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Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safer and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity.
What's more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be "zero impact". The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various ways land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon footprint of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.
What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.
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How do people often measure progress in agriculture?
A) By its productivity
B) By its sustainability
C) By its impact on the environment
D) By its contribution to economic growth
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What does the author think of traditional farming practices?
A) They have remained the same over the centuries
B) They have not kept pace with population growth
C) They are not necessarily sustainable
D) They are environmentally friendly
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
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There is a lot of pressure on him to change his mind, but he refuses to ______ to it.
A) take B) give C) yield D) submit
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It is estimated that, currently, about 50,000 species become ______ every year.
A) extinct B) instinct C) distinct D) intense
Directions: Read the following paragraphs carefully, then translate them from English into Chinese or from Chinese into English.
At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet.
Globalization is making the world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world.
Our world is bursting with knowledge—but desperately in need of wisdom. Now, when sound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs.
（1）航天部门被迫再次推迟飞行，直到找到问题的解决办法。似乎也没有人愿意揣测那要多久。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled
Knowledge and Diploma (Fake Diploma). You should write at least 200 words according to the following guidelines (given in Chinese):
(1) 目前，在社会上有这样的一种说法，文凭越高越吃香；
(2) 而有些人则认为文凭不等于知识；
(3) 你的观点。
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答案：B
解析：本题考查细节定位，需从第一段提取 “农业进步的衡量标准”。
- 第一段明确指出 “in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress”（在农业领域，可持续发展常被视为衡量进步的唯一标准），与选项 B“By its sustainability（通过可持续性）” 完全一致；
- 选项 A “通过生产力”、C “通过对环境的影响”、D “通过对经济增长的贡献” 在第一段均未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。
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答案：C
解析：本题考查作者观点，需定位 “传统农业实践” 的相关评价。
- 第五段明确提到 “we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones”（我们需要摒弃 “传统实践必然比新实践更可持续” 的观念），即 “传统农业实践未必可持续”，与选项 C 一致；
- 选项 A “几个世纪以来保持不变” 与第二段 “the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history”（农业本质随历史显著变化）矛盾；选项 B “未跟上人口增长步伐” 原文未提及；选项 D “环保” 与第二段 “Medieval agriculture... had minimal effect on biodiversity”（中世纪农业对生物多样性影响小）虽有一定关联，但作者强调 “传统实践未必可持续”，D 项仅为局部特征，非核心观点，故排除。
- 答案：C
解析：本题考查动词词义及搭配，核心语境为 “拒绝向压力妥协”。
- A) take to：意为 “开始喜欢；养成…… 习惯”，如 “take to reading”（开始喜欢阅读），与 “pressure（压力）” 搭配不当；
- B) give to：意为 “给予；捐赠”，如 “give money to charity”（向慈善机构捐款），无 “妥协” 含义；
- C) yield to：意为 “屈服于；向…… 妥协”，搭配 “pressure”“demand” 等，“yield to pressure”（向压力妥协）符合语境，正确；
- D) submit to：意为 “提交；服从”，侧重 “被动服从权威”，如 “submit to rules”（遵守规则），此处 “拒绝妥协” 更强调 “主动抵抗压力”，而非 “服从”，故排除。
- 答案：A
解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析，核心语境为 “物种每年的变化状态”。
- A) extinct：意为 “灭绝的”，“become extinct”（灭绝）是固定搭配，符合 “物种消失” 的语境，正确；
- B) instinct：意为 “本能”（名词），此处需形容词，且语义与 “物种状态” 无关；
- C) distinct：意为 “独特的；明显的”，如 “distinct features”（独特特征），无法描述 “物种消失”；
- D) intense：意为 “强烈的”，如 “intense heat”（酷热），与 “物种” 搭配不当，故排除。
参考译文：
与此同时，如今人类的作为与不作为，不仅危及地球上的生命，更危及地球自身的存续。
全球化正让世界变得更小、节奏更快、也更富裕。然而，“9・11” 事件、禽流感以及伊朗问题提醒我们：一个更小、更快的世界未必更安全。
我们的世界知识丰富 —— 却迫切需要智慧。如今，简短新闻片段越来越短，即时消息取代了长篇论述，个人生活愈发忙碌，此时我们的世界需要的是能够深度思考的大学毕业生。
解析：
- 语义精准：“imperil the very life of the planet” 译为 “危及地球自身的存续”（“very” 强调 “正是、自身”，避免直译 “地球的生命”）；“sound bites” 译为 “简短新闻片段”（符合媒体领域术语）；
- 逻辑衔接：“Still” 译为 “然而”，体现转折关系；“when... when... when...” 译为 “如今…… 此时……”，通过排比句式保持英文原意的节奏，符合中文表达习惯。
参考译文：
The aerospace department has been forced to postpone the flight again until a solution to the problem is found. It seems that no one is willing to speculate on how long that will take.
解析：
- 术语准确：“航天部门” 译为 “aerospace department”（标准术语，区别于 “aviation（航空）”）；“推迟飞行” 译为 “postpone the flight”（“postpone” 比 “delay” 更正式，符合官方语境）；
- 句式优化：“直到找到问题的解决办法” 译为 “until a solution to the problem is found”（被动语态符合英文客观表述习惯）；“揣测那要多久” 译为 “speculate on how long that will take”（“speculate on” 比 “guess” 更正式，符合书面语要求）。
Knowledge and Diploma (Fake Diploma)
In contemporary society, a prevalent view holds that "the higher the diploma, the more favorable the opportunities". Many employers prioritize candidates with advanced degrees, and some job seekers even believe that a diploma is the "passport" to a successful career. This mindset has led some people to pursue diplomas blindly, ignoring the essence of knowledge acquisition.
However, others argue that a diploma does not equal knowledge. A diploma is merely a certificate proving one's completion of a certain level of education, while knowledge refers to the practical skills, theoretical understanding and critical thinking abilities gained through learning and practice. For example, a student may obtain a master's diploma by memorizing textbooks for exams, but lack the ability to solve real-world problems—this is a typical case of "having a diploma but no knowledge". Moreover, the phenomenon of fake diplomas further undermines the value of diplomas, as some people use forged certificates to deceive employers, which not only violates ethics but also harms social fairness.
From my perspective, diplomas can serve as a preliminary reference for evaluating a person's academic background, but they should never be the sole criterion. What really matters is the knowledge and competence behind the diploma. For individuals, they should focus on mastering practical skills and deepening their understanding of professional knowledge rather than chasing diplomas blindly. For employers, they need to design more scientific assessment methods (such as practical tests and case analyses) to identify candidates with real abilities. Only by balancing the importance of diplomas and knowledge can we create a more rational and fair social environment for talent development.
- 结构清晰：采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构，开篇点明 “文凭至上” 的社会现象，中间对比 “文凭与知识的差异” 并举例论证，结尾提出个人观点与建议，符合考博写作 “逻辑严谨” 的要求；
- 论证充分：通过 “死记硬背获文凭却无实战能力”“假文凭泛滥” 等案例，增强说服力；区分 “diploma（文凭）” 与 “knowledge（知识）” 的定义，避免概念混淆；
- 语言规范：使用 “prevalent view”“preliminary reference”“scientific assessment methods” 等正式表达，符合学术写作语境；句式多样（如定语从句、举例句），避免单调。
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