Potentially offering a powerful new tool against terrorism, researchers have found a novel way to detect deception: in the liar's blushing face. The technique, described in the journal Nature, uses a thermal camera to detect sudden, involuntary shifts of blood flow in the face. The system performed as accurately as a traditional polygraph, the scientists report. Yet the camera can provide answers instantly, and does not require a highly trained specialist to operate it or interpret its results. This makes it far better adapted than the polygraph for a new, high-tech approach to security that is already raising the hackles of civil libertarians: the screening of large numbers of citizens, at airports and other sensitive areas, who have done nothing wrong.
- Compared with a traditional polygraph, a thermal camera ______
[A] can show accurate results
[B] can easily be handled by anybody
[C] is a high-tech approach to security
[D] is used to fight against terrorism
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确对比热成像相机与传统测谎仪的差异：热成像相机 “能即时给出结果，且无需训练有素的专业人员操作或解读结果”，这意味着其操作门槛极低，普通人即可上手，选项 B “任何人都能轻松操作” 精准概括这一核心优势。同时需注意，原文提及 “系统准确率与传统测谎仪相当”，但选项 A “能显示准确结果” 未体现二者对比的核心差异（操作难度），故排除。
- 干扰项排除
- A “能显示准确结果” 错误，原文强调 “准确率相当”，未突出热成像相机在 “准确性” 上的优势，且这并非二者的核心差异；
- C “是高技术安检手段” 错误，原文指出 “高技术安检手段” 是热成像相机的应用场景定位，而非与传统测谎仪对比的专属特征；
- D “用于反恐” 错误，原文仅提及 “可能成为反恐新工具”（潜在用途），并非当前实际应用，且未涉及与传统测谎仪的对比。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “科技对比类文本” 需聚焦 “核心差异点”，本题中 “操作难度” 是热成像相机的关键优势，与中国科学院光电技术研究所研究领域中 “光电设备的易用性设计”（如光学检测仪器的便捷操作优化）逻辑高度契合。考生需关注这类 “技术特性 - 应用场景” 的关联，培养专业视角下的文本解读能力。
- When there are not enough volunteers for the armed forces, the government ______ additional men.
[A] revises [B] encourages [C] suspends [D] conscripts
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“conscripts” 意为 “征召（某人入伍）”，特指政府在志愿兵不足时强制征召人员服役，与题干 “武装部队志愿兵不足” 的背景完全契合，句意为 “当武装部队志愿兵人数不足时，政府会征召额外人员入伍”，精准传递 “强制征召” 的核心语义。
- 干扰项排除
- A “revises”（修订）意为 “修改计划、法律等”，与 “征召人员” 语义无关；
- B “encourages”（鼓励）仅表示 “引导自愿参与”，无法解决 “志愿兵不足” 的强制需求，语义强度不足；
- C “suspends”（暂停）意为 “暂时停止某项活动”，与 “补充人员” 的需求相悖。
- 学术扩展：“conscript” 是考博英语高频法律与社会类词汇，可用于描述 “资源短缺时的强制调配” 场景。中国科学院光电技术研究所考生在撰写科研项目文档（如设备资源调配、团队人员补充）时，可类比理解 “专业领域资源不足时的应对机制”，强化词汇与专业场景的关联记忆。
(2) If man's mind cannot be turned into a logic-machine, neither can it function properly as a great emotional sponge, to be squeezed at will.
若人的思维无法被塑造成一台逻辑机器，那它也无法像一块巨大的情感海绵那样正常运作 —— 任人随意挤压。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 倒装结构处理：“neither can it...” 译为 “那它也无法……”，符合中文 “前否后否” 的表达习惯，避免直译倒装导致的生硬；
- 比喻修辞保留：“emotional sponge” 译为 “情感海绵”，“to be squeezed at will” 译为 “任人随意挤压”，完整保留原文比喻义，同时通过破折号补充说明，使语义更清晰；
- 条件逻辑强化：“If” 译为 “若”，开篇点明条件关系，后续用 “那” 衔接结果，逻辑链条完整。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“logic-machine” 译为 “逻辑机器”（哲学类文本固定表达），“function properly” 译为 “正常运作”（体现功能完整性），“at will” 译为 “随意”（强调无约束性），语义精准且符合学术语境；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “neither”（也不）、“properly”（正常地）等核心语义，忠实还原原文 “思维既非纯逻辑也非纯情感” 的核心观点。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合哲学思辨类文本的严谨语境，同时通过 “那样”“任人” 等词汇，避免译文过于生硬；
- 专业关联：该句体现的 “辩证思维” 与中国科学院光电技术研究所 “光学系统设计中‘精度与灵活性’的平衡”“光电设备‘功能与易用性’的权衡” 等专业逻辑相通，考生可通过这类翻译训练，培养跨领域的逻辑迁移能力。
Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic "My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scientist". Present your perspective on the issue, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views.
My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scientist
Scientific research is a pursuit of truth and progress, and professional ethics serves as the cornerstone of this pursuit. For scientists at institutions like the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, where cutting-edge research in optical engineering and photoelectric information science is conducted, professional ethics is not only a moral guideline but also a guarantee for the reliability of research results and the sustainable development of the field. In my view, professional ethics for a scientist mainly includes three core aspects: academic integrity, responsibility for research outcomes, and respect for interdisciplinary collaboration.
Academic integrity is the fundamental requirement of professional ethics. It demands that scientists adhere to the principles of truthfulness in every step of research, from data collection to result publication. In optical engineering research— a key field of the Institute of Optoelectronics Technology—accurate experimental data (such as light intensity measurements, optical component performance parameters) is crucial for developing reliable photoelectric devices. Falsifying or manipulating data not only invalidates the entire research but also misleads subsequent studies, wasting valuable resources and time. For example, if a researcher fabricates the efficiency data of a new optical sensor, it will lead to incorrect application assumptions in fields like environmental monitoring or medical imaging, causing serious consequences. By contrast, scientists who strictly record every experimental detail and openly share negative results set a model of integrity, laying a solid foundation for scientific innovation.
Responsibility for research outcomes is another essential part of a scientist’s professional ethics. Scientific achievements should serve the well-being of humanity and the progress of society, not just personal interests. The Institute of Optoelectronics Technology’s research on high-precision optical detection systems and new-type photoelectric materials has broad applications in national defense, aerospace, and daily life. A responsible scientist must assess the potential impacts of their research: for instance, while developing advanced optical surveillance technology, they should also consider privacy protection issues and advocate for reasonable application boundaries. This sense of responsibility ensures that scientific progress does not deviate from the right direction and truly benefits society.
Respect for interdisciplinary collaboration also reflects a scientist’s professional ethics. Modern photoelectric research often requires collaboration across disciplines—such as combining optics with computer science to develop intelligent image processing systems, or with materials science to improve the performance of optical fibers. In collaborative projects, respecting colleagues’ expertise, acknowledging their contributions in publications, and maintaining open communication are essential. Taking credit for others’ achievements or ignoring team members’ suggestions not only damages trust but also hinders the integration of interdisciplinary advantages, slowing down the pace of innovation.
In conclusion, professional ethics is the soul of a scientist’s work. Academic integrity ensures the authenticity of research, responsibility for outcomes guarantees the positive value of science, and respect for collaboration promotes integrated innovation. For aspiring doctoral students of the Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, upholding these ethical principles is not only a requirement for personal growth but also a responsibility to advance the field of optoelectronics and serve the country’s technological development. Only by integrating professional ethics into every aspect of research can we make meaningful contributions to the progress of science and humanity.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：点明核心观点 —— 科学家职业道德包括学术诚信、研究成果责任与跨学科协作尊重，结合中国科学院光电技术研究所核心研究领域（光学工程、光电信息科学），强调职业道德对科研质量与领域发展的保障作用；
- 主体段 1：论证 “学术诚信” 是基础，以光电领域 “光学传感器效率数据”“光强测量参数” 等实例，说明数据真实性的重要性；
- 主体段 2：论证 “研究成果责任” 是关键，结合光电技术在国防、航天等领域的应用，强调科研需兼顾创新与社会影响；
- 主体段 3：论证 “跨学科协作尊重” 是保障，以 “光学与计算机科学、材料科学的协作” 为例，体现光电领域跨学科研究的伦理要求；
- 结尾段：总结升华，呼应开头，强调职业道德对中国科学院光电技术研究所考生的意义，贴合专业特色。
- 高分亮点
- 专业适配：紧密结合中国科学院光电技术研究所的研究方向（光学检测系统、光电材料、智能图像处理等），实例针对性强，体现对目标院校专业的深度了解；
- 学术词汇：使用 “academic integrity”“interdisciplinary collaboration”“photoelectric materials”“optical surveillance” 等学术与专业词汇，提升文本专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “fundamental requirement”“another essential part”“also reflects”“in conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “总 - 分 - 总” 逻辑链；
- 观点深刻：不局限于 “职业道德是什么” 的表层论述，延伸至 “光电领域科研场景中的具体践行”，体现博士研究生的专业视野与实践思维。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 260 词左右，论证兼顾理论与光电技术专业实例，无冗余表述，完全契合学术写作要求。
- 重点关注与光学、光电技术相关的科技类文章，熟悉 “技术原理 - 应用场景 - 优势对比” 的文本结构，精准捕捉核心技术特征与逻辑；
- 针对 “对比类细节题”，训练 “关键词定位 + 差异点提炼” 能力，尤其注意科技设备 “性能、操作、应用” 等维度的对比分析；
- 积累光学工程、光电领域高频学术词汇（如 photoelectric sensor、optical fiber、light intensity），提升专业文本的阅读效率。
- 重点积累 “科研行为、资源调配” 类学术词汇（如 conscript、fabricate data、interdisciplinary collaboration），结合中国科学院光电技术研究所的科研场景记忆其搭配；
- 强化 “近义词辨析” 训练，通过专业语境区分词汇使用场景（如 “encourage” 与 “conscript” 在 “人员补充” 场景中的差异）；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “学术词汇 + 固定搭配” 考点，结合光电领域写作深化理解与应用。
- 哲学、科技类翻译需确保 “逻辑机器、情感海绵、光电材料” 等术语精准，积累相关主题词汇；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分倒装结构、条件从句，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 关注中国科学院光电技术研究所相关专业文本的翻译特点，确保译文符合光学工程、光电信息领域的学术表达习惯。
- 科研伦理类写作需结合中国科学院光电技术研究所的研究方向（如光学传感器、光电材料），选取针对性实例，体现专业关联性；
- 论据需突出 “光电领域数据真实性的重要性”“科研成果的社会价值”，避免泛泛而谈；
- 运用学术化表达与逻辑连接词，结尾段升华至 “光电技术研究所科研使命与国家科技发展” 的宏观视角，符合博士研究生的学术视野与专业关怀。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中国科学院光电技术研究所博士研究生。
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