We may learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning and thus be able to cure cancer.
- Cancer may be cured with the cloning technology by
[A] attacking the diseased cells with healthy ones
[B] controlling the growth of the cells
[C] detecting disordered genes in the cancer cells
[D] activating cancer cells by switching them on
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确指出 “通过克隆技术,我们可能学会如何开启和关闭细胞,从而治愈癌症”。细胞的 “开启与关闭” 本质是对细胞生长、分裂等生命活动的调控,选项 B “控制细胞生长” 是对这一核心机制的精准概括,符合克隆技术干预癌症的科学逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “用健康细胞攻击病变细胞” 原文未提及,属于无中生有,克隆技术此处的核心是 “调控细胞功能” 而非 “细胞替换攻击”;
- C “检测癌细胞中紊乱的基因” 侧重 “检测” 功能,而原文强调 “治愈” 手段,检测无法直接实现治愈,语义偏差;
- D “通过开启癌细胞来激活它们” 与 “治愈癌症” 矛盾,开启癌细胞会加剧病情,且与原文 “开关细胞以治愈癌症” 的逻辑相悖。
- 学术扩展:考博英语阅读理解 “科技类文本” 需关注 “技术机制 + 应用效果” 的逻辑链,本题中 “switch cells on and off” 是核心学术表达,需理解其在生物医学语境中的含义(即 “调控细胞活性”),避免字面化解读。
- His extravagance reduced him ______.
[A] to beg [B] from begging [C] to begging [D] into begging
- 固定搭配与语法规则
“reduce sb. to doing sth.” 是考博英语高频固定搭配,意为 “使某人陷入某种(通常是不好的)状态”,其中 “to” 为介词,后接动名词形式。句意为 “他的挥霍无度使他陷入了乞讨的境地”,符合搭配逻辑与语义要求。
- 干扰项排除
- A “to beg” 中 “to” 为不定式符号,不符合 “reduce sb. to doing sth.” 的固定搭配;
- B “from begging” 与 “reduce” 搭配语义不通,“from” 通常用于 “prevent sb. from doing sth.” 等结构;
- D “into begging” 无此固定搭配,“reduce” 不与 “into” 搭配表 “使陷入某种状态”。
- 学术扩展:“reduce” 的相关固定搭配是考博英语词汇高频考点,除 “reduce sb. to doing sth.” 外,还需掌握 “reduce sth. to sth.”(将某物简化为某物)、“reduce by...”(减少……)等,需重点区分介词 “to” 在不同搭配中的词性与用法,避免语法错误。
- 工业和车辆向大气排放大量的废气,造成了严重的空气污染。
Industry and vehicles emit massive amounts of waste gas into the atmosphere, causing severe air pollution.
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 主语处理:“工业和车辆” 译为 “Industry and vehicles”,采用集合名词形式,符合英文表达习惯;
- 谓语选择:“排放” 译为 “emit”(正式书面语,适用于环保类学术文本),比 “release” 更精准;
- 结果状语:“造成了” 译为现在分词短语 “causing severe air pollution”,自然体现 “排放废气” 与 “空气污染” 的因果关系,避免生硬使用 “and thus”。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译:“大量的废气” 译为 “massive amounts of waste gas”(“massive” 强调数量庞大,“waste gas” 为环保领域固定术语),“严重的空气污染” 译为 “severe air pollution”(“severe” 比 “serious” 更贴合环境污染的严重程度描述);
- 语义完整:无遗漏 “大气”(atmosphere)这一关键地点状语,语义传递全面无偏差。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性:采用正式书面语,契合 “环境污染” 这一学术与社会热点主题,避免口语化表达;
- 语法严谨:主谓一致(Industry and vehicles 为复数主语,谓语用 emit),分词短语作状语逻辑清晰。
Directions: Write a letter to your new employer. In your letter: Explain your situation; Describe your problems; Tell him/her when you will be able to start. You should write at least 120 words. Begin your letter as follows: Dear [Employer's Name],
Dear Mr. Smith,
I am writing to express my sincere apologies for being unable to start the new position as scheduled on [the original start date]. I encountered an unexpected family emergency that requires my immediate attention and makes it impossible for me to report to work on time.
Last week, my elderly mother suddenly suffered a severe illness and was admitted to the hospital for urgent treatment. As the only child in my family, I have to take full responsibility for her care, including accompanying her to medical examinations, coordinating with doctors, and handling daily hospital affairs. This sudden situation has disrupted all my previous plans, and I feel deeply regretful for the inconvenience it may cause to the company's work arrangement.
After communicating with the hospital, I was informed that my mother's condition will stabilize in about two weeks. I sincerely hope to postpone my start date to [the proposed start date]. During this period, I will keep in touch with the team to learn about the work progress and prepare relevant knowledge and skills in advance to ensure that I can quickly adapt to the new role once I join.
I apologize again for the unexpected delay and appreciate your understanding and tolerance. Please feel free to contact me if you need any further information.
Sincerely,
[Your Full Name]
- 结构框架
- 开头段:开门见山致歉,说明无法按时入职的核心原因(家庭紧急情况),体现礼貌与坦诚;
- 主体段:详细描述问题(母亲突发重病需照料),说明自身责任与处境,解释延迟入职的合理性;明确提出延迟入职的具体时间,同时表明将提前准备工作,减少对公司的影响;
- 结尾段:再次致歉,表达对雇主理解的感激,保持沟通意愿,体现职业素养。
- 高分亮点
- 正式信函表达:使用 “sincere apologies”“encountered an unexpected emergency”“take full responsibility”“disrupted all my previous plans” 等正式表达,符合职场信函的语体要求;
- 逻辑衔接:通过 “Last week”“As the only child”“After communicating with” 等连接词,使叙事逻辑连贯,情感真挚;
- 细节具象化:提及 “陪同检查、协调医生、处理医院事务” 等具体照料内容,增强情况的真实性与说服力;
- 职业意识:主动提出 “提前了解工作进展、准备相关技能”,体现对工作的重视与责任心,缓解雇主顾虑。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语书信写作 “格式正确、逻辑清晰、语言正式、情感真挚” 的要求,字数控制在 180 词左右,无冗余表述,完全契合题目要求。
- 环保、生物医学等科技类文章需重点关注 “技术机制、应用效果、因果关系”,精准捕捉核心细节;
- 针对社会热点、职场、环保类主题文章进行专项训练,熟悉相关学术术语与表达逻辑;
- 提升 “题干关键词定位 + 选项排除” 能力,避免被字面化解读或无中生有选项误导。
- 积累 “reduce sb. to doing sth.” 等高频固定搭配,重点记忆介词 “to”“from”“by” 等的搭配规则;
- 强化 “动名词、不定式” 在固定搭配中的用法辨析,结合真题语境深化理解;
- 建立词汇错题本,重点突破 “动词 + 介词”“名词 + 介词” 的固定搭配考点。
- 环保类翻译需确保 “废气”“空气污染” 等术语精准,积累 “emit”“severe”“atmosphere” 等核心词汇;
- 处理中文主动句时,合理使用英文分词短语作状语,体现因果、伴随等逻辑关系;
- 积累 “社会热点、环保、职场” 类主题词汇,提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 职场书信需遵循 “致歉 / 说明 - 细节描述 - 解决方案 - 感谢” 的结构,语言正式礼貌;
- 内容需具象化,通过具体事例增强真实性与说服力;
- 结尾体现职业素养,主动沟通、表达责任心,符合博士研究生的职场认知与沟通能力要求。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法,考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力,助力顺利上岸中南林业科技大学博士研究生。