The stability of the U.S. banking system is maintained by means of supervision and regulation, inspections, deposit insurance, and loans to troubled banks. For over 50 years, these precautions have prevented banking panics. However, there have been some close calls. The collapse of Continental Illinois Bank & Trusted Company of Chicago in 1984 did not bring down the banking system, but it certainly rattled some windows.
- The author regards the collapse of Continental Illinois Bank as ______
[A] a sign of inadequate deposit insurance
[B] an indication of inefficient supervision
[C] a near-disaster for the banking system
[D] evidence of the perfect stability of the system
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确铺垫 “美国银行体系通过多重措施维持稳定，50 余年未发生银行业恐慌，但存在‘close calls’（险酿大祸的情况）”，随后以大陆伊利诺伊银行倒闭为例，指出其 “未摧毁银行体系，但确实震动了局势”。“close calls” 与 “rattled some windows” 共同指向 “险些引发灾难但未成功” 的核心含义，选项 C “银行业体系的险些之灾” 精准匹配这一逻辑关联，既体现危机的严重性，又呼应 “未引发系统性崩溃” 的事实。
- 干扰项排除
- A “存款保险不足的信号”、B “监管低效的标志” 均属无中生有，原文仅提及银行倒闭事件本身，未分析 “存款保险”“监管” 等具体失败原因；
- D “体系绝对稳定的证据” 与原文 “rattled some windows”（造成震动）直接矛盾，属于反向干扰。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “经济类文本” 需聚焦 “现象 - 影响 - 限定条件” 的逻辑链，本题中 “银行倒闭” 是现象，“险些引发系统危机” 是影响，“未摧毁体系” 是限定条件。这一逻辑与中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院研究领域中 “生态系统扰动”“工程安全风险” 等场景高度契合 —— 如冻土区工程建设中，局部冻融灾害可能 “震动” 工程稳定性但未引发整体坍塌，考生可通过这类文本训练，培养专业场景下的 “风险分级与影响评估” 思维。
- The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ______ they will save us money in the long run.
[A] or [B] since [C] for [D] but
- 逻辑关系与语境适配
题干前半句 “城市改造成本高昂” 与后半句 “长期节省资金” 存在明确的转折关系 —— 即短期成本与长期收益的对立统一。“but” 作为转折连词，精准衔接前后语义的对比，句意为 “城市改造将花费不菲，但从长远来看会为我们省钱”，完全符合 “短期投入与长期回报” 的逻辑语境。
- 干扰项排除
- A “or”（或者）表选择关系，B “since”（因为）、C “for”（由于）表因果关系，均无法匹配 “成本高昂” 与 “省钱” 之间的转折对立，逻辑关系混乱。
- 学术扩展：转折逻辑是学术写作的核心逻辑之一，尤其在西北研究院聚焦的 “生态保护与开发平衡” 领域应用广泛。例如在 “干旱区水资源利用” 研究中，可表述为 “修建跨流域调水工程初期投资巨大，but 从长远来看能保障生态用水与农业灌溉的可持续性”；在冻土工程研究中，“采用新型保温材料会增加建设成本，but 可显著降低后期冻融灾害维护费用”。掌握此类逻辑连词，能有效提升科研论文中 “利弊分析”“成本效益评估” 等段落的表达精准性。
(3) Yet there is a growing body of evidence that the "shortages" of clean water, energy, and other critical resources are not the result of how much we are using, but how we are using them—and that better management can reduce demand significantly.
然而，越来越多的证据表明，清洁水、能源及其他关键资源的 “短缺” 并非源于我们的使用量，而是源于我们的使用方式 —— 并且更科学的管理能显著降低需求。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 复合句拆分：原文包含 “that 引导的同位语从句（解释 evidence）+ and 连接的并列从句”，译文通过 “表明” 引导核心观点，用 “—— 并且” 衔接递进语义，符合中文 “先总后分” 的表达习惯；
- 否定转移处理：“not...but...” 结构译为 “并非源于…… 而是源于……”，精准传递 “否定前者、肯定后者” 的对比逻辑，避免直译 “不是…… 而是……” 的生硬感。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“growing body of evidence” 译为 “越来越多的证据”（体现积累过程），“critical resources” 译为 “关键资源”（强调必要性），“better management” 译为 “更科学的管理”（比 “更好的管理” 更贴合资源管理的学术语境）；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “significantly”（显著地）等程度副词，准确还原 “管理对需求的影响力度”。
- 学术规范与专业关联
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合资源环境类学术文本的严谨性，“短缺”“使用方式”“降低需求” 等表述精准对应资源管理领域术语；
- 专业适配：该句核心观点 ——“资源短缺源于使用方式而非总量，管理可优化需求”，与西北研究院 “干旱区水资源管理”“冰冻圈资源可持续利用” 等研究方向高度相关。例如在 “西北干旱区水资源短缺” 研究中，正是通过优化灌溉方式（滴灌替代漫灌）、调整产业用水结构等 “管理手段” 降低需求，考生可通过这类翻译训练，强化专业概念的跨语言表达能力。
Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic "My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scientist". Present your perspective on the issue, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views.
My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scientist
Scientific research is the cornerstone of addressing global challenges, and professional ethics is the moral anchor that ensures research integrity and social value. For scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources—who focus on cutting-edge studies in frozen circle science, arid zone ecology, and permafrost engineering—professional ethics is not only a guideline for academic conduct but also a prerequisite for translating research into solutions for ecological security and sustainable development. In my view, professional ethics for such scientists encompasses three core dimensions: integrity in field research data, responsibility for ecological impact, and commitment to regional sustainable development.
Integrity in field research data is the fundamental of professional ethics. The Northwest Institute’s research relies heavily on long-term field observations—such as glacial retreat rates, permafrost temperature changes, and desert vegetation coverage—where data authenticity directly determines the reliability of conclusions on climate change and ecological evolution. Falsifying field data, such as exaggerating the rate of permafrost degradation, would mislead policy-making on alpine engineering protection and ecological restoration. By contrast, researchers who adhere to ethics meticulously record even “negative data” (e.g., no significant correlation between precipitation and vegetation recovery in a certain year) set a model of integrity. This rigor lays the foundation for evidence-based ecological policies and engineering practices.
Responsibility for ecological impact is another essential ethical requirement, especially in fragile alpine and arid ecosystems. Scientific activities, such as field sampling and experimental station construction, must minimize disturbance to the original environment. For example, when conducting permafrost engineering experiments, researchers should avoid over-excavation that destroys the frozen soil structure; when investigating desert ecosystems, they must strictly follow “no-trace sampling” principles to protect rare plant species like Saxaul. This sense of responsibility reflects respect for ecological integrity—disregarding it could turn “ecological research” into “ecological damage,” eroding public trust in scientific endeavors. The Northwest Institute’s 24 field observation stations have long upheld this principle, balancing research needs with environmental protection.
Commitment to regional sustainable development is the ultimate goal of ethical scientific practice. The Northwest Institute’s mission is to serve national strategies like the “Belt and Road” and western development, which requires translating research into tangible benefits. For instance, studies on efficient water-saving agriculture in arid zones should be promoted to local farmers to alleviate water scarcity; research on permafrost stability should provide technical support for the construction and operation of plateau railways and highways. A responsible scientist should not confine themselves to laboratory results but actively bridge the gap between academia and practice—such as participating in ecological restoration planning or providing policy advice to local governments. This commitment ensures that scientific achievements truly contribute to ecological security and livelihood improvement in northwest China.
In conclusion, professional ethics is the soul of scientific research at the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources. Data integrity guarantees academic reliability, ecological responsibility safeguards environmental sustainability, and commitment to regional development realizes social value. For aspiring doctoral students, upholding these ethics is not only a requirement for academic growth but also a responsibility to the fragile ecosystems and sustainable future of northwest China. Only by integrating ethics into every step of fieldwork, analysis, and application can we make meaningful contributions to ecological and environmental science.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：点明核心观点 —— 西北研究院科学家的职业道德包括野外数据诚信、生态影响责任与区域可持续发展承诺，结合研究院核心研究领域（冰冻圈科学、干旱区生态、冻土工程），强调职业道德对科研质量与国家战略的支撑作用；
- 主体段 1：论证 “野外数据诚信” 是基础，以冰川退缩、冻土退化等野外观测数据为例，说明真实性对政策制定的影响；
- 主体段 2：论证 “生态影响责任” 是关键，结合冻土工程实验、沙漠植被采样等场景，强调 “最小干扰” 原则，贴合研究院野外研究特色；
- 主体段 3：论证 “区域发展承诺” 是目标，以节水农业、冻土工程技术为例，说明科研服务 “一带一路” 等国家战略的价值；
- 结尾段：总结升华，呼应开头，强调职业道德对考生的意义，体现 “科研服务生态安全” 的专业使命。
- 高分亮点
- 专业适配：紧密结合西北研究院的研究方向（冰冻圈、干旱区生态、冻土工程）与战略使命（“一带一路”、西部开发），实例针对性极强，体现对目标院校研究特色的深度理解；
- 学术词汇：使用 “frozen circle science”“permafrost degradation”“field observation”“ecological restoration”“sustainable development” 等学术与资源环境专业词汇，提升文本专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “fundamental”“another essential”“ultimate goal”“in conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “总 - 分 - 总” 逻辑链，符合学术写作规范；
- 观点深刻：突破泛泛而谈的职业道德论述，聚焦 “野外研究”“生态脆弱区” 等西北研究院的独特场景，体现博士研究生应具备的 “场景化伦理思考” 能力。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 280 词左右，论证兼顾理论与资源环境专业实例，无口语化表达，完全契合学术论文的写作标准。
- 重点关注与资源管理、生态保护、工程安全相关的文本，熟悉 “现象 - 影响 - 对策” 的学术文本结构，精准捕捉转折、因果等核心逻辑；
- 针对 “推理判断题”，训练 “关键词定位 + 上下文逻辑延伸” 能力，如通过 “close calls”“rattled some windows” 推断事件的潜在影响；
- 积累资源环境领域高频学术词汇（如 permafrost、ecological restoration、sustainable development），提升专业文本的阅读效率与理解深度。
- 重点积累 “转折、因果、递进” 类逻辑连词（如 but、however、therefore），结合 “生态保护与开发”“短期成本与长期效益” 等专业场景记忆其用法；
- 强化 “语境化词汇辨析” 训练，通过西北研究院相关的科研论文摘要、野外研究报告等文本，掌握学术词汇的实际应用场景；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “固定搭配 + 逻辑衔接” 考点，避免因语法逻辑错误影响表达准确性。
- 资源环境类翻译需确保 “冰冻圈、冻土、生态修复” 等专业术语的精准转换，提前积累相关主题词汇库；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分同位语从句、并列结构，将英文 “后置定语” 转为中文 “前置定语”，优化语序以符合中文表达习惯；
- 强化 “汉译英” 训练，尤其注意 “近年来”“显著地” 等副词的时态与程度表达，贴合学术文本的严谨性要求。
- 写作前深入了解西北研究院的核心研究领域（冰冻圈、干旱区生态、冻土工程）与国家战略使命，确保论据与目标院校专业高度适配；
- 采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构，主体段围绕 “数据诚信、生态责任、社会价值” 等维度展开，每个论点均搭配 1 个研究院相关的实例（如野外数据造假的危害、冻土工程的生态保护措施）；
- 结尾段升华至 “科研服务生态安全与国家战略” 的宏观视角，体现博士研究生的学术格局与社会责任感。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院博士研究生。
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