原题文本（Passage 3）
The concept of "sustainable development" has become a cornerstone of global policy discussions, yet its practical implementation remains a challenge for many countries. Proponents argue that sustainable development balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity, ensuring that present needs are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Critics, however, contend that the term is often overused and lacks clear operational guidelines, leading to inconsistent application across regions and industries.
One key debate centers on the role of technology in achieving sustainable development. Some experts believe that technological innovations—such as renewable energy sources, circular economy systems, and precision agriculture—are essential to reduce environmental impact while maintaining economic productivity. For instance, solar and wind power have become increasingly cost-competitive with fossil fuels in many parts of the world, offering a way to decarbonize energy systems. Others, though, warn that overreliance on technology ignores structural issues such as unequal resource distribution and systemic poverty, which hinder sustainable development efforts. They emphasize that policy reforms and social interventions are equally crucial to address these root causes.
Another critical issue is the tension between short-term economic interests and long-term environmental sustainability. Many governments and corporations prioritize immediate economic gains, such as job creation and profit maximization, over investments in sustainable practices that may yield benefits only in the long run. This short-termism is particularly evident in industries like manufacturing and agriculture, where unsustainable production methods often lead to environmental degradation, including pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. Over time, these impacts can undermine economic stability by damaging natural resources that are vital to long-term prosperity.
Despite these challenges, there are promising examples of successful sustainable development initiatives around the world. Costa Rica, for instance, has reversed deforestation trends through a combination of reforestation programs, ecotourism promotion, and policies that incentivize sustainable land use. Similarly, Denmark has become a global leader in wind energy, generating a significant portion of its electricity from renewable sources and creating new jobs in the process. These cases demonstrate that sustainable development is not an abstract concept but a practical goal that can be achieved through a combination of technology, policy, and collective action.
Questions:
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What is the main argument of proponents of sustainable development?
[A] It prioritizes environmental protection over economic growth.
[B] It balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.
[C] It requires strict regulations to limit technological innovation.
[D] It focuses on addressing short-term economic interests.
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Why do critics criticize the concept of sustainable development?
[A] It is too focused on technological solutions.
[B] It ignores the importance of economic growth.
[C] It is overused and lacks clear operational guidelines.
[D] It emphasizes long-term benefits over immediate gains.
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What do some experts believe is essential for achieving sustainable development?
[A] Reducing investment in renewable energy.
[B] Ignoring structural issues like poverty.
[C] Technological innovations such as renewable energy sources.
[D] Prioritizing short-term economic gains.
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What is the problem with short-termism in government and corporate decision-making?
[A] It leads to overinvestment in sustainable practices.
[B] It undermines long-term economic stability by damaging natural resources.
[C] It focuses too much on social equity at the expense of economic growth.
[D] It ignores the potential of technological innovations.
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What do the examples of Costa Rica and Denmark illustrate?
[A] Sustainable development is an abstract and unattainable goal.
[B] Technological innovation alone can solve environmental problems.
[C] Sustainable development can be achieved through combined efforts.
[D] Short-term economic interests must be sacrificed for sustainability.
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答案 B（It balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.）
细节定位与语义匹配 定位原文第一段核心表述：“Proponents argue that sustainable development balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity”（支持者认为，可持续发展平衡了经济增长、环境保护和社会公平），选项 B 与原文表述完全一致。
干扰项排除
A “优先考虑环境保护而非经济增长” 与原文 “balances”（平衡）矛盾；
C “需要严格法规限制技术创新” 原文未提及，属于无中生有；
D “聚焦解决短期经济利益” 与支持者观点中 “不损害后代满足自身需求的能力” 相悖，支持者更关注长期发展。
学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解主旨类细节题，需精准定位原文关键论点，注意选项与原文核心词汇的对应关系，避免语义偏差。
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答案 C（It is overused and lacks clear operational guidelines.）
细节溯源与逻辑对应 定位原文第一段 “Critics, however, contend that the term is often overused and lacks clear operational guidelines”（然而，批评者认为该术语经常被过度使用，且缺乏明确的操作指南），选项 C 直接复刻原文批评者的核心观点。
干扰项排除
A “过于聚焦技术解决方案” 是部分人对可持续发展实施路径的争议点，并非批评者对该概念本身的质疑；
B “忽视经济增长的重要性” 与原文批评者观点无关，支持者已强调经济增长与环保、公平的平衡；
D “强调长期利益而非即时收益” 是短期主义者的顾虑，并非批评者对可持续发展概念的批评。
学术扩展：解答观点类细节题时，需区分不同主体（支持者、批评者、专家等）的核心立场，避免混淆不同视角的观点。
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答案 C（Technological innovations such as renewable energy sources.）
细节定位与例证支撑 定位原文第二段 “Some experts believe that technological innovations—such as renewable energy sources... are essential to reduce environmental impact while maintaining economic productivity”（一些专家认为，技术创新 —— 如可再生能源…… 对于在维持经济生产力的同时减少环境影响至关重要），选项 C 准确概括了专家的核心观点。
干扰项排除
A “减少对可再生能源的投资” 与原文 “renewable energy sources are essential” 矛盾；
B “忽视贫困等结构性问题” 是部分专家对 “过度依赖技术” 的担忧，并非支持的观点；
D “优先考虑短期经济利益” 是短期主义的做法，与专家倡导的可持续发展路径相悖。
学术扩展：考博英语中涉及 “专家观点 + 例证” 的段落，需把握 “观点先行、例证补充” 的逻辑，快速定位观点句是解题关键。
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答案 B（It undermines long-term economic stability by damaging natural resources.）
细节推导与因果衔接 定位原文第三段 “This short-termism... often lead to environmental degradation... Over time, these impacts can undermine economic stability by damaging natural resources that are vital to long-term prosperity”（这种短期主义…… 往往导致环境恶化…… 久而久之，这些影响会通过破坏对长期繁荣至关重要的自然资源，损害经济稳定性），选项 B 精准呈现了短期主义的危害及因果逻辑。
干扰项排除
A “导致对可持续实践的过度投资” 与短期主义 “优先即时经济收益” 的特点矛盾；
C “过于关注社会公平而牺牲经济增长” 原文未提及，短期主义的核心问题是忽视环境与长期发展，而非社会公平；
D “忽视技术创新的潜力” 与短期主义的关注点无关，原文未建立二者的关联。
学术扩展：解答因果类细节题时，需关注原文中 “lead to”“undermine” 等逻辑连接词，明确因果关系的核心要素。
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答案 C（Sustainable development can be achieved through combined efforts.）
例证目的与主旨呼应 原文最后一段指出哥斯达黎加通过重新造林、生态旅游推广和政策激励等综合措施逆转森林砍伐趋势，丹麦通过风能发展成为可再生能源领域的领导者，这些例子旨在支撑段首观点：“sustainable development is not an abstract concept but a practical goal that can be achieved through a combination of technology, policy, and collective action”（可持续发展并非抽象概念，而是可通过技术、政策和集体行动的结合实现的实际目标），选项 C 准确概括了例证的核心意图。
干扰项排除
A “可持续发展是抽象且无法实现的目标” 与原文 “practical goal that can be achieved” 矛盾；
B “仅靠技术创新就能解决环境问题” 与原文 “combination of technology, policy, and collective action” 相悖，例子体现的是多方面协同作用；
D “必须为可持续性牺牲短期经济利益” 原文未提及，哥斯达黎加和丹麦的案例并未体现 “牺牲短期利益”，而是实现了长期可持续发展。
学术扩展：例证题的解题核心是把握 “例证 - 论点” 的对应关系，结尾段的例证通常直接服务于段落主旨，需结合段落核心观点判断例证的意义。
原题文本（英译汉）
Sustainable development is not merely an environmental issue but a comprehensive framework that integrates economic, social, and environmental goals. It requires governments, businesses, and individuals to collaborate in making decisions that consider both present and future generations. In the context of globalization, the challenges of sustainable development are interconnected across borders, demanding international cooperation and shared responsibility. Only through collective efforts can we build a more equitable, resilient, and sustainable world for all.
可持续发展并非仅仅是一个环境问题，而是一个整合了经济、社会和环境目标的综合框架。它要求政府、企业和个人协同合作，在做决策时兼顾当代人与后代人的利益。在全球化背景下，可持续发展面临的挑战跨越国界、相互关联，这就需要国际社会开展合作、共同承担责任。只有通过集体努力，我们才能为所有人构建一个更公平、更具韧性且更可持续的世界。
- 句式处理：原文首句 “not merely... but...” 结构译为 “并非仅仅是…… 而是……”，准确传递递进关系；“that integrates...” 定语从句译为中文偏正短语 “整合了…… 的综合框架”，符合中文表达习惯。
- 语义精准：“collaborate” 译为 “协同合作”，比单纯 “合作” 更能体现多方联动的意味；“consider both present and future generations” 意译为 “兼顾当代人与后代人的利益”，避免直译的生硬感，同时准确传达核心含义。
- 逻辑衔接：“In the context of globalization” 译为 “在全球化背景下”，自然引出语境；“demanding” 译为 “这就需要”，明确前后句的因果逻辑，使译文流畅连贯。
- 固定表达：“equitable, resilient, and sustainable” 译为 “公平、更具韧性且更可持续”，“resilient” 结合语境译为 “具韧性”，贴合可持续发展领域的常用表达；“collective efforts” 译为 “集体努力”，保持语义准确且简洁。
题目：The Role of Individuals in Promoting Sustainable Development（个人在推动可持续发展中的作用）
- 开头段：引出话题，明确个人参与对可持续发展的重要性，总述个人可通过多种方式发挥作用。
- 主体段 1：从日常生活层面切入，列举个人在节约资源、减少污染等方面的具体行动（如绿色出行、垃圾分类、节约水电等），说明这些微小行动的累积效应。
- 主体段 2：聚焦意识传播与社会影响，阐述个人可通过宣传、示范等方式带动他人参与，形成社会共识，推动社会层面的可持续发展变革。
- 结尾段：总结全文，强调个人与政府、企业的协同作用，呼吁每个人积极参与，共建可持续发展的未来。
The Role of Individuals in Promoting Sustainable Development
In the global pursuit of sustainable development, governments and corporations play crucial roles, but the participation of individuals should never be underestimated. Sustainable development is not a distant policy goal but a cause that requires the joint efforts of every member of society. Individuals, as the basic unit of social operation, can exert profound and far-reaching impacts on promoting sustainable development through daily actions and conscious choices.
On the one hand, individuals can contribute to sustainable development through green lifestyle choices. In daily life, simple actions such as choosing low-carbon transportation methods (e.g., walking, cycling, or taking public transport), sorting garbage to facilitate recycling, saving water and electricity, and reducing the use of disposable products can effectively reduce environmental pressure. These seemingly trivial actions, when multiplied by the number of individuals, can generate enormous positive effects. For example, if millions of people choose to take public transport instead of driving private cars, the emission of greenhouse gases will be significantly reduced, contributing to the mitigation of climate change.
On the other hand, individuals can drive social change by spreading sustainable development awareness. By sharing knowledge about environmental protection and sustainable living with family, friends, and colleagues, individuals can influence more people to recognize the importance of sustainable development and join the ranks of practitioners. Moreover, individuals can set an example through their own behaviors, inspiring others to follow suit. For instance, a person who persists in reducing waste and reusing resources may encourage their community to launch relevant activities, forming a positive social atmosphere that values sustainability.
In conclusion, the role of individuals in promoting sustainable development is irreplaceable. While governments formulate policies and corporations implement technological innovations, individuals' daily actions and awareness dissemination lay the foundation for the success of sustainable development. Only when individuals, governments, and corporations work together can we overcome the challenges of sustainable development and build a better world for present and future generations.
贵州大学考博真题（含英语及各专业课）均配备完整、精准的高分答案详解，是把握命题规律、提升备考效率的核心资料。考生可通过以下官方渠道获取：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 贵州大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_2766666.html
- 主旨题需重点关注文章首尾段及各段首句，提炼核心观点，避免被局部细节或干扰信息误导。
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，快速锁定原文对应段落，逐一验证选项与原文的语义一致性，警惕偷换概念、语义相反等陷阱。
- 逻辑分析题需关注转折、因果、例证等逻辑关系，通过连接词梳理文章结构，准确把握作者立场与论证思路。
- 英译汉时，先拆分英文长句，理清句子成分与逻辑关系，再按照中文表达习惯重组句式，避免直译导致的生硬感。
- 积累可持续发展、学术研究等领域的高频词汇与固定表达，提升翻译的专业性与精准度。
- 每日练习 1-2 段学术类英文文本翻译，对照参考译文修正表达偏差，优化句式结构与语义传递。
- 针对学术类话题，构建 “引出话题 - 分论点论证 - 总结升华” 的思辨框架，分论点可从个人、社会、政府等多维度展开，确保论证全面。
- 积累可持续发展、科技进步、社会热点等领域的案例素材（如文中提及的哥斯达黎加、丹麦案例），增强文章说服力。
- 注重语言表达的规范性与学术性，避免口语化表达；每周仿写 1 篇真题作文，修正语法错误与逻辑漏洞，提升句式多样性与表达精准度。
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