not the ______ of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning.
[A] maximum [B] pitch [C] summit [D] climax
- Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.
[A] enhance [B] curb [C] disrupt [D] heighten
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“awarded” 意为 “授予、给予（资金、奖项等）”，句意为 “三个大学院系获得 60 万美元资金，用于发展教与学的良好实践”，符合 “官方给予资金支持” 的语境；
- 干扰项排除
- A “promoted”（促进、晋升）侧重 “职位提升或事物发展”，与 “资金” 搭配不当；
- B “included”（包含）语义与 “获得资金” 无关；
- C “secured”（确保、获得）侧重 “通过努力获取”，而此处资金是官方授予，并非主动争取，语义偏差。
- 学术扩展：考博英语常考查 “官方资金 / 奖项授予” 类词汇，“award”“grant”“allocate” 为高频词，需区分 “award（授予奖项 / 资金）”“grant（批准给予补贴 / 拨款）”“allocate（分配资源）” 的用法差异。
- 固定搭配与语义逻辑
“access to” 为固定搭配，意为 “使用…… 的机会、进入…… 的权限”，句意为 “英国政府常表示，让儿童有机会使用信息高速公路是重中之重”，符合 “获取资源权限” 的语境；
- 干扰项排除
- A “procedure”（程序）、B “protection”（保护）、C “allowance”（津贴）均无法与 “to the information superhighway” 构成合理搭配，语义不符。
- 学术扩展：“access to” 是考博英语高频搭配，常见于 “access to education（受教育机会）”“access to resources（资源使用权）” 等学术表达，需重点记忆。
- 词汇辨析与语境逻辑
“aggravated” 意为 “加重、恶化”，侧重 “使原本糟糕的情况更严重”，句意为 “利率上升进一步加剧了该公司的财务问题”，符合 “财务问题雪上加霜” 的语境；
- 干扰项排除
- A “increased”（增加）侧重 “数量增长”，不强调 “情况恶化”；
- B “reinforced”（强化）、C “strengthened”（加强）均侧重 “使事物更稳固”，与 “财务问题” 搭配不当。
- 学术扩展：考博英语中 “问题恶化” 类词汇需区分 “aggravate（强调负面情况加剧）”“worsen（通用型 “恶化”）”“exacerbate（正式用语，强调严重恶化）”。
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“climax” 意为 “高潮、顶点”，侧重 “事件、活动的关键高潮阶段”，句意为 “他们认为这并非平等运动的高潮，而仅仅是开始”，符合 “运动发展阶段” 的语境；
- 干扰项排除
- A “maximum”（最大值）侧重 “数量或程度的极限”，与 “运动” 搭配不当；
- B “pitch”（音高、程度）语义宽泛，无 “高潮” 含义；
- C “summit”（顶点）侧重 “山峰或会议的最高级别”，不用于描述运动进程。
- 学术扩展：“climax” 与 “summit” 的核心差异在于 “climax” 侧重 “过程的高潮”，“summit” 侧重 “位置或级别的顶点”，需结合语境区分。
- 词汇辨析与语境逻辑
“enhance” 意为 “增加、提升”，侧重 “使事物质量、数量或价值提升”，句意为 “部分作物产量相对较高，可优先种植以增加粮食供应”，符合 “提升供应总量” 的语境；
- 干扰项排除
- B “curb”（抑制）、C “disrupt”（破坏）与 “增加供应” 语义相反；
- D “heighten”（加高、增强）侧重 “高度或情感的提升”，不用于 “供应” 搭配。
- 学术扩展：“enhance” 与 “heighten” 的差异在于 “enhance” 搭配范围更广（可接 supply、efficiency 等），“heighten” 多接 emotion、awareness 等抽象名词。
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stamps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected—a twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggerations and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
Questions:
41. To make your humor work, you should ______
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
[B] make fun of the disorganized people
[C] address different problems to different people
[D] show sympathy for your listeners
42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ______
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privilege
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ______
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ______
[A] in well-worded language
[B] as awkwardly as possible
[C] in exaggerated statements
[D] as casually as possible
45. The best title for the text may be ______
[A] Use Humor Effectively
[B] Various Kinds of Humor
[C] Add Humor to Speech
[D] Different Humor Strategies
- 细节定位与语义验证
原文明确指出：“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different”（根据听众的不同，所谈的问题也应不同），这是幽默奏效的核心原则，选项 C 是对该句的精准概括。
- 干扰项排除
- A “利用不同类型的听众” 语义贬义，原文强调 “贴合听众” 而非 “利用”；
- B “取笑做事混乱的人” 仅为针对特定听众的例子，非普遍原则；
- D “同情听众” 原文提及 “理解听众立场”，而非 “同情”，语义偏差。
- 学术扩展：考博英语细节题需区分 “原则” 与 “例子”，本题中 “针对不同听众谈不同问题” 是核心原则，“取笑秘书或老板” 是具体例子，避免被局部细节误导。
- 推理题定位与逻辑推导
笑话中上帝被调侃 “有时觉得自己是医生”，暗示医生在护士眼中 “自视甚高，如同上帝般傲慢”，选项 B 精准捕捉了这一讽刺意味。
- 干扰项排除
- A “对新人不礼貌” 是表面现象，笑话核心是讽刺医生的 “自我定位过高”；
- C “有权享受特权” 未体现 “如同上帝” 的傲慢感，语义肤浅；
- D “午餐时也很忙” 原文未提及，无中生有。
- 学术扩展：幽默类阅读理解需把握 “讽刺逻辑”，通过表面行为（插队）推导深层态度（自视甚高），避免直译笑话表面含义。
- 推理题定位与语义推导
原文提及 “选择邮局或电话系统这类替罪羊会更安全”，暗示公共服务常被当作幽默素材，即 “笑柄”，选项 D 正确。
- 干扰项排除
- A “造福许多人”、B “是公众关注焦点” 原文未提及，无依据；
- C “不适合作为幽默主题” 与原文 “选择公共服务作为幽默素材更安全” 矛盾。
- 学术扩展：“scapegoat”（替罪羊）是解题关键，结合语境可推断公共服务是常见的幽默对象，体现 “安全幽默” 的原则。
- 积累学术类高频词汇（如 award、access、aggravate、enhance），重点区分近义词的语义与搭配差异；
- 记忆固定短语（如 access to、take advantage of）和学术搭配（如 foster connection、maintain trust），结合真题语境强化应用；
- 针对语法考点（如定语从句、状语从句）进行专项训练，确保句式使用准确。
- 主旨题关注开篇论点与结尾总结，把握文章核心逻辑（如 “幽默奏效的原则”）；
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，精准捕捉原文核心信息，验证选项与原文的语义一致性；
- 推理题基于原文隐含逻辑（如幽默笑话的讽刺意味），避免过度延伸，重点关注 “举例→观点” 的推导关系。
- 汉译英时拆分长句，使用学术词汇与被动语态，保持正式语体；
- 英译汉时转换被动语态，补充隐含逻辑，适配中文表达习惯，传递原文情感色彩；
- 积累文化类、学术类文本的翻译技巧，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 明确立场后，从 “个人、职业、社会” 等多维度论证，每个论点搭配具体例子；
- 合理使用让步段，承认对立观点的合理性，再反驳其局限性，增强论证的客观性；
- 结尾升华主题，结合 “信任”“真诚” 等核心价值，体现学术视野与思辨深度。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸西北工业大学博士研究生。
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