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Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous system particularly ______ to hot, dry winds. They are called weather sensitive people.
A) subordinate
B) vulnerable
C) liable
D) subjective
- 正确答案：B
- 解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析及语境匹配。题干核心是 “某些人的神经系统对干热风特别______，这类人被称为天气敏感人群”，需选择体现 “易受影响、敏感” 的词汇。
- A 选项 subordinate 意为 “从属的；次要的”，常与 to 搭配表示 “从属于……”，如 “subordinate to the main task”（从属于主要任务），与 “神经系统对气候敏感” 的语境无关；
- B 选项 vulnerable 意为 “易受伤害的；敏感的”，搭配 “be vulnerable to” 表示 “易受…… 影响 / 伤害”，完美契合 “神经系统对干热风敏感” 的语义，符合题干逻辑；
- C 选项 liable 意为 “可能的；有责任的”，搭配 “be liable to” 时多表示 “可能发生某事”（如 “be liable to rain” 可能下雨）或 “对…… 负责”，不用于描述 “身体系统对外部因素敏感”；
- D 选项 subjective 意为 “主观的”，与 “客观的气候影响神经系统” 的语境相反，排除。
The master of the house has got more money than taste, so his rooms are full of expensive but _____ furniture.
A) shabby
B) vulgar
C) worn
D) luxurious
- 正确答案：B
- 解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析，关键在于 “more money than taste”（有钱但没品味）的语义提示，需选择体现 “昂贵但低俗、无品味” 的词汇。
- A 选项 shabby 意为 “破旧的；褴褛的”，与 “expensive”（昂贵的）语义矛盾，排除；
- B 选项 vulgar 意为 “粗俗的；低俗的”，符合 “有钱买昂贵家具但缺乏品味，导致家具虽贵却低俗” 的逻辑，与 “more money than taste” 形成呼应；
- C 选项 worn 意为 “磨损的；用旧的”，同样与 “expensive” 矛盾，排除；
- D 选项 luxurious 意为 “豪华的；奢华的”，仅体现 “昂贵”，未体现 “没品味” 的负面评价，与题干转折关系（but）不符，排除。
According to the passage, we can say that anthropology _________.
A) can deal with human beings as one group of the creatures in the living world
B) can reveal an enormous diversity of traditions
C) can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and nature
D) can distinguish the human race from other creatures
- 正确答案：B
- 解析：本题为细节理解题，需结合文章对人类学（anthropology）的定义和研究范围定位答案。
- 文章第一段明确提到 “Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to different tradition.”（人类学是研究作为社会生物的人类的学科，关注区分不同传统社群的身体技术、习俗和价值观）；第二段进一步指出 “To the anthropologists, our customs and those of New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with common problems”（对人类学家而言，我们的习俗与新几内亚部落的习俗是应对共同问题的两种社会方案），强调人类学研究不同传统的多样性。
- A 选项 “将人类视为生物界的一个群体”，文章明确人类学研究的是 “社会生物（creatures of society）”，而非单纯的 “生物群体”，排除；
- C 选项 “揭示人与自然的关系”，文章未提及 “自然” 相关内容，核心是 “人类社会的传统与习俗”，排除；
- D 选项 “区分人类与其他生物”，文章未涉及 “与其他生物的对比”，排除；
- B 选项 “揭示传统的巨大多样性”，与文章中 “研究不同社群的不同传统”“不同社会方案” 的表述完全一致，为正确答案。
The expression "step back in time at least a hundred years" (in Paragraph 2) is intended to convey the idea that ________.
A) college classrooms often remind you of your college life
B) critical thinking was encouraged even a century ago
C) a hundred years ago, desk arrangement in a classroom was quite different
D) there is not much change in the college educational ideas over the past hundred years
- 正确答案：D
- 解析：本题为语义推断题，需结合上下文理解短语含义。
- 文章第二段提到 “We are already in the twenty-first century, but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years. Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see teacher but not all their classmates. The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious: Everything of importance comes from the teacher.”（我们已进入 21 世纪，但走进几乎任何一间大学教室，都像倒退了至少一百年。课桌排成直线，学生能看清老师却看不清所有同学，这种安排背后的假设是 “所有重要知识都来自老师”）。
- 短语 “step back in time” 的核心是 “时间上倒退”，结合后文 “课桌排列方式” 和 “知识来源的假设” 可知，作者想强调 “大学教室的布局和背后的教育理念（以教师为中心）一百年来几乎没有变化”。
- A 选项 “让人想起大学生活”，与 “时间倒退” 的语义无关，排除；
- B 选项 “一百年前就鼓励批判性思维”，文章第三段明确提到 “college classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking”（教室布局应鼓励批判性思维），暗示当前教室布局未做到这一点，且 “一百年前鼓励批判性思维” 无原文依据，排除；
- C 选项 “一百年前课桌布局完全不同”，与原文 “step back in time”（倒退，即现在与过去相似）矛盾，排除；
- D 选项 “过去一百年大学教育理念变化不大”，符合 “教室布局（直线课桌）和教育假设（知识来自老师）长期未变” 的语境，为正确答案。
Memory is undoubtedly one of the most important human facilities. 56_ it there would be no learning from experience, no intellectual functioning, no 57_ of language, nor any of the qualities that are generally ___58 with being human.
- 正确答案：Without
- 解析：本题考查上下文逻辑衔接。前句强调 “记忆是人类最重要的能力之一”，后句列举 “没有从经验中学习、没有智力活动、没有语言……”，显然是 “没有记忆” 的假设结果，需填入表示 “没有” 的介词。结合句式 “____ it there would be no...”（虚拟语气，表假设），“Without”（没有）为最佳选择，符合 “没有记忆就没有这些人类能力” 的逻辑。
Despite the fact that more research has been __61 to the study of memory than to any other mental function, comparatively ___62 is known about how the mind remembers things, and why it also appears to ___63 .
- 正确答案：forget
- 解析：本题考查语义逻辑与动词搭配。前半句强调 “对记忆的研究比对其他心理功能多”，后半句通过 “despite”（尽管）表转折，指出 “关于大脑如何记忆，以及为什么似乎会______，人们所知相对较少”。结合 “记忆” 的对立概念 “遗忘”，“appear to ______” 需填入与 “remember”（记忆）相反的动词，“forget”（遗忘）符合语义，且 “appear to forget”（似乎会遗忘）搭配合理，符合 “记忆与遗忘” 的逻辑关联。
The preservation of the Archaeological Patrimony in these cities, however, comes up against conflicts difficult to resolve, with very differing and opposed positions: the demand and the price of the ground, the harmonious development of the city, the presence of infrastructures and services, the aspiration of the citizens to worthy housing, the business projects of the promoters or the working plans of the constructors.
- 参考译文：然而，在这些城市中，考古遗产的保护却面临着难以解决的矛盾，各方立场差异显著且相互对立：包括土地的需求与价格、城市的和谐发展、基础设施与公共服务的配套、市民对优质住房的渴望，以及开发商的商业项目或建筑商的施工计划。
- 解析：
- 句式拆分：主句为 “the preservation...comes up against conflicts difficult to resolve”（保护面临难以解决的矛盾），“with very differing and opposed positions”（各方立场差异显著且对立）为伴随状语，冒号后内容为 “矛盾 / 立场” 的具体列举，翻译时需保持列举的清晰性。
- 关键词处理：“Archaeological Patrimony” 译为 “考古遗产”（符合文化遗产类术语规范）；“comes up against conflicts” 译为 “面临矛盾”（避免直译 “遇到冲突”，更贴合 “保护与发展的矛盾” 语境）；“worthy housing” 译为 “优质住房”（“worthy” 此处表 “符合需求的、优质的”，而非 “值得的”）；“promoters” 译为 “开发商”（结合 “business projects” 商业项目，指房地产或城市开发领域的开发商）。
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “包括” 引导冒号后的列举内容，使中文句式更流畅，符合 “总 - 分” 的表达习惯，同时保留 “然而” 体现的转折关系，准确传达原文语义。
Given that the planning figures are the most efficient way of regulating the ground plan and classify and organize the territory, they are also a useful instrument for organizing an action of urban Archaeological Patrimony within the plan.
- 参考译文：鉴于规划文件是规范土地规划、划分和管理区域最高效的方式，它们也成为在规划范围内统筹城市考古遗产保护行动的有效工具。
- 解析：
- 句式拆分：“Given that”（鉴于，表原因）引导原因状语从句，主句为 “they are also a useful instrument...”（它们也是有效工具）。从句中 “regulating the ground plan and classify and organize the territory” 为并列宾语，翻译时需调整语序，使 “规范、划分、管理” 的逻辑更连贯。
- 关键词处理：“planning figures” 译为 “规划文件”（结合上下文 “urban planning” 城市规划，指规划相关的正式文件，而非 “数字”）；“ground plan” 译为 “土地规划”（符合城市规划术语）；“organizing an action of urban Archaeological Patrimony” 译为 “统筹城市考古遗产保护行动”（补充 “保护” 一词，明确 “action” 的核心是 “保护”，使语义更完整）。
- 语义完整性：保留 “最高效”“有效” 的程度副词，体现 “规划文件” 的双重作用（规范土地 + 保护遗产），准确传达原文 “因高效而成为有效工具” 的逻辑关系。
- 参考范文：
Dissatisfaction Leads to Progress
There is a common saying that "satisfaction breeds complacency, while dissatisfaction drives progress." I fully agree with the statement that dissatisfaction leads to progress, as it is the discomfort with the status quo that pushes individuals, societies, and even humanity to explore, innovate, and evolve.
From the perspective of scientific innovation, dissatisfaction with existing knowledge has always been the starting point of breakthroughs. For instance, in the 19th century, scientists were dissatisfied with the limitations of Newtonian physics, which failed to explain phenomena at the atomic and cosmic levels. This dissatisfaction drove Albert Einstein to develop the theory of relativity and Max Planck to pioneer quantum mechanics, revolutionizing human understanding of the universe. Without their dissatisfaction with the "established truth," modern physics would not have advanced so dramatically.
On a societal level, dissatisfaction with unfair systems is the catalyst for social progress. The civil rights movement in the United States is a typical example. African Americans were dissatisfied with racial segregation and discrimination—they could not sit in the same buses, eat in the same restaurants, or vote equally with white people. This dissatisfaction led to protests, marches, and legal battles, eventually prompting the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned racial segregation and ensured equal rights for all citizens. Without this dissatisfaction, racial equality in the U.S. would have remained a distant dream.
Even in daily life, personal dissatisfaction fuels individual growth. A student who is dissatisfied with a low exam score will not be complacent; instead, they will analyze their mistakes, adjust their study methods, and work harder to improve. A chef who is dissatisfied with a bland dish will experiment with new ingredients and cooking techniques until they create a more delicious one. In these cases, dissatisfaction acts as a "motivational engine," pushing people to surpass their current limits.
Admittedly, excessive dissatisfaction may lead to frustration or even negativity. However, when channeled properly, dissatisfaction is not a sign of ingratitude but a driving force for improvement. It reminds us that "good enough" is never enough, and that there is always room to grow. In conclusion, dissatisfaction is the root of progress—without it, the world would stop evolving, and humanity would be stuck in complacency.
- 解析：
- 结构清晰：采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构，开头明确观点 “不满推动进步”，中间从 “科学创新”“社会变革”“个人成长” 三个维度论证，结尾总结并回应 “过度不满的潜在问题”，逻辑完整；
- 论据充分：每个论点均搭配具体例子（爱因斯坦相对论、美国民权运动、学生提升成绩），避免空洞论述，增强说服力；
- 语言规范：使用 “catalyst”“revolutionize”“motivational engine” 等精准词汇，句式多样（含定语从句、状语从句），符合考博英语写作的语言要求；
- 观点辩证：结尾提及 “过度不满的负面影响”，但强调 “合理引导下的不满是动力”，使论证更全面，避免绝对化表述。
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