He was acknowledging one of our most distinctive characteristics: the fact that we are social animals whose behavior and personalities are ______ by the groups to which we belong.
[A] shaped [B] distinguished [C] identified [D] justified
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“shaped” 意为 “塑造、影响”，侧重 “外部因素对事物发展或属性的长期作用”，句意为 “他指出了我们最显著的特征之一：我们是社会性动物，行为和性格受所属群体的塑造”，精准契合 “群体对个体的影响” 这一核心逻辑，与前文 “social animals” 形成语义呼应。
- 干扰项排除
- B “distinguished” 意为 “区分、使杰出”，侧重 “突出差异或彰显优秀”，如 “distinguish oneself from others”，与 “群体对个体的影响” 语义无关；
- C “identified” 意为 “识别、确认”，侧重 “明确身份或属性”，如 “identify the cause of a problem”，无法体现 “群体对性格和行为的塑造作用”；
- D “justified” 意为 “证明…… 合理”，侧重 “为行为或观点提供依据”，如 “justify one’s decision”，与题干语境完全不符。
- 学术扩展：“shaped” 是考博英语高频学术词汇，常用于描述 “社会环境、群体文化、教育等对个体或事物的影响”，如 “cultural values shape individual behavior”（文化价值观塑造个体行为）。博士阶段学术写作中，此类词汇可精准传递 “因果影响” 的逻辑关系，提升表达的专业性。
"These computer-aided techniques remain very expensive," says Samia Boukir, who started work on an automated system, "only an automated system can hope to salvage the archive of deteriorating films."
- What is Samia Boukir's attitude towards automated restoration of the film?
[A] Critical [B] Supportive [C] Neutral [D] Doubtful
- 态度定位与逻辑推导
Samia Boukir 明确指出 “计算机辅助技术成本过高”，同时强调 “只有自动化系统才有希望拯救正在损坏的电影档案”，通过 “only...can hope to...” 的递进逻辑，凸显对自动化修复技术的认可与支持，态度鲜明。
- 干扰项排除
- A “Critical”（批判的）、D “Doubtful”（怀疑的）与原文 “can hope to salvage”（有望拯救）的积极表述矛盾；
- C “Neutral”（中立的）不符合其明确表态的特征，原文通过对比现有技术的缺陷与自动化技术的优势，传递出明确的支持态度。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “态度题” 需关注 “转折、递进类信号词”（如 only、but、however），此类词汇常隐含作者或人物的核心立场。同时，文本围绕 “电影修复技术” 展开，体现博士阶段对 “科技应用与文化遗产保护” 的关注，需精准捕捉 “技术缺陷 - 解决方案 - 态度倾向” 的逻辑链。
Thus, they are naturally suited, much more so than men to the performance of domestic duties. A woman's place, under normal circumstances, is within the protective environment of the home.
因此，女性天生更适合承担家务劳动，这一点远胜于男性。在正常情况下，女性的活动空间应处于家庭这一具有保护性质的环境之中。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 语义整合：“much more so than men” 译为 “这一点远胜于男性”，补充指代对象 “这一点”，避免英文省略结构导致的中文表达模糊；
- 语序调整：“the performance of domestic duties” 译为 “承担家务劳动”，将抽象名词 “performance” 转化为中文动宾结构 “承担”，更符合中文表达习惯；
- 定语处理：“the protective environment of the home” 译为 “具有保护性质的家庭环境”，将定语 “protective” 转化为中文定语短语，避免直译 “保护的环境” 带来的生硬感。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“domestic duties” 译为 “家务劳动”（固定译法），“naturally suited” 译为 “天生适合”，“under normal circumstances” 译为 “在正常情况下”，语义精准且符合文本语境；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “much more so than men” 的比较逻辑，通过 “远胜于” 强化比较关系，忠实传递原文含义。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合 “性别角色讨论” 的学术语境，避免口语化表达；
- 逻辑连贯：通过 “因此” 明确因果关系，中文句式流畅自然，符合学术翻译 “忠实原文 + 表达地道” 的要求。
Directions: Write a composition on the topic "My View on Professional Ethics for Intellectuals" with no less than 150 words.
My View on Professional Ethics for Intellectuals
Professional ethics, as the moral cornerstone of intellectuals' behavior, plays a decisive role in guiding their academic pursuit, social responsibility and public influence. For intellectuals engaged in academic research, education, and cultural inheritance, adhering to professional ethics is not only a personal quality requirement but also a prerequisite for promoting social progress and maintaining academic integrity.
Firstly, academic integrity is the core of professional ethics for intellectuals. In academic research, this means refusing plagiarism, falsifying data, or manipulating results. For example, some scholars have been discredited for fabricating experimental data to gain academic recognition, which not only damages their own reputation but also undermines the credibility of the entire academic community. On the contrary, intellectuals who adhere to rigorous research attitudes and uphold academic authenticity contribute to the accumulation and development of human knowledge.
Secondly, social responsibility is an indispensable part of professional ethics. Intellectuals, with their profound knowledge and broad vision, should take the initiative to respond to social issues. For instance, in the face of public health crises or environmental problems, scholars in related fields should provide scientific advice and practical solutions, bridging the gap between academic research and social needs. This sense of responsibility enables intellectuals to go beyond personal interests and dedicate themselves to the public good.
Finally, the spirit of dedication and modesty is also an important manifestation of professional ethics. Intellectuals should treat knowledge with awe, maintain a modest attitude towards academic debates, and be willing to share their achievements with peers and the public. This not only promotes academic exchanges but also fosters a positive academic atmosphere.
In conclusion, professional ethics is the soul of intellectuals' work and life. By upholding academic integrity, assuming social responsibility, and maintaining a dedicated and modest attitude, intellectuals can truly realize their own value and make greater contributions to social progress and human development.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：明确核心观点 —— 职业道德是知识分子的道德基石，对学术追求、社会责任具有决定性作用；
- 主体段：从 “学术诚信”“社会责任”“奉献谦逊精神” 三个维度展开，结合 “数据造假”“公共危机中的学者担当” 等实例，层层递进论证职业道德的核心内涵；
- 结尾段：总结升华，强调职业道德是知识分子的灵魂，呼应开头核心观点。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “moral cornerstone”“academic integrity”“prerequisite”“undermines the credibility”“indispensable part” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Firstly/Secondly/Finally”“On the contrary”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “总 - 分 - 总” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“who adhere to rigorous research attitudes”）、状语从句（“in the face of public health crises or environmental problems”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不局限于 “学术诚信” 单一维度，拓展至 “社会责任”“精神品质”，体现博士研究生对 “知识分子职业道德” 的全面、辩证认知。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 180 词左右，论证兼顾理论与实例，无冗余表述。
- 积累 “社会影响、学术诚信、职业道德” 类高频学术词汇（如 shaped、academic integrity、prerequisite），重点记忆其语义与搭配；
- 强化 “近义词辨析”，结合真题语境区分 “塑造、区分、识别” 等语义差异，避免用词偏差；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “动词 + 名词” 固定搭配与学术场景化应用。
- 学术类文章需关注 “人物观点 + 信号词”，通过 “only、but、however” 等词汇精准捕捉态度倾向；
- 针对 “科技应用、社会伦理、学术诚信” 等主题文章进行专项训练，熟悉相关学术术语与表达逻辑；
- 提升 “选项与原文语义匹配” 能力，区分 “支持、批判、中立” 等态度的核心特征，避免主观臆断。
- 学术类翻译需确保 “学术术语、比较结构” 的精准转换，积累 “承担家务劳动”“学术诚信” 等中文地道表达；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分定语从句、状语从句，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 积累 “社会伦理、学术研究” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 职业道德、学术诚信等主题写作需遵循 “核心观点 - 分维度论证 - 总结升华” 的结构，观点明确，论证充分；
- 论据需结合学术实例（如数据造假、学者社会责任），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华至 “社会进步、人类发展” 等深层价值，体现学术视野与社会责任感。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中央民族大学博士研究生。
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