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The disparity between educational objectives that stress independence and individuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with others reflects a__that arises from the values on which these objectives are based.
A) predictability
B) redundancy
C) conflict
D) wisdom
- 正确答案:C
- 解析:本题考查名词词义辨析,核心逻辑是 “两种教育目标的差异反映出______”,需结合 “强调独立个性” 与 “强调服从合作” 的对立关系判断。
- A 选项 predictability 意为 “可预测性”,指事物发展的可预见性,与 “两种目标的差异” 无关;
- B 选项 redundancy 意为 “冗余;多余”,侧重 “重复或不必要的部分”,无法体现 “目标对立” 的含义;
- C 选项 conflict 意为 “冲突;矛盾”,“强调独立” 与 “强调服从” 是两种对立的教育理念,其差异必然反映价值观层面的 “冲突”,符合语境,为正确答案;
- D 选项 wisdom 意为 “智慧”,两种目标的差异是理念不同,而非 “智慧” 的体现,排除。
Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ______ as a unified science.
A) did ecology emerge
B) when ecology emerged
C) ecology emerged
D) when did ecology emerge
- 正确答案:A
- 解析:本题考查 “Not until” 引导时间状语从句的倒装句式。“Not until + 时间状语” 置于句首时,主句需用部分倒装(助动词 / 情态动词提前),基本结构为 “Not until... did sb./sth. do...”。
- B 选项 “when ecology emerged”、C 选项 “ecology emerged” 均未使用倒装,不符合语法规则;
- D 选项 “when did ecology emerge” 多了多余的 “when”,“Not until” 已引导时间状语,无需额外添加 “when”;
- A 选项 “did ecology emerge” 为部分倒装结构,符合 “Not until... did + 主语 + 谓语” 的语法要求,正确。
What does the passage mainly discuss?
A) Why people in pre-industrial societies worked few hours per week
B) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution
C) A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries
D) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week
- 正确答案:D
- 解析:本题考查文章主旨,需梳理全文时间线与核心内容。
文章开篇对比 “前工业社会(每周工作 20 小时)” 与 “工业革命时期(每周 60-72 小时)” 的工时;随后讲述 20 世纪美国工时变化(从每周 60 小时降至 50 小时,福特推行周六全天休假);接着提及 1930 年代大萧条时期的 “工作共享” 与 1938 年《公平劳动标准法》确立每周 40 小时工作制;最后列举 1980 年代后德国、英国、日本的工时缩短案例。全文核心是 “不同时期人类每周工作时长的变化”。
- A 选项 “前工业社会工时短的原因” 仅为开篇细节,非主旨;
- B 选项 “工业革命时期的工作条件”,文章未提及 “工作条件”(如环境、待遇),仅讲 “工时”,排除;
- C 选项 “不同行业年工时对比”,文章对比的是 “不同时期、不同国家” 的工时,而非 “不同行业”,排除;
- D 选项 “人类每周工作时长发生的变化”,涵盖全文时间线与核心内容,正确。
What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?
A) Its meaning was clarified when it was established in Australia.
B) It has now become a hot topic in the United States.
C) It came as a surprise when Australia adopted the policy.
D) America is now the only developed country without the policy.
- 正确答案:D
- 解析:本题考查细节定位,需锁定第一段关于 “带薪家庭休假” 的表述。
原文第一段明确提到:“Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011... we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.”(发达国家中仅两个国家不保障带薪产假,澳大利亚已于 2011 年推行该政策,美国成为目前唯一无此政策的发达国家)。
- A 选项 “澳大利亚推行时明确了其含义”,原文未提及 “含义澄清”,排除;
- B 选项 “目前成为美国热议话题”,原文提到 “美国未报道澳大利亚的政策”,暗示其并非 “热议话题”,排除;
- C 选项 “澳大利亚推行该政策令人惊讶”,原文 “我并不惊讶” 指美国未报道此事,而非 “澳大利亚推行政策令人惊讶”,排除;
- D 选项 “美国是目前唯一无此政策的发达国家”,与原文 “we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy” 完全对应,正确。
Asian families are often ______, including several generations related by ______ or marriage living in the same home.
A) enlarged
B) lengthened
C) expanded
D) extended
- 正确答案:D
- 解析:本题考查形容词词义辨析,核心是 “亚洲家庭通常是______(包含多代人同住)”,需选择体现 “多代同堂” 的形容词。
- A 选项 enlarged 意为 “扩大的”,侧重 “规模、尺寸的扩大”(如 enlarged house),不用于描述家庭结构;
- B 选项 lengthened 意为 “延长的”,侧重 “长度增加”(如 lengthened time),与家庭结构无关;
- C 选项 expanded 意为 “扩张的”,侧重 “范围、数量的扩展”(如 expanded business),不特指 “多代同堂”;
- D 选项 extended 意为 “大家庭的”,固定搭配 “extended family” 指 “包含祖父母、叔伯等的多代同堂家庭”,完美契合 “多代人同住” 的语境,正确。
The Vietnamese family ______ people currently ______ as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn.
A) insists on
B) resists to
C) persists in
D) consists of
- 正确答案:D
- 解析:本题考查动词短语辨析,核心是 “越南家庭______在世的人以及逝者和未出生者的灵魂”,需选择体现 “包含” 的短语。
- A 选项 insists on 意为 “坚持”,搭配 “insist on doing sth.”(坚持做某事),如 insist on hard work,与 “包含人或灵魂” 无关;
- B 选项 resists to(表述错误,正确为 resists)意为 “抵抗”,搭配 “resist sth.”(抵抗某事),语义不符;
- C 选项 persists in 意为 “坚持”,搭配 “persist in doing sth.”(坚持做某事),如 persist in studying,与语境无关;
- D 选项 consists of 意为 “由…… 组成;包含”,符合 “家庭包含在世者、逝者灵魂和未出生者灵魂” 的语义,正确。
In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places.
- 参考译文:在一些社会中,人们想要孩子是出于所谓的家庭原因:延续家族血脉或家族姓氏、安抚祖先、确保涉及家族的宗教仪式正常举行。在现代世俗化社会中,这些原因看似微不足道,但在其他地区,它们过去是、现在依然是极具影响力的。
- 解析:
- 句式拆分:首句冒号后列举三个 “家庭原因”,翻译时用 “、” 连接,保持列举的连贯性;后半句 “but” 引导转折,需体现 “现代社会” 与 “其他地区” 的对比。
- 关键词处理:
- “familial reasons” 译为 “家庭原因”,简洁明确;
- “extend the family line or the family name” 译为 “延续家族血脉或家族姓氏”,“line” 此处指 “血脉、世系”,避免直译 “线条”;
- “propitiate the ancestors” 译为 “安抚祖先”,“propitiate” 意为 “讨好、安抚(神灵或祖先)”,符合宗教文化语境;
- “secularized society” 译为 “世俗化社会”,为社会学固定术语;
- “seem thin” 译为 “看似微不足道”,“thin” 此处指 “缺乏说服力、不重要”,避免直译 “单薄”。
- 参考范文:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Cars
The rapid growth of private cars is closely linked to the development of the automobile industry. As more families purchase private cars, the automobile industry expands, driving related sectors like steel, electronics, and logistics. For example, China’s auto output has ranked first globally for years, partly due to the booming demand for private cars, which boosts economic growth and creates jobs.
Private cars bring significant convenience to people’s lives. They allow families to travel flexibly, avoiding the limitations of public transport schedules. For instance, parents can easily take children to extracurricular activities, and families can take weekend trips without worrying about ticket availability. Moreover, private cars enhance emergency response—people can quickly reach hospitals in case of illness.
However, excessive private cars cause severe problems. Traffic jams waste hours of people’s time daily, and exhaust emissions worsen air pollution, contributing to smog. To address these issues, governments should improve public transport (e.g., build more subways) and promote new energy vehicles. Individuals can choose carpooling or cycling for short trips. Only through joint efforts can we balance the benefits of private cars with environmental protection.
- 解析:
- 结构清晰:严格遵循 “汽车工业关系→生活好处→问题及解决之道” 的提纲,每段围绕一个核心,逻辑连贯。
- 内容具体:结合 “中国汽车产量全球第一”“接送孩子、紧急就医”“交通拥堵、尾气污染” 等实例,避免空洞论述;解决措施兼顾 “政府” 与 “个人”,全面可行。
- 语言规范:用词准确(如 “boost economic growth”“flexibly”“exhaust emissions”),句式多样(含举例句、条件句),篇幅符合要求。
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