Botany,the study of plants,occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants,but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their proprieties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of peoples, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many proprieties of each. To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge" at all. Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become, the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season,the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.
Questions:
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Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?
[A] They probably had extensive knowledge of plants.
[B] They thought there was no need to cultivate crops.
[C] They did not enjoy the study of botany.
[D] They placed great importance on the ownership of property.
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Why has general knowledge of botany begun to fade?
[A] People no longer value plants as a useful resource.
[B] Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science.
[C] Research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants.
[D] Direct contact with a variety of plants had decreased.
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What was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture?
[A] The invention of agricultural implements and machinery.
[B] The development of a system of name for plants.
[C] The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted.
[D] The changing diets of early humans.
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The relationship between plants and humans began to change significantly when humans ______
[A] developed advanced tools for farming
[B] discovered the food value of grains
[C] began cultivating crops systematically
[D] learned to distinguish between wild plants and cultivated plants
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The beneficial proprieties that plants have for humans include the following fields EXCEPT
[A] entertainment
[B] shelter
[C] clothing
[D] food
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确指出：“from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their proprieties must be extremely ancient”（从现存的前工业社会观察可知，人类对植物及其特性的详细了解一定非常古老），结合 “Stone Age ancestors” 与 “preindustrial societies” 的类比逻辑，可推断早期人类可能拥有丰富的植物知识，选项 A 符合原文隐含假设。
- 干扰项排除
- B “认为无需种植作物” 与原文 “发现谷物可收获并种植” 矛盾；
- C “不喜欢植物学研究” 原文未提及，无中生有；
- D “重视财产所有权” 与 “植物知识” 无关，语义偏差。
- 学术扩展：考博英语推理题需基于 “现存案例类比古代情况” 的逻辑，精准捕捉原文中 “preindustrial societies” 对推断早期人类行为的支撑作用。
- 细节定位与语义验证
原文直接说明：“the more industrialized we become, the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows”（工业化程度越高，我们与植物的直接接触越远，植物学知识就越模糊），选项 D 是对该句的精准概括。
- 干扰项排除
- A “不再重视植物的实用价值” 与原文 “植物仍为人类提供多种资源” 矛盾；
- B “植物学未被视为独立学科” 是前工业社会的特点，非现代植物学知识淡化的原因；
- C “研究跟不上植物数量增长” 原文未提及，无依据。
- 学术扩展：因果类细节题需关注 “the more..., the more...” 的比较结构，明确 “工业化→直接接触减少→知识淡化” 的因果链。
- 细节定位与语义提炼
原文明确指出：“discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season,the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken”（发现某些草本植物可收获且种子种植后能高产，这是人类与植物关系的重大第一步），选项 C 与原文表述完全一致。
- 干扰项排除
- A “农业工具发明”、B “植物命名系统发展” 原文未提及，无中生有；
- D “饮食变化” 是农业发展的结果，而非农业实践的第一步。
- 学术扩展：“first great step” 类题目需精准定位原文明确标注的 “开创性事件”，避免被后续发展内容干扰。
- 推理题定位与逻辑推导
原文提及：“from then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants”（从那以后，人类逐渐依靠少数植物的可控生产谋生），“then” 指代前文 “发现谷物可种植”，“controlled production” 即 “系统种植作物”，由此可推断人类系统种植作物后，与植物的关系发生显著变化，选项 C 正确。
- 干扰项排除
- A “发明先进农具” 原文未提及，无依据；
- B “发现谷物的食用价值” 是种植的前提，而非关系变化的关键节点；
- D “区分野生与种植植物” 是种植后的自然结果，非关系变化的核心原因。
- 学术扩展：时间节点类题目需关注 “from then on” 等信号词，明确 “关键事件（种植）→关系变化（可控生产）” 的逻辑关联。
- 细节定位与排除法验证
原文列举植物对人类的益处：“food, clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter”（食物、衣物、武器、工具、染料、药物、住所），未提及 “娱乐（entertainment）”，选项 A 为除外项。
- 干扰项排除
B“住所（shelter）”、C“衣物（clothing）”、D“食物（food）” 均在原文明确列出，属于植物的有益特性。
- 学术扩展：“EXCEPT” 类题目需采用 “原文列举 + 选项匹配排除” 的方法，确保无遗漏原文提及的核心信息。
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
26. After crude oil is ______ from a well it is usually piped to a refinery.
[A] extracted [B] processed [C] transported [D] located
29. The automobile's exhaust system ______ foul-smelling fumes.
[A] attracted [B] condensed [C] absorbed [D] emitted
32. The apartment has been ______ since Smith's moved out.
[A] vacant [B] versatile [C] vacuum [D] vain
37. ______ as only a second-rate Impressionist painter, Pisarro has recently received high praise from art critics.
[A] He was long regarded [B] Long was he regarded [C] Long regarded [D] Being long regarded
42. If my application for the scholarship ______ I ______ my education in the States now.
[A] was accepted / can continue [B] has been accepted/ have been continuing [C] had been accepted / could have continued [D] accepts /will have continued
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“extracted” 意为 “提取、开采”，句意为 “原油从油井中开采后，通常通过管道输送到炼油厂”，符合 “原油开采” 的工业场景；
- 干扰项排除
- B “processed”（加工）是原油输送到炼油厂后的动作，非从油井获取的动作；
- C “transported”（运输）与后文 “piped to a refinery” 重复；
- D “located”（定位）语义与 “从油井获取原油” 无关。
- 学术扩展：考博英语常考查工业、科技类词汇，需积累 “extract oil/gas”（开采石油 / 天然气）等固定搭配。
- 词汇辨析与语境逻辑
“emitted” 意为 “排放、释放”，句意为 “汽车的排气系统排放出难闻的废气”，符合 “排气系统与废气” 的逻辑关系；
- 干扰项排除
- A “attracted”（吸引）、B “condensed”（凝结）、C “absorbed”（吸收）均与 “排气系统释放废气” 的语义相反。
- 学术扩展：环境类词汇需区分 “emit（排放）、absorb（吸收）、condense（凝结）” 的核心语义，精准匹配场景。
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“vacant” 意为 “空置的、未被占用的”，句意为 “史密斯一家搬走后，这套公寓一直空置”，符合 “房屋无人居住” 的语境；
- 干扰项排除
- B “versatile”（多才多艺的）用于形容人或工具，不能修饰公寓；
- C “vacuum”（真空）语义与语境无关；
- D “vain”（徒劳的）语义偏差。
- 学术扩展：考博英语常考查形近词辨析，需区分 “vacant（空置的）、vacuum（真空）、vain（徒劳的）” 的拼写与语义。
- 语法结构与逻辑衔接
此处为过去分词短语作状语，逻辑主语与主句主语 “Pisarro” 一致，“Long regarded” 相当于 “Although he was long regarded”，句意为 “长期以来被视为二流印象派画家的毕沙罗，最近受到艺术评论家的高度赞扬”，符合语法规范；
- 干扰项排除
- A “He was long regarded” 为完整句子，与主句构成两个独立分句，缺少连接词，语法错误；
- B “Long was he regarded” 为倒装句，单独使用无法作状语；
- D “Being long regarded” 强调 “正在被视为”，与 “长期以来” 的时间语义不符。
- 学术扩展：考博英语中 “过去分词短语作让步状语” 是高频考点，需掌握 “逻辑主语一致 + 省略连词与 be 动词” 的语法规则。
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，精准捕捉原文核心信息，验证选项与原文的语义一致性；
- 推理题基于原文隐含逻辑（如类比、因果），避免过度延伸，重点关注 “from what we can observe” 等信号词；
- 主旨题关注开篇论点与结尾总结，把握文章核心议题（如植物学知识的演变、学习障碍的研究）。
- 积累学术类高频词汇（如 extract、emit、vacant），重点区分形近词、近义词的语义与用法；
- 强化虚拟语气、非谓语动词、倒装句等核心语法考点，结合真题例句记忆规则；
- 做题时结合语境判断词汇与语法结构，避免孤立记忆，提升语言应用能力。
- 汉译英时拆分长句，使用学术词汇与被动语态，保持正式语体；
- 英译汉时转换被动语态，补充隐含逻辑，确保术语精准（如医学、生态类术语）；
- 积累文化、科技、法律类文本的翻译技巧，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 明确立场后，从 “社会、健康、法律” 等多维度论证，每个论点搭配具体例子；
- 提出解决方案时，兼顾 “政府、社会、个人” 等不同主体，体现系统性思维；
- 结尾升华主题，结合现实意义，提升文章的深度与说服力。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸西北大学博士研究生。
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