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The university board of trustees deemed it urgent that a new provost ______ to replace Mr Dannison who had been diagnosed with cancer.
[A] be selected
[B] should be selected
[C] must be selected
[D] was selected
- 正确答案：A
- 解析：本题考查虚拟语气的特殊用法。题干中 “deemed it urgent that...” 为典型的 “宾语从句虚拟语气” 结构，当主句谓语动词为 “deem, suggest, demand, require, insist” 等表示 “建议、要求、迫切需要” 的词，且宾语从句前有 “urgent, necessary, essential” 等形容词时，从句需用 “(should) + 动词原形” 的虚拟结构，其中 “should” 可省略。
- 选项 A “be selected” 为 “should be selected” 的省略形式，符合虚拟语气语法规则；
- 选项 B “should be selected” 虽语法正确，但考博英语中此类结构更倾向于省略 “should”，A 为更简洁的最佳答案；
- 选项 C “must be selected”（必须被选）、D “was selected”（过去时被动）均不符合虚拟语气要求，排除。
Edmund likes to drive at a speed ______ the traffic limit. I wonder how he always manages to escape ______.
[A] having exceeded, to be fined
[B] exceeded, having been fined
[C] to exceed, to fine
[D] exceeding, being fined
- 正确答案：D
- 解析：本题考查非谓语动词的用法，需分两空逐一分析：
- 第一空：“a speed ______ the traffic limit”（超过限速的速度），“speed” 与 “exceed”（超过）为主动关系（速度主动超过限制），需用现在分词作后置定语，排除表被动的 B（exceeded）、表目的的 C（to exceed）；A “having exceeded” 为现在分词完成式，强调 “先于主句动作发生”，此处仅需描述 “速度的特征”，无需时间先后，故 D “exceeding” 更合适。
- 第二空：“escape ______”（逃避被罚款），“escape” 后接动名词作宾语（固定搭配 “escape doing”），且 “被罚款” 为被动含义，需用被动式 “being fined”；A “to be fined”（不定式被动）、B “having been fined”（动名词完成被动，强调 “先于 escape 发生”，无需时间逻辑）、C “to fine”（主动不定式）均不符合搭配，故 D 正确。
"In our society the razor of necessity cuts close" in the first line means ______.
[A] there is a shortage of daily necessities
[B] people fight each other for necessities
[C] most people feel the financial pressure
[D] everyone lives a hard life
- 正确答案：C
- 解析：本题考查句子语义推断，需结合上下文逻辑。
后文明确解释：“You must make a buck to survive the day. You must work to make a buck.”（你必须赚钱才能活下去，必须工作才能赚钱），可见 “the razor of necessity cuts close” 强调 “生存所需的压力紧迫”，核心是 “经济压力”。
- A 选项 “日用品短缺”，原文未提及 “物资短缺”，仅强调 “赚钱维生”，排除；
- B 选项 “人们为必需品争斗”，原文无 “争斗” 相关表述，属于过度推断，排除；
- C 选项 “大多数人感到经济压力”，与 “赚钱维生” 的上下文完全契合，“razor”（剃刀）比喻 “压力的锋利、紧迫”，正确；
- D 选项 “每个人都过着艰难的生活”，“everyone”（每个人）表述绝对，原文仅强调 “普遍的经济压力”，并非 “所有人都艰难”，排除。
The main difference between deserved-punishment and corrective justice is ______.
[A] the latter is for non-punishment equality
[B] the latter hates 'an eye for an eye' equality of punishment
[C] the latter places the criminal's equal rights in life above everything else
[D] the latter focuses on both reforming the criminal and giving him new opportunities in society
- 正确答案：D
- 解析：本题考查两种司法理念的差异，需定位原文对 “corrective justice”（矫正正义）的描述。
原文第二段指出：“corrective justice... tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him... justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. Therefore, his conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in society”（矫正正义旨在维护个体实现自我价值的平等机会，司法目的是 “治愈” 罪犯，而非报复，不应剥夺其在社会中立足的机会）。
- A 选项 “后者追求无惩罚的平等”，原文明确 “矫正正义不意味着罪犯逃避惩罚”，排除；
- B 选项 “后者厌恶‘以眼还眼’的惩罚平等”，原文未提及 “厌恶”，仅强调 “不局限于报复”，排除；
- C 选项 “后者将罪犯的生命平等权置于首位”，原文侧重 “平等机会”，而非 “生命权”，排除；
- D 选项 “后者既关注改造罪犯，也注重给予其社会新机会”，与 “heal the individual”（改造罪犯）和 “not deprive him of the opportunity”（给予机会）完全对应，正确。
If there is no recognition of the difference (46) ______ right and wrong, it is hard for the child to acquire the qualities which are necessary (47) ______ good citizenship.
- 正确答案：between
- 解析：本题考查固定搭配。“the difference between A and B” 为固定短语，意为 “A 与 B 之间的区别”，此处 “right and wrong”（对与错）是两个对立概念，需用 “between” 连接，符合 “区别两者” 的语义逻辑，其他介词（如 among, of）均无法与 “difference” 和 “and” 构成正确搭配。
But important (49) ______ these two factors are, they do not cover the whole field. The experience of those who work with juvenile delinquents has shown us (50) ______ greatly behavior is influenced by the emotional relationships within the family circle.
- 正确答案：how
- 解析：本题考查宾语从句引导词。空格后 “greatly behavior is influenced...” 为宾语从句，作 “shown us” 的宾语，从句中 “greatly” 为程度副词，需用 “how” 引导，表 “行为受家庭情感关系影响的程度”；若用 “that” 引导，从句仅陈述事实，无法体现 “程度”，不符合 “展示影响程度” 的语境，故 “how” 为正确答案。
(56) Unfortunately the chances of any animal become a fossil are not very great...
- 错误：become → becoming
- 解析：本题考查非谓语动词。“the chances of any animal become a fossil” 中，“of” 为介词，后接名词或动名词作宾语，“animal” 与 “become” 为主动关系（动物主动成为化石），需将动词原形 “become” 改为动名词 “becoming”，使 “of” 后的结构（any animal becoming a fossil）符合 “介词 + 宾语” 的语法规则。
(66) At two minutes to noon in September 1 of 1923, the great clock in Tokyo stopped.
- 错误：in → on
- 解析：本题考查介词与时间的搭配。表示 “具体日期”（如某年某月某日）时，需用介词 “on”；“in” 用于表示 “年、月、季节” 等宽泛时间（如 “in September”“in 1923”）。此处 “September 1 of 1923” 为具体日期，故将 “in” 改为 “on”，符合时间介词的使用规范。
- 参考范文：
My Academic Ambitions
My academic ambition centers on advancing research in applied linguistics, particularly the intersection of second language acquisition (SLA) and digital education. As a lifelong learner of languages, I have long been fascinated by how technology can bridge gaps in language teaching—for example, how AI-driven feedback tools can help non-native speakers improve their writing accuracy. My first goal is to complete a doctoral thesis that explores the effectiveness of adaptive learning platforms in enhancing SLA for adult learners, as current research in this area remains fragmented.
Beyond the thesis, I aim to collaborate with educators and tech developers to design practical, evidence-based digital tools. Many language apps today lack theoretical grounding in SLA; I hope to integrate findings from cognitive linguistics into their design, ensuring they target key challenges like vocabulary retention and grammatical competence. In the long term, I aspire to establish a research lab that connects academia and industry, translating theoretical insights into solutions that benefit marginalized learners—such as refugees or low-income students—who often lack access to quality language education.
Ultimately, my ambition is not just to publish papers, but to make linguistics research actionable. I believe that by merging academic rigor with real-world needs, we can make language learning more accessible and effective for everyone. This drive fuels my commitment to continuous learning, as I know staying updated on both SLA theories and digital innovations is essential to achieving these goals.
- 解析：
- 结构清晰：采用 “短期目标（博士论文）— 中期目标（工具设计）— 长期目标（实验室建设）” 的逻辑，层层递进，符合 “学术抱负” 的主题要求；
- 内容具体：结合 “应用语言学”“二语习得与数字教育交叉领域” 等具体方向，举例说明（AI 反馈工具、自适应学习平台），避免空洞论述；
- 语言规范：用词准确（如 “intersection”“fragmented”“actionable”），句式多样（含定语从句、状语从句），篇幅控制在 280 词左右，符合考博英语写作要求。
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