States are considering major changes in prepaid college tuition programs—raising prices, restricting participation or canceling them—as they grapple with financial woes. Nationwide, families will likely have to pay more to participate, or accept that they might not cover tuition when children go to college. Colorado has closed its prepaid plan to new investors and told existing ones that it may not cover future tuition increases. Wisconsin stopped selling the plan Dec. 20. Maryland and Illinois are among states hiking prices by 20% or more.
- Many states plan to alter their prepaid college tuition programs ______
[A] under the mounting financial pressures
[B] because of deficient college facilities
[C] to ease overcrowding problems in college
[D] to limit the participation of low-income families
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文开篇明确指出各州调整预付大学学费计划的核心原因 ——“grapple with financial woes”（应对财政困境），后续列举的 “涨价、限制参与、取消计划” 等措施均为财政压力下的应对手段（如科罗拉多州关闭新投资者通道、马里兰州涨价 20%+）。选项 A “在日益增长的财政压力下” 精准匹配原文核心动因，是所有调整措施的根本前提。
- 干扰项排除
- B “由于大学设施不足”、C “为缓解大学过度拥挤问题” 均与原文无关，原文未提及 “设施”“拥挤” 等相关信息，属于无中生有；
- D “为限制低收入家庭参与” 错误，原文仅提到 “限制参与” 是调整措施之一，但未说明 “针对低收入家庭”，且这是措施而非原因，逻辑倒置。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “政策类文本” 需聚焦 “问题 - 原因 - 措施” 的逻辑链，本题中 “财政困境” 是问题根源，“调整计划” 是措施。这一逻辑与中国科学院山西煤化所研究领域中 “能源项目预算调整”“科研经费优化” 等场景高度契合 —— 如煤转化技术研发中，因经费压力调整实验方案、优化资源分配，考生可通过这类文本训练，培养专业场景下的 “问题归因” 思维。
- The kitchen was small and ______ so that the disabled woman could reach everything without difficulty.
[A] complete [B] complex [C] composite [D] compact
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“compact” 意为 “小巧紧凑的”，侧重 “空间布局合理、体积小但功能齐全”，与前文 “small”（小）形成语义呼应，且直接解释 “残疾女性可轻松触及所有物品” 的原因 —— 紧凑设计减少了取用距离，句意为 “厨房小巧紧凑，残疾女性无需费力就能拿到所有东西”，精准契合 “空间优化” 的语境需求。
- 干扰项排除
- A “complete”（完整的）仅强调 “功能齐全”，未体现 “空间小、易取用” 的核心特征；
- B “complex”（复杂的）、C “composite”（复合的）均与 “易取用” 语义相悖，复杂或复合设计会增加使用难度，不符合语境。
- 学术扩展：“compact” 是考博英语高频科技与工程类词汇，可用于描述 “设备结构”“空间设计”“材料形态” 等场景。中国科学院山西煤化所考生在撰写科研文档时，可用于描述 “小型化煤转化反应器”“紧凑式气体分离装置” 等专业设备，强化词汇与 “煤化工设备设计”“能源装置优化” 等专业场景的关联记忆。
(4) It is probably best to assume that all our reasoning is saturated with our positions and beliefs, all our thoughts colored by feelings that lie deep within us.
或许我们最好认为，我们所有的推理都渗透着自身的立场与信念，所有的想法都被深藏内心的情感所浸染。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 形式主语处理：“It is probably best to assume that...” 译为 “或许我们最好认为……”，将形式主语 “it” 转化为中文的主动主语 “我们”，符合中文 “以人为本” 的表达习惯；
- 分词结构处理：“all our thoughts colored by...” 是省略结构（完整为 “all our thoughts are colored by...”），译为 “所有的想法都被…… 所浸染”，通过 “被” 字句保留被动语义，同时 “浸染” 一词比 “影响” 更能体现情感对想法的深度渗透；
- 语义递进：“saturated with”（渗透）与 “colored by”（浸染）形成程度递进，译文通过 “渗透着”“所浸染” 精准传递这一逻辑，避免语义扁平。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“reasoning” 译为 “推理”（哲学与逻辑学术语），“saturated with” 译为 “渗透着”（体现深度融合），“lie deep within us” 译为 “深藏内心”（强调情感的隐蔽性），语义精准且符合学术语境；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “probably best”（或许最好）、“positions and beliefs”（立场与信念）等核心语义，忠实还原原文 “理性与情感不可分割” 的核心观点。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合哲学思辨类文本的严谨语境，同时通过 “或许”“都” 等词汇，避免译文过于生硬；
- 专业关联：该句体现的 “主观立场对理性判断的影响”，与中国科学院山西煤化所 “煤化工技术研发中‘理论推理与实验经验的平衡’”“能源政策分析中‘客观数据与主观判断的融合’” 等专业场景相通，考生可通过这类翻译训练，培养跨领域的逻辑迁移能力。
Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic "My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scientist". Present your perspective on the issue, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views.
My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scientist
Scientific research is the cornerstone of technological progress and social development, and professional ethics is the moral compass that guides scientists’ behavior. For researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry, where cutting-edge studies in coal conversion, carbon materials, and clean energy are conducted, professional ethics is not only a guarantee for the authenticity of research results but also a prerequisite for promoting the sustainable development of the coal chemical industry. In my view, professional ethics for a scientist mainly includes three core dimensions: academic integrity, responsibility for research applications, and respect for environmental sustainability.
Academic integrity is the fundamental requirement of professional ethics. It demands that scientists adhere to the principle of truthfulness in every link of research, from experimental design to data analysis and result publication. In coal chemistry research—a key field of Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry—accurate data (such as coal pyrolysis temperature parameters, catalyst activity data, and product yield statistics) is crucial for developing efficient and clean coal conversion technologies. Falsifying or manipulating data not only invalidates the entire research but also misleads the industrial application of technologies. For example, if a researcher fabricates the conversion rate of a new coal-to-liquid technology, it will lead to wrong decisions in industrial investment, causing huge economic losses and wasting limited coal resources. By contrast, scientists who strictly record every experimental detail and openly share negative results (such as catalyst deactivation reasons) set a model of integrity, laying a solid foundation for technological innovation in the coal chemical industry.
Responsibility for research applications is another essential part of a scientist’s professional ethics. The ultimate goal of scientific research is to serve society, and coal chemistry research should focus on solving practical problems such as clean utilization of coal resources and reduction of carbon emissions. Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry’s research on low-carbon coal gasification technology and high-value carbon material preparation has important application value for promoting the green transformation of the coal industry. A responsible scientist must consider the social impact of their research: for instance, while developing new coal chemical processes, they should not only pursue high efficiency but also assess potential risks (such as wastewater discharge, waste residue treatment) and propose corresponding solutions. This sense of responsibility ensures that scientific achievements can truly promote industrial progress and social well-being.
Respect for environmental sustainability also reflects a scientist’s professional ethics—especially in the field of coal chemistry, which is closely related to energy and the environment. With the global focus on “double carbon” goals, coal chemistry research must prioritize environmental protection. Scientists should actively explore technologies that reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions, such as developing recyclable catalysts or optimizing reaction conditions to reduce carbon footprint. Ignoring environmental factors in research not only violates the concept of sustainable development but also limits the long-term application of technological achievements. For example, a coal-to-chemical process with high energy consumption and heavy pollution may achieve short-term economic benefits but will be eliminated in the long run due to environmental policies.
In conclusion, professional ethics is the soul of a scientist’s work. Academic integrity ensures the reliability of research, responsibility for applications guarantees the social value of achievements, and respect for environmental sustainability promotes the long-term development of the field. For aspiring doctoral students of Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry, upholding these ethical principles is not only a requirement for personal academic growth but also a responsibility to promote the green and efficient development of the coal chemical industry. Only by integrating professional ethics into every aspect of research can we make meaningful contributions to the progress of science and the sustainable development of human society.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：点明核心观点 —— 科学家职业道德包括学术诚信、研究应用责任与环境可持续性尊重，结合中国科学院山西煤化所核心研究领域（煤转化、碳材料、清洁能源），强调职业道德对煤化工领域科研质量与产业发展的保障作用；
- 主体段 1：论证 “学术诚信” 是基础，以煤化工领域 “煤液化转化率”“催化剂活性数据” 等实例，说明数据真实性对技术研发与工业应用的重要性；
- 主体段 2：论证 “研究应用责任” 是关键，结合山西煤化所 “低碳煤气化技术”“高值碳材料” 研究，强调科研需服务煤炭产业绿色转型；
- 主体段 3：论证 “环境可持续性尊重” 是特色，结合 “双碳” 目标，说明煤化工研究需兼顾效率与环保，贴合山西煤化所专业定位；
- 结尾段：总结升华，呼应开头，强调职业道德对山西煤化所考生的意义，体现 “科研服务产业、助力双碳” 的专业使命。
- 高分亮点
- 专业适配：紧密结合中国科学院山西煤化所的研究方向（煤转化、低碳煤气化、碳材料），实例针对性强，体现对目标院校专业领域的深度理解；
- 学术词汇：使用 “academic integrity”“coal pyrolysis”“catalyst deactivation”“carbon footprint”“double carbon goals” 等学术与煤化工专业词汇，提升文本专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “fundamental requirement”“another essential part”“also reflects”“in conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “总 - 分 - 总” 逻辑链；
- 观点深刻：不局限于 “职业道德是什么” 的表层论述，延伸至 “煤化工领域科研场景中的具体践行”，体现博士研究生的专业视野与产业服务意识。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 280 词左右，论证兼顾理论与煤化工专业实例，无冗余表述，完全契合学术写作要求。
- 重点关注与能源政策、化工产业相关的文本，熟悉 “问题 - 原因 - 措施 - 影响” 的结构，精准捕捉核心逻辑；
- 针对 “原因类细节题”，训练 “关键词定位 + 因果关系提炼” 能力，尤其注意财政、环境等宏观因素对微观措施的影响；
- 积累煤化工、能源领域高频学术词汇（如 coal pyrolysis、catalyst、carbon footprint、double carbon goals），提升专业文本阅读效率。
- 重点积累 “科研行为、空间 / 设备描述” 类学术词汇（如 compact、fabricate data、catalyst deactivation），结合山西煤化所 “煤化工设备设计”“实验数据记录” 等场景记忆；
- 强化 “近义词辨析” 训练，通过专业语境区分词汇差异（如 “complete” 与 “compact” 在描述反应器时的不同侧重）；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “学术词汇 + 固定搭配” 考点，结合煤化工实验报告、论文摘要等文本深化应用。
- 哲学、科技类翻译需确保 “推理、立场、煤热解、催化剂” 等术语精准，积累相关主题词汇；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分省略结构、分词短语，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 关注山西煤化所相关专业文本的翻译特点，确保译文符合煤化工、能源领域的学术表达习惯（如 “coal-to-liquid” 译为 “煤制油”，“carbon material” 译为 “碳材料”）。
- 科研伦理类写作需结合山西煤化所的研究方向（如煤转化、低碳技术），选取 “数据真实性”“产业应用”“环保可持续” 等针对性角度，避免泛泛而谈；
- 论据需突出 “煤化工领域的特殊性”（如数据对工业投资的影响、技术与双碳目标的契合度），体现专业深度；
- 运用学术化表达与逻辑连接词，结尾段升华至 “山西煤化所科研使命与国家能源战略” 的宏观视角，符合博士研究生的学术视野与产业关怀。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中国科学院山西煤化所博士研究生。
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