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考博英语是博士研究生招生考试的核心公共科目，聚焦词汇语法、完形填空、阅读理解、翻译及写作等综合语言应用能力，对考生的英语学术素养与应试能力具有关键考查意义。以下为江西理工大学 2015 年考博英语（A 卷）真题精选样本及高分答案详解，供考生参考答题逻辑与核心考点。若需完整的英语考博真题、本专业课全套真题及深度解析，可通过本页面顶部专属栏目选购，助力系统备考。
- Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ______ the color of his skin.
A. with the exception of B. in the light of C. by virtue of D. regardless of
- He's watching TV? He's ______ to be cleaning his room.
A. known B. supposed C. regarded D. considered
Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful directions: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures.
Specific directives involve the government's identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or application of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation.
Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and application of technology are made. Such modifications may comprise imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to appeal to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity.
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The passage is primarily concerned with ______
A. objectives and legal methods for guidance of technological development
B. technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
C. economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
D. reasons for slow technological development in light of environmentalist objections
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Which of the followings is included in Market incentive modifications? ______
A. To change technology operations' ownership
B. To require technology enterprises to pay taxes
C. To simplify rules to restore technological harm
D. To subsidize the importing of high technologies
离子型稀土矿（ion-adsorption rare earth）采用堆浸（heap leaching）和原地浸矿（in-situ leaching）等生产工艺，均会造成一定的环境破坏和资源损失。为了更好比较堆浸和原地浸矿工艺造成的资源环境损失差异，基于堆浸和原地浸矿生产工艺原理，将离子型稀土矿采选造成的资源损失分为暂时性损失和永久性损失。
The overwhelming majority of Chinese undergraduates in the U.S. major in science, engineering or economics. Many were academic superstars in their high schools - gold medalists in international academic Olympiads or prize winners in national academic contests.
Directions: Write a composition of no less than 250 words on Income Sources between Chinese and American Students. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to: 1. Describe the differences of the income sources between Chinese and American students. 2. Analyze possible reasons for these differences. 3. Predicate future tendency.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦介词短语词义辨析，是词汇部分的高频考点，考查对 “不受肤色影响” 语境的语义把握。
- 答案详解：
语境为 “这个国家的每个人都有权住在自己想住的地方，不受肤色影响”，需选择 “不管、不顾” 含义的短语。
选项分析：
- [A] with the exception of：意为 “除…… 之外”，侧重排除；
- [B] in the light of：意为 “鉴于、根据”，侧重依据；
- [C] by virtue of：意为 “由于、凭借”，侧重原因；
- [D] regardless of：意为 “不管、不顾”，契合 “不受肤色限制” 的语义，故选 [D]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦固定搭配，是语法部分的核心考点，考查对 “应该做某事” 表达的掌握。
- 答案详解：
固定搭配 “be supposed to do” 表示 “应该做某事”，符合语境 “他竟然在看电视？他应该在打扫房间”。
选项分析：
- [A] known：“be known to do” 意为 “众所周知做某事”，语义不符；
- [C] regarded：“be regarded as” 意为 “被认为是”，后接名词，不接不定式；
- [D] considered：“be considered to do” 意为 “被认为做某事”，无 “应该” 含义，故选 [B]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦主旨大意，是阅读理解的核心考点，考查对全文核心内容的整体把握。
- 答案详解：
文章开篇明确提出 “四种引导技术向社会有益方向发展的法律方法”，随后分别阐释每种方法的具体内容，最后提及方法的有效使用依赖资源优化配置目标，核心围绕 “引导技术发展的目标与法律方法” 展开。
- [B]“控制市场活动的技术方法”、[C]“促进买卖双方交易的经济流程”、[D]“环保主义者反对导致技术发展缓慢的原因” 均未涉及，故选 [A]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节查找，是阅读理解的基础考点，考查对 “市场激励调整” 具体内容的精准提取。
- 答案详解：
原文提到市场激励调整包括 “easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity”，即 “简化程序规则以恢复技术造成的损害”，与选项 [C] 一致。
- [A]“改变技术运营所有权” 属于 “具体指令” 的内容；[B]“要求技术企业纳税” 原文表述为 “征收税款以覆盖技术的社会成本”，并非单纯 “要求纳税”；[D]“补贴高科技进口” 未在原文提及，故选 [C]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦科技类文本翻译，核心考查专业术语（如 “离子型稀土矿”“堆浸”）及长句拆分，是翻译部分的重点考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- 专业术语：“离子型稀土矿” 译为 “ion-adsorption rare earth ores”，“堆浸” 译为 “heap leaching”，“原地浸矿” 译为 “in-situ leaching”，“生产工艺” 译为 “production processes”，“暂时性损失” 译为 “temporary losses”，“永久性损失” 译为 “permanent losses”；
- 句式调整：将汉语长句拆分为两个英文复合句，用 “Both of which” 指代前文工艺，“To better compare” 引导目的状语，使逻辑清晰；
- 语义完整：准确传达 “两种工艺造成资源环境损失，基于原理分类损失” 的核心含义。
参考译文：Ion-adsorption rare earth ores adopt production processes such as heap leaching and in-situ leaching, both of which will cause certain environmental damage and resource losses. To better compare the differences in resource and environmental losses caused by heap leaching and in-situ leaching processes, based on the principles of these two production processes, the resource losses caused by the mining and beneficiation of ion-adsorption rare earth ores are divided into temporary losses and permanent losses.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦英文复合句翻译，核心考查 “overwhelming majority”“academic superstars” 等短语，是翻译部分的高频考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- 核心短语：“overwhelming majority” 译为 “绝大多数”，“major in” 译为 “主修”，“academic superstars” 译为 “学术明星”，“gold medalists” 译为 “金牌获得者”，“international academic Olympiads” 译为 “国际学术奥林匹克竞赛”；
- 句式调整：将破折号后的同位语部分译为独立分句，使中文表达流畅；
- 语义精准：完整传达 “美国中国本科生的专业分布及高中时期的学术成就”，符合原文含义。
参考译文：绝大多数在美国的中国本科生主修科学、工程或经济学专业。他们中的许多人在高中时期都是学术明星 —— 要么是国际学术奥林匹克竞赛的金牌获得者，要么是全国学术竞赛的获奖者。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦图表类议论文写作，核心考查对图表数据的分析、差异原因探究及趋势预测能力，是考博英语写作的核心考点。
- 答案详解：
参考范文：
Income Sources between Chinese and American Students
As shown in the table, there are significant differences in income sources between Chinese and American students. For American students, parents' support accounts for 50% of their total income, part-time jobs contribute 35%, and fellowship or scholarship makes up 15%. In contrast, Chinese students rely heavily on their parents, with 90% of their income coming from family support, while part-time jobs and scholarships each only account for 5%.
The differences stem from several factors. Firstly, the concept of independent living varies. American students are encouraged to be independent from an early age, so they actively take part-time jobs to earn income and gain work experience. Secondly, the social environment for part-time work is more mature in the United States, providing more opportunities for students. Thirdly, the scholarship system in the United States is more comprehensive, offering more financial support to outstanding students. In China, most students focus on academic studies, and the social environment for part-time work is relatively limited for students.
Looking into the future, the income source pattern of Chinese students may change gradually. With the development of society and the change of educational concepts, Chinese students will pay more attention to practical abilities and independent living skills, and more of them will take part-time jobs. Meanwhile, the Chinese government and universities may improve the scholarship system to provide more financial support. However, parents' support will still remain an important income source for Chinese students, while American students will continue to maintain their relatively balanced income structure.
范文解析：
- 结构：严格遵循 “描述差异 — 分析原因 — 预测趋势” 的要求，层次清晰；
- 内容：基于图表数据展开，原因分析贴合实际，趋势预测合理，符合 250 词要求；
- 语言：使用 “significant differences, rely heavily on, stem from, comprehensive, gradually” 等学术词汇，句式多样（定语从句、状语从句），表达规范流畅。
以上仅为江西理工大学 2015 年考博英语（A 卷）真题的部分样本解析。完整的该科目全套真题、专业课考博真题及配套详细答案详解，可通过本页面顶部栏目选购。考博英语备考需注重词汇语法的夯实、阅读理解的细节定位与逻辑分析、翻译的语义精准与句式转换、写作的图表分析与逻辑构建，建议考生结合完整真题强化综合应用能力，高效备战考试。
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