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考博英语是博士研究生招生考试的核心公共科目，聚焦词汇语法、阅读理解、翻译及写作等综合语言应用能力，对考生的英语学术素养与应试能力具有关键考查意义。以下为北京有色金属研究总院 2009 年考博英语真题精选样本及高分答案详解，供考生参考答题逻辑与核心考点。若需完整的英语考博真题、专业课全套真题及深度解析，可通过本页面顶部专属栏目选购，助力系统备考。
- Good-quality titanium containing only a small amount of residual oxygen has been successfully produced and scaled ______ industrial levels.
A. up B. down C. by D. to
- It is time for America to replace politicians with statesmen who look ______ the next generation ______ the next election.
A. to…instead of B. at…instead of C. to…against D. at…against
A shortcut method to produce metallic titanium from its oxide involves seeking a qualified reductant R to remove oxygen as according to Equation TiO₂ + 2R = Ti + 2RO. Thermodynamically, oxygen should have a stronger affinity to R than to titanium, but reductants such as aluminum and carbon pollute the titanium produced. Only calcium and rare earth metals can reduce the residual oxygen to less than 1,000 mass ppm. Direct reduction using calcium was proposed before the development of the Kroll process, but its industrial application was difficult. Calcium forms a CaO film on the surface of the titanium particles, and this layer physically hinders the successive reduction and deoxidation by calcium.
(1) What can be inferred from the text on the affinity of oxygen to aluminum?
A. It's stronger than the affinity of oxygen to titanium.
B. It's weaker than the affinity of oxygen to titanium.
C. It's stronger than the affinity of oxygen to carbon.
D. It's weaker than the affinity of oxygen to carbon.
(2) What's the problem of direct reduction using calcium?
A. The affinity of oxygen to calcium is too strong.
B. The affinity of oxygen to calcium is too weak.
C. The formation of film which prevents further reduction and deoxidation.
D. The formation of film which is not physiologically successive at deoxidation.
As Isaac Newton dominated seventeenth century science with his discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin (1809-1882) dominated nineteenth, for he discovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself.
The concept of evolution, however, was by no means new with Darwin: it had been propounded and applied in various fields of science. Jean de Lamarck (1744-1829) had earlier challenged the traditional notion of the immutable fixity of species created at one time and existing ever since. Instead he envisioned a comprehensive evolution from worm to man, and sought to explain the process of evolution with the theory of acquired characteristics. Horses acquired their speedy legs from the need to run fast, giraffes their long necks from the need to feed on tall branches. And any such body changes are handed on by hereditary processes to be the starting point for the next generation.
(3) What did Charles Darwin (1809-1882) dominate nineteenth century for?
A. His discovery by himself.
B. His discovery of his own laws.
C. His discovery of laws about the universe.
D. His discovery of laws on man's evolution.
① Postponing purchases of new winter coats in the United States means job losses in Poland or China, and these losses then translate into reduced demand for American or German machine tools.
② As a result, anxiety, hopelessness, and anger are spreading, as what was a financial crisis becomes an economic and human crisis. Unchecked, it could become a security crisis.
- 继苏联和美国之后，中国成为第三个把人送入太空的国家。
- 我们相信，中国人将用大约十年的时间就能制造出大型飞机。
随着经济形势的恶化和就业压力的加剧，找工作难已经成为一个普遍的社会问题。请以 “More Jobs” 为题论述政府应增加工作岗位的原因和应采取的具体措施，字数以 200 字左右为宜。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦动词固定搭配，是词汇语法部分的基础考点，考查 “scale” 的介词搭配与语义理解。
- 答案详解：
选项分析：
- [A] scale up：意为 “扩大规模”，后接表示 “规模、产量” 的宾语，不与 “industrial levels” 搭配；
- [B] scale down：意为 “缩小规模”，与语境 “成功生产并达到工业水平” 语义相反；
- [C] scale by：无此固定搭配，“by” 通常用于表示 “增减幅度”；
- [D] scale to：意为 “达到…… 水平 / 规模”，固定搭配 “scale to industrial levels” 表示 “达到工业水平”，符合语境 “含少量残余氧的优质钛已成功生产并达到工业水平”。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦动词短语与连词搭配，是词汇语法部分的高频考点，考查对语境逻辑与固定短语的掌握。
- 答案详解：
选项分析：
- 第一空：“look to” 意为 “关注、着眼于”，“look at” 意为 “看待、观察”，结合语境 “政治家应关注下一代”，第一空选 “to”；
- 第二空：“instead of” 意为 “而不是”，“against” 意为 “反对”，语境强调 “关注下一代而非下一次选举”，逻辑上为转折替代，故第二空选 “instead of”。
- 综上，正确答案为 [A]，表示 “美国是时候用着眼于下一代而非下一次选举的政治家取代现有政客了”。
(1) [A] It's stronger than the affinity of oxygen to titanium.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦推理判断，是阅读理解的基础考点，考查对热力学原理与文本信息的关联分析。
- 答案详解：
原文明确提到 “Thermodynamically, oxygen should have a stronger affinity to R than to titanium”，即还原剂 R 与氧的亲和力必须强于钛与氧的亲和力，而铝被列为 “reductants such as aluminum”，说明铝属于符合该热力学条件的还原剂，因此可推断铝与氧的亲和力强于钛与氧的亲和力。
- [B] 与原文逻辑相反；[C][D] 未涉及铝与碳的亲和力对比，原文仅提及二者均会污染钛，未比较其与氧的亲和力，故选 [A]。
(2) [C] The formation of film which prevents further reduction and deoxidation.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节理解，是阅读理解的核心考点，考查对直接还原法问题的精准捕捉。
- 答案详解：
原文直接说明 “Calcium forms a CaO film on the surface of the titanium particles, and this layer physically hinders the successive reduction and deoxidation by calcium”，即钙会在钛颗粒表面形成氧化钙薄膜，该薄膜阻碍后续的还原和脱氧过程。
- [A][B] 未提及 “亲和力强弱” 是问题所在；[D]“not physiologically successive” 表述错误，原文强调 “物理阻碍”，而非 “生理上不连续”，故选 [C]。
(3) [D] His discovery of laws on man's evolution.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节理解，是阅读理解的基础考点，考查对达尔文核心贡献的准确把握。
- 答案详解：
原文明确指出 “Charles Darwin (1809-1882) dominated nineteenth, for he discovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself”，即达尔文因发现人类进化的规律而主导了 19 世纪的科学领域。
- [A]“自身的发现” 表述模糊；[B]“发现自己的规律” 语义错误；[C]“发现宇宙规律” 是牛顿的贡献，并非达尔文，故选 [D]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦并列句翻译，核心考查动名词作主语、并列结构及语义连贯，是翻译部分的重点考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- 动名词短语 “Postponing purchases of new winter coats” 译为 “推迟购买新冬装”，符合中文动宾搭配习惯；
- “translate into” 译为 “转化为”，避免直译 “翻译为”；
- 并列结构 “means job losses… and these losses then translate into…” 译为 “导致…… 失业，而这些失业又进而转化为……”，体现逻辑递进关系；
- 专业名词 “machine tools” 译为 “机床”，保证术语准确性。
参考译文：美国消费者推迟购买新冬装，会导致波兰或中国相关产业失业，而这些失业又进而转化为对美国或德国机床需求的减少。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦复合句翻译，核心考查原因状语从句、省略句及语义延伸，是翻译部分的难点考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- “As a result” 译为 “结果是”，明确逻辑关系；
- 从句 “as what was a financial crisis becomes an economic and human crisis” 译为 “随着一场金融危机演变为经济危机和人道主义危机”，“human crisis” 译为 “人道主义危机” 更贴合语境；
- 省略句 “Unchecked” 补充逻辑主语 “这场危机”，译为 “若任其发展”，使中文表达完整；
- “security crisis” 译为 “安全危机”，体现危机的升级逻辑。
参考译文：结果是，焦虑、绝望和愤怒情绪正在蔓延，一场金融危机已演变为经济危机和人道主义危机。若任其发展，这场危机可能会演变为安全危机。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦主谓宾结构与序数词表达，核心考查 “继…… 之后” 的固定译法及 “把” 字句的转换，是汉译英的基础考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- “继…… 之后” 译为 “Following…”，用现在分词短语作状语，符合英文表达习惯；
- “第三个把人送入太空的国家” 译为 “the third country to send humans into space”，用不定式作后置定语，简洁准确；
- 专有名词 “苏联” 译为 “the Soviet Union”，“美国” 译为 “the United States”，符合规范。
参考译文：Following the Soviet Union and the United States, China has become the third country to send humans into space.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦宾语从句与时间状语表达，核心考查 “相信” 的动词选择及 “用…… 时间” 的译法，是汉译英的高频考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- “我们相信” 译为 “We believe that…”，后接宾语从句，从句用一般将来时表预测；
- “用大约十年的时间” 译为 “in about ten years”，“in + 时间段” 表示 “在…… 之后 / 内”，符合语境；
- “制造出大型飞机” 译为 “develop large aircraft”，“develop” 比 “make” 更贴合 “研发制造” 的语境，“aircraft” 为可数名词复数形式，表泛指。
参考译文：We believe that the Chinese people will be able to develop large aircraft in about ten years.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦议论文写作，核心考查观点表达、逻辑架构及措施阐述，是考博英语写作的核心考点。
- 答案详解：
参考范文：
More Jobs
With the worsening economic situation and mounting employment pressure, job scarcity has become a prevalent social issue. Governments are obligated to create more jobs for two key reasons: first, sufficient employment ensures social stability by reducing poverty and dissatisfaction; second, it stimulates economic recovery as employed people boost consumption and productivity.
To address this problem, governments can take practical measures. Firstly, invest in infrastructure projects such as transportation and green energy, which can directly create numerous jobs. Secondly, support small and medium-sized enterprises with tax cuts and financial subsidies, as they are major employers. Thirdly, promote vocational training programs to enhance workers' skills, enabling them to adapt to emerging job demands.
By implementing these measures, governments can effectively alleviate employment stress, fostering economic growth and social harmony. It is a win-win strategy for both individuals and the whole society.
范文解析：
- 结构：遵循 “提出问题 — 分析原因 — 给出措施 — 总结意义” 的逻辑，贴合题目要求；
- 内容：覆盖 “增加就业岗位的原因” 与 “具体措施”，论据具体，符合 200 字左右篇幅；
- 语言：使用 “With…”“firstly…secondly…thirdly…” 等逻辑连接词，句式多样（定语从句、状语从句），词汇准确（mounting pressure, vocational training 等），符合学术写作规范。
以上仅为北京有色金属研究总院 2009 年考博英语真题的部分样本解析。完整的该科目全套真题、专业课考博真题及配套详细答案详解，可通过本页面顶部栏目选购。考博英语备考需注重词汇搭配、阅读理解的细节定位与推理、翻译的语义精准与句式转换、写作的逻辑架构与观点表达，建议考生结合完整真题强化综合应用能力，夯实备考基础。
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