本文以国防大学考博英语经典真题为例，作为 2026 年国防大学考博真题的样题参考，帮助考生掌握考博英语阅读理解、翻译、写作等核心题型的深度解析逻辑，符合博士研究生对 “语言精准性 + 逻辑思辨性 + 学术表达规范性” 的能力要求。
原题文本（Passage）
Military technology has undergone remarkable advancements over the past few decades, reshaping the nature of modern warfare and national defense strategies. Unlike traditional weapons that relied primarily on mechanical force, contemporary military systems integrate cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and cyber defense mechanisms. These innovations have not only enhanced the precision and efficiency of military operations but also raised new ethical and security challenges.
One of the key transformations is the adoption of AI-driven decision-making systems. These systems can process vast amounts of battlefield data in real time, enabling commanders to make more informed choices quickly. For instance, AI algorithms can analyze satellite imagery to identify enemy positions, predict troop movements, and optimize resource allocation. However, the reliance on AI also brings risks, such as potential system failures or malicious hacking attempts that could compromise critical military information.
Cyber warfare has emerged as a crucial domain in modern defense. Nations are investing heavily in developing cyber defense capabilities to protect their military networks, communication systems, and sensitive data from cyberattacks. A single successful cyberattack can disrupt military operations, disable weapons systems, and even threaten national security. As a result, cyber defense has become an integral part of national defense strategies, requiring specialized skills and continuous technological upgrades.
Questions:
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What is the main difference between contemporary military systems and traditional weapons?
[A] Contemporary systems are more affordable.
[B] Contemporary systems integrate advanced technologies.
[C] Traditional weapons are more reliable in harsh conditions.
[D] Traditional weapons have higher precision.
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Why are AI-driven decision-making systems valuable for military operations?
[A] They reduce the need for human commanders.
[B] They can process large amounts of data quickly.
[C] They eliminate the risk of cyberattacks.
[D] They are easier to maintain.
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What risk is associated with the use of AI in military systems?
[A] Over-reliance on mechanical force.
[B] Lack of compatibility with traditional weapons.
[C] Potential system failures or hacking.
[D] High cost of development.
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What is emphasized as a crucial domain in modern defense?
[A] Satellite communication.
[B] Cyber warfare.
[C] Traditional battlefield tactics.
[D] Mechanical weaponry.
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What is the main idea of the passage?
[A] The decline of traditional military weapons.
[B] The ethical issues of AI in warfare.
[C] Technological advancements reshaping modern military and defense.
[D] The importance of cyber defense training.
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答案 B（Contemporary systems integrate advanced technologies.）
细节定位与核心信息提取 定位原文第一段关键句：“Unlike traditional weapons that relied primarily on mechanical force, contemporary military systems integrate cutting-edge technologies”（与主要依赖机械力的传统武器不同，现代军事系统整合了尖端技术），选项 B 精准对应这一核心差异。
干扰项排除
A “现代系统更经济实惠”、C “传统武器在恶劣条件下更可靠”、D “传统武器精准度更高” 原文均未提及，属于无中生有。
学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解细节题需重点关注 “unlike” 等对比连词引导的句子，快速锁定核心差异点。
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答案 B（They can process large amounts of data quickly.）
细节溯源与语义匹配 定位原文第二段：“These systems can process vast amounts of battlefield data in real time, enabling commanders to make more informed choices quickly”（这些系统能实时处理大量战场数据，帮助指挥官快速做出更明智的决策），选项 B 与原文语义一致。
干扰项排除
A “减少对人类指挥官的需求” 原文未提及，仅强调辅助决策；C “消除网络攻击风险” 与后文提及的 AI 存在被黑客攻击风险矛盾；D “更易维护” 无原文依据。
学术扩展：解答此类功能类问题，需聚焦原文中 “enable”“help” 等表作用的词汇后的内容，明确核心价值所在。
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答案 C（Potential system failures or hacking.）
细节定位与风险点提取 原文第二段明确指出：“the reliance on AI also brings risks, such as potential system failures or malicious hacking attempts”（对人工智能的依赖也带来了风险，例如潜在的系统故障或恶意黑客攻击），选项 C 直接对应原文表述。
干扰项排除
A “过度依赖机械力” 是传统武器的特点，与 AI 无关；B “与传统武器不兼容”、D “研发成本高” 原文均未涉及。
学术扩展：考博英语中 “such as”“for example” 等举例词后通常是答案要点，需重点关注列举的具体内容。
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答案 B（Cyber warfare.）
核心信息定位 原文第三段开篇明确：“Cyber warfare has emerged as a crucial domain in modern defense”（网络战已成为现代国防的关键领域），选项 B 直接匹配原文核心表述。
干扰项排除
A “卫星通信” 仅为 AI 应用的一个例子；C “传统战场战术”、D “机械武器” 均为传统国防相关内容，非现代国防的关键领域。
学术扩展：段落首句常为核心观点句，解答此类 “强调类” 问题，可优先关注段落开篇的总起句。
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答案 C（Technological advancements reshaping modern military and defense.）
主旨提炼与全文逻辑梳理 文章开篇点明军事技术进步重塑现代战争和国防战略，后文分别围绕 AI 驱动系统、网络战两个核心技术领域展开论述，选项 C 全面概括全文核心思想。
干扰项排除
A “传统军事武器的衰落” 原文未提及，仅对比传统与现代武器差异；B “战争中人工智能的伦理问题” 仅为局部话题，非全文主旨；D “网络防御培训的重要性” 未涉及，原文重点是网络防御的战略地位。
学术扩展：主旨题需把握 “总 - 分” 结构，开篇总起句通常是主旨句，后续段落均为支撑这一核心观点的分论点。
The modernization of national defense is not only a strategic requirement for safeguarding national sovereignty, security, and development interests but also an important part of national modernization. It requires the integration of military construction with national economic and social development, promoting the coordinated development of defense technology and civilian technology. In the context of global technological revolution and military reform, strengthening national defense modernization has become an urgent task for many countries. We should adhere to the path of independent innovation, accelerate the development of key core technologies in the military field, and continuously enhance the overall combat effectiveness of the national defense force.
国防现代化既是维护国家主权、安全、发展利益的战略需求，也是国家现代化的重要组成部分。它要求将军事建设与国民经济社会发展相结合，推动国防科技与民用科技协同发展。在全球科技革命和军事变革深入发展的背景下，加强国防现代化建设已成为许多国家的紧迫任务。我们应坚持自主创新道路，加快推进军事领域关键核心技术发展，不断提升国防力量的整体作战能力。
- 句式拆分与优化 原文第一句为长复合句，翻译时拆分为两个短句，用 “既是…… 也是……” 的中文句式衔接，符合汉语表达习惯。
- 术语精准翻译 “national sovereignty, security, and development interests” 译为 “国家主权、安全、发展利益”，贴合国防领域固定表述；“independent innovation” 译为 “自主创新”，是我国科技领域核心术语。
- 逻辑衔接自然 “promoting the coordinated development” 译为 “推动…… 协同发展”，“coordinated” 译为 “协同” 更能体现国防与民用科技的联动关系；“in the context of” 译为 “在…… 背景下”，准确传递语境含义。
学术扩展：考博英语翻译涉及国防、科技等专业领域时，需积累相关固定术语，同时注重中英文句式转换，避免直译导致的生硬感。
Write an essay on the topic "The Role of Technological Innovation in National Defense Construction". You should write at least 250 words.
The Role of Technological Innovation in National Defense Construction
Technological innovation has always been a core driving force for national defense construction, playing an irreplaceable role in enhancing national defense capabilities and safeguarding national security. In the new era of global competition, the importance of technological innovation in national defense has become increasingly prominent.
Firstly, technological innovation improves the combat effectiveness of the national defense force. Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, unmanned systems, and precision guidance have transformed the way of warfare, making military operations more precise, efficient, and flexible. For example, unmanned aerial vehicles can perform reconnaissance and strike missions in dangerous environments, reducing casualties and improving mission success rates. Secondly, technological innovation enhances the independent security of national defense. Relying on independent innovation can break foreign technological monopolies, ensuring that key defense technologies are not controlled by others. This is crucial for maintaining national sovereignty and development independence. Finally, technological innovation promotes the integration of national defense and civilian sectors. The development of defense technology can drive the progress of related civilian industries, while civilian technological achievements can also be applied to defense construction, forming a mutually beneficial development pattern.
In conclusion, technological innovation is the cornerstone of strengthening national defense construction. To meet the challenges of the new era, we should increase investment in defense technological innovation, cultivate professional talents, and adhere to the path of independent innovation. Only in this way can we continuously enhance national defense capabilities and provide a solid guarantee for national development and stability.
- 结构逻辑清晰 文章采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构，开篇点明技术创新在国防建设中的核心地位，中间从 “提升作战能力、增强自主安全、推动军民融合” 三个维度展开论述，结尾总结并提出建议，逻辑严密。
- 论证充分有力 每个分论点均结合具体例子或现实意义支撑，如用无人机案例说明作战能力提升，增强说服力。
- 学术表达规范 运用 “core driving force”“irreplaceable role”“technological monopolies” 等学术词汇，句式多样，包含定语从句、状语从句等复杂句式，符合考博英语写作的学术性要求。
学术扩展：国防类话题写作可围绕 “技术、安全、自主、融合” 等核心维度展开，结合军事领域典型案例，增强文章的专业性和针对性。
国防大学考博英语及各专业课真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题规律、考点重点及难度梯度。考生可通过以下官方推荐渠道获取：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 国防大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_2879646.html
- 主旨题重点关注文章首尾段和各段首句，提炼核心观点，避免被局部信息误导。
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，快速锁定原文对应内容，验证选项与原文语义一致性，警惕偷换概念、语义相反等干扰项。
- 强化逻辑分析能力，关注转折、因果、对比等逻辑连词，理清文章论证脉络。
- 积累国防、科技、军事等领域固定术语，确保专业表达准确无误。
- 拆分英文长句，按照汉语 “短句多、逻辑清” 的特点重构句式，避免直译导致的生硬感。
- 每日练习 1-2 段相关主题的英文翻译，对照参考译文修正表达偏差，提升语言转换能力。
- 针对国防类话题，提前储备核心论点和典型案例，如技术创新、军民融合、国防现代化等方向的素材。
- 论证部分采用 “分论点 + 例子 + 分析” 的结构，确保论述全面、有深度。
- 注重学术语言表达，合理运用复杂句式和高级词汇，控制文章字数在 250-300 词左右，保证卷面整洁、逻辑连贯。
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