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参考答案：
武汉大学
2003 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
科目名称: 语言学基础 科目代码：337
1. Explain the following terms. ( 5×10=50)
（1）cultural transmission
（2）complementary distribution
（3）morpheme
（4）assimilation
（5）locutionary act
（6）immediate constituents
（7）concord
（8）idiolect
（9）hypercorrection
（10）lexeme
(1) This process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as
cultural transmission. While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we are all born
with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically
transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. Language is cultural transmitted. It is
passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.
(2) When two sounds never occur in the same environment, and the occurrence of one sound as
opposed to another is determined by their phonetic environment, the sounds concerned were said
to be in a complementary distribution. Not all the sounds in complementary distribution belong to
the same phoneme; if the sounds in complementary distribution belong to the same phoneme, they
should be phonetically similar.
(3) Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language in terms of relationship between
expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying
or drastically altering the meaning, whether is lexical or grammatical. Morphemes can be
subclassified into different types, depending on what criteria followed, such as free morpheme &
bound morpheme, inflectional morpheme& derivational morpheme.
(4) Assimilation is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a
neighboring sound. Assimilation is often used synonymously with co-articulation. There are two
possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a proceeding sound, we call it
regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a
following sound, is knows as progressive assimilation.
(5) According to Jane Austin, there are three senses in which saying something may be understood
as doing something. The first sense is an ordinary one. That is, when we speak we move our vocal
organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning.
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