One school of thought has found that explanation in climate and in the physical environment. Another school has sought an explanation of divergent cultures in the innate qualities of races biologically inherited... In contrast to both of these, there is the catastrophic theory of civilization... civilization, on the other hand, is a consequence of contact and communication. The forces which have been decisive in the history of mankind are those which have brought men together in fruitful competition, conflict, and cooperation... migrations and the incidental collision, conflicts, and fusions of people and culture which they have occasioned.
- What does the author believe to be the greatest influence on culture resulting in greater cultural diversity?
[A] Geographic factors
[B] Biological differences
[C] Evolution
[D] Cross-cultural communication
- 主旨定位与逻辑推导
原文明确对比了三种文化差异解释理论：地理环境论、生物种族论与 “文明灾难论”。作者否定前两种理论，强调 “文明是接触与交流的结果”，核心驱动力是 “人类因迁徙产生的碰撞、冲突与融合”，即跨文化交流。选项 D 精准契合这一核心观点，是作者认可的文化多样性最主要影响因素。
- 干扰项排除
- A “地理因素” 是第一种学派的观点，作者将其与生物种族论并列，明确表示二者仅为次要影响，并非核心；
- B “生物差异” 是第二种学派的观点，同样被作者否定，认为其无法解释现存文化差异；
- C “进化” 是前两种理论的共同逻辑基础（认为文明是进化产物），作者明确反对这一前提，主张文明源于交流而非进化。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “观点态度题” 需关注 “理论对比 + 作者立场”，本题中作者通过 “in contrast to both of these”“on the other hand” 等信号词明确自身立场，这类 “学术争议类文本” 常以 “多理论对比 + 核心观点突出” 为结构，解题需精准捕捉作者支持的理论核心。
- Blues comes from that sense of not being at the centre,"from nothingness, from want, from desire,"as W.C. Handy put it. Bessie became the incarnation of that "absence,darkness,death".
[A. discarnating B. materialization C. personification D. representative
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“incarnation” 意为 “化身、体现”，侧重 “抽象概念或品质的具象化人物”，与选项 C “personification”（拟人化、化身）语义完全契合，句意为 “贝西成为了那种‘缺失、黑暗、死亡’的化身”，符合对蓝调音乐精神内核的具象化描述。
- 干扰项排除
- A “discarnating” 意为 “脱胎、化身”，但为不及物动词，需与 “from” 搭配，且多用于宗教语境，语义与语境不符；
- B “materialization” 意为 “物质化、实现”，侧重 “抽象事物转化为具体物质”，如 “the materialization of a dream”，无法形容 “人作为抽象精神的化身”；
- D “representative” 意为 “代表”，侧重 “代表某群体或组织”，如 “a representative of the company”，缺乏 “抽象精神具象化” 的深层含义。
- 学术扩展：“incarnation” 与 “personification” 是考博英语高频近义词，均常用于文学、哲学类文本，描述 “抽象概念的具象表达”。博士阶段学术写作中，这类词汇可精准传递 “理论与现实、抽象与具体” 的关联，需重点掌握其语义边界与使用场景。
(3) It doesn't take much further examination to discover that in order to satisty these needs,people must establish and follow moral principles that encourage them to cooperate with one another and that free them from fear that they will lose their lives, be mutilated, or be stolen from, lied to, cheated, severely restricted, or imprisoned.
进一步探究便会发现，为了满足这些需求，人们必须建立并遵循相应的道德准则 —— 这些准则应鼓励人们相互合作，同时让人们不必担心自身生命受到威胁、身体遭受残害，或是被偷窃、欺骗、欺诈、遭受严重限制或监禁。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 主语从句处理：“It doesn't take much further examination to discover that” 译为 “进一步探究便会发现”，避免直译 “不需要太多进一步的考察就能发现” 的生硬感，符合中文表达习惯；
- 定语从句拆分：将两个并列定语从句 “that encourage...and that free...” 译为破折号引导的补充说明，清晰传递 “道德准则” 的双重功能，避免英文长定语导致的中文语序混乱；
- 被动语态转换：“be mutilated, or be stolen from...” 等被动结构译为中文主动表述 “身体遭受残害、被偷窃……”，更符合中文表达逻辑。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“moral principles” 译为 “道德准则”（学术固定译法），“cooperate with one another” 译为 “相互合作”，“severely restricted” 译为 “遭受严重限制”，语义精准且符合伦理类文本语境；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “lose their lives”“be imprisoned” 等核心语义，通过 “或是” 衔接多个并列被动结构，条理清晰。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合 “道德哲学” 主题的严肃语境，避免口语化表达；
- 逻辑连贯：通过 “为了”“应”“同时” 等词汇，清晰传递 “目的 - 行动 - 效果” 的逻辑链，中文句式流畅自然。
Directions: Write an essay of at least 300 words on the topic "The Significance of Moral Principles in Modern Society".
The Significance of Moral Principles in Modern Society
In an era marked by rapid social changes, technological advancement, and complex interpersonal relationships, moral principles stand as the cornerstone of social order and human well-being. Moral principles, as the invisible code governing human behavior, not only guide individuals in distinguishing right from wrong but also provide a fundamental framework for the operation of families, communities, and nations. In modern society, where material pursuits often dominate, the significance of moral principles has become more prominent than ever.
Firstly, moral principles are essential for maintaining social harmony and stability. In a diverse society with conflicting interests and values, moral principles such as honesty, respect, and cooperation serve as a common bond that bridges differences. For example, honesty in business transactions ensures fair competition and mutual trust, while respect for others' rights and dignity reduces conflicts and promotes inclusiveness. Without these moral constraints, society would descend into chaos, with individuals pursuing self-interest at the expense of others' well-being. The frequent occurrence of food safety scandals and fraud cases in recent years is a stark reminder of the consequences of ignoring moral principles.
Secondly, moral principles are the foundation of individual growth and self-realization. Adhering to moral standards helps individuals cultivate noble character and gain social recognition. A person with strong moral convictions is more likely to make responsible decisions, uphold justice, and contribute to the public good. For instance, many scientists and entrepreneurs adhere to the moral principle of "serving society" and dedicate themselves to technological innovation and public welfare, achieving both personal success and social value. Moreover, moral principles provide individuals with a sense of purpose and direction, helping them navigate the complexities of modern life and avoid being lost in material desires.
Finally, moral principles play a crucial role in promoting global cooperation and addressing common challenges. In a globalized world, issues such as climate change, environmental pollution, and public health crises require joint efforts from all countries and regions. Moral principles such as environmental protection, solidarity, and shared responsibility encourage countries to transcend national boundaries and work together for the common good. For example, the international cooperation in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, despite difficulties and setbacks, reflects the power of moral principles in uniting humanity.
In conclusion, moral principles are indispensable in modern society. They are the guarantee of social harmony, the driving force of individual growth, and the foundation of global cooperation. In the process of pursuing material progress, we must not neglect the inheritance and promotion of moral principles. Only by integrating moral principles into every aspect of social life can we build a more just, harmonious, and sustainable world for future generations.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：点明核心观点 —— 道德准则是现代社会秩序与人类福祉的基石，强调其在快速变化时代的重要性；
- 主体段：从 “社会和谐稳定”“个人成长实现”“全球合作应对挑战” 三个维度展开，结合商业诚信、科学家奉献、全球抗疫等实例，论证道德准则的多重意义；
- 结尾段：总结升华，强调道德准则的不可替代性，呼吁将其融入社会生活各方面，呼应开头核心观点。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “cornerstone”“governing”“inclusiveness”“self-realization”“solidarity” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Firstly/Secondly/Finally”“For example”“Moreover”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “总 - 分 - 总” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“which bridges differences”）、状语从句（“where material pursuits often dominate”）、被动语态（“are required”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不局限于 “道德约束” 的表层含义，延伸至个人价值、全球治理等深层维度，体现博士研究生的系统思维与学术视野。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 320 词左右，论证兼顾理论与实例，无冗余表述，完全契合学术写作要求。
- 人文社科类文章需关注 “多理论对比 + 作者立场”，通过信号词（如 in contrast to、on the other hand）精准捕捉核心观点；
- 针对 “主旨题”，重点训练 “排除次要观点 + 聚焦核心论证” 能力，避免被局部细节误导；
- 积累文学、哲学、社会学类高频学术词汇，提升文本理解效率。
- 重点积累 “抽象概念表达” 类学术词汇（如 incarnation、personification、moral principles），结合真题例句记忆其搭配与语义差异；
- 强化 “近义词辨析” 训练，通过语境区分词汇的使用场景，避免用词偏差；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “文学类、哲学类词汇” 考点，结合写作场景深化理解与应用。
- 伦理、哲学类翻译需确保 “道德准则、社会和谐” 等学术术语精准，积累相关主题词汇；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分定语从句、状语从句，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 关注被动语态与主动语态的转换，符合中文表达习惯，同时保持学术文本的严谨性。
- 伦理道德、社会热点类写作需结合 “个人 - 社会 - 全球” 的三维结构，体现思维的广度与深度；
- 论据需结合具体案例（如商业诚信、全球抗疫），增强说服力，避免泛泛而谈；
- 运用学术化表达与逻辑连接词，提升文本专业性，结尾段升华至 “人类共同价值、社会可持续发展” 等宏观视角，符合博士研究生的学术视野与社会关怀。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中国社会科学院博士研究生。
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