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考博英语是博士研究生招生考试的核心公共科目，聚焦词汇语法、阅读理解、翻译及写作等综合语言应用能力，对考生的英语学术素养与应试能力具有关键考查意义。以下为黑龙江大学 2017 年考博英语真题精选样本及高分答案详解，供考生参考答题逻辑与核心考点。若需完整的英语考博真题、专业课全套真题及深度解析，可通过本页面顶部专属栏目选购，助力系统备考。
- He failed to ______ himself to the new environment.
A. adopt B. adapt C. attach D. abduct
- The professor knows his subject, but he has trouble ______ his ideas across to the students.
A. getting B. making C. setting D. forming
"Are immigrants good or bad for the economy?" The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in their pockets. So why is there such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants' impact on the economy and the reality?
There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feel threatened by an inflow of new workers. Others highlight the stress that undocumented immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the role of race, arguing that foreigners add to the nation's fears and insecurities. There's some truth to all these explanations, but they aren't quite sufficient.
To get a better understanding of what's going on, consider the way immigration's impact is felt. Though its overall effect may be positive, its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit most directly from immigrants' low-cost labor are businesses and employers—meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, or agricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers' savings probably translate into lower prices at the grocery store, but how many consumers make that mental connection at the checkout counter? As for the drawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Native low-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor. According to a study by George Borjas, a Harvard economist, immigration reduced the wages of American high-school dropouts by 9% from 1980 to 2000.
Among high-skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition was strongest in states with both high numbers of immigrants and relatively generous social services. What worried them most, in other words, was the fiscal burden of immigration. That conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared to soften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants' access to certain benefits.
The irony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of immigration is minimal. Even for those most acutely affected—say, low-skilled workers, or California residents—the impact isn't all that dramatic. "The unpleasant voices have tended to dominate our perceptions," says Daniel Tichenor, a political science professor at the University of Oregon. "But when all those factors are put together and the economists calculate the numbers, it ends up being a net positive, but small one." Too bad most people don't realize it.
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What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A. Whether immigrants are good or bad for the economy has been puzzling economists
B. The American economy used to thrive on immigration but now it's a different story
C. The consensus among economists is that immigration should not be encouraged
D. The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration
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In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?
A. They can access all kinds of public services
B. They can get consumer goods at lower prices
C. They can mix with people of different cultures
D. They can avoid doing much of the manual labor
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Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?
A. They have greater difficulty getting welfare support
B. They are more likely to encounter interracial conflicts
C. They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay
D. They are no match for illegal immigrants in labor skills
Directions: Translate the first two paragraphs from English to Chinese and the third from Chinese to English. Put the answers on the answer sheet.
Paragraph One
In present-day technology man makes tremendous demands on the materials available to him. The demand is not only for huge quantities of materials such as timber, concrete, steel and plastics for constructional purposes. It is also for smaller but crucial amounts of materials which are less easily obtainable. Materials such as uranium and titanium do not exist in large quantities but they possess unusual properties which make them essential for certain highly specialized uses.
Directions: Write an essay of 180 to 200 words on the topic: "Private Cars Should Not Be Encouraged in China?" Your essay should include a beginning, a body and a conclusion. Please pay special attention to its structure, content and language. Write the essay on the answer sheet.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦动词词义辨析与固定搭配，是词汇部分的基础考点，考查对 “适应” 相关动词的精准运用。
- 答案详解：
选项分析：
- [A] adopt：意为 “采纳、收养”，常见搭配 “adopt a policy/child”，不与 “oneself to” 搭配；
- [B] adapt：意为 “适应”，固定搭配 “adapt oneself to” 表示 “使自己适应……”，符合语境 “他未能适应新环境”；
- [C] attach：意为 “附着、依附”，搭配 “attach to” 表示 “依附于”，无 “适应” 含义；
- [D] abduct：意为 “绑架、诱拐”，与语境语义无关。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦动词短语固定搭配，是词汇部分的高频考点，考查对 “表达想法” 相关短语的掌握。
- 答案详解：
选项分析：
- [A] getting：固定搭配 “get one's ideas across to sb.” 表示 “让某人理解自己的想法”，符合语境 “教授难以让学生理解自己的观点”；
- [B] making：无 “make across” 的搭配，“make one's ideas known” 可表示类似含义，但需接 “known”；
- [C] setting：“set across” 无 “表达” 相关含义；
- [D] forming：“form ideas” 表示 “形成想法”，不涉及 “让他人理解” 的语义。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节理解，是阅读理解的基础考点，考查对公众与经济学家观点差异的捕捉。
- 答案详解：
原文首段明确提到 “The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration... provides a small net boost to the economy”，即公众认为移民对经济有害，而经济学家普遍认为移民对经济有小幅净推动作用，二者观点不同。
- [A]“经济学家对移民是否有益经济感到困惑” 错误，经济学家已有共识；[B]“美国经济过去依赖移民，现在不同” 原文未提及；[C]“经济学家共识是不鼓励移民” 与原文 “小幅净推动” 矛盾，故选 [D]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节理解，是阅读理解的核心考点，考查对移民给普通美国人带来益处的把握。
- 答案详解：
原文提到 “Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in their pockets”，即移民提供廉价劳动力，降低了从农产品到新房的所有商品价格，让消费者口袋里有更多钱。
- [A]“能使用所有公共服务”、[C]“能与不同文化的人融合”、[D]“能避免大量体力劳动” 均未提及，故选 [B]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节理解，是阅读理解的高频考点，考查对低技能本土工人受移民影响的原因分析。
- 答案详解：
原文指出 “Native low-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor. According to a study... immigration reduced the wages of American high-school dropouts by 9%”，即低技能本土工人受外国劳动力竞争影响最大，移民导致其工资下降，难以获得体面薪酬的工作。
- [A]“难以获得福利支持”、[B]“更易遭遇种族冲突”、[D]“在劳动技能上不如非法移民” 均未提及，故选 [C]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦复合句翻译，核心考查并列结构、定语从句及专业名词，是翻译部分的重点考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- 并列结构：“not only for... It is also for...” 译为 “不仅需要…… 也需要……”，保持句式对称；
- 定语从句：“which are less easily obtainable” 译为 “难以获取的”，后置定语转前置定语；“which make them essential for certain highly specialized uses” 译为 “使其成为某些高度特殊用途不可或缺的材料”，明确逻辑关系；
- 专业名词：“timber” 译为 “木材”，“concrete” 译为 “混凝土”，“uranium” 译为 “铀”，“titanium” 译为 “钛”，保证术语准确。
参考译文：在当今技术领域，人类对可获取的材料提出了极高的要求。这种需求不仅是为了建筑用途，需要大量木材、混凝土、钢材和塑料等材料；也需要少量但至关重要、难以获取的材料。铀和钛等材料储量并不丰富，但它们具有独特的特性，使其成为某些高度特殊用途不可或缺的材料。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦议论文写作，核心考查观点表达、逻辑架构及论证能力，是考博英语写作的核心考点。
- 答案详解：
参考范文：
Private Cars Should Not Be Encouraged in China
With the rapid economic development, private cars have become increasingly popular in China. However, considering the country's actual conditions, private cars should not be encouraged.
Firstly, private cars exacerbate environmental pollution. The exhaust emissions from a large number of private cars are one of the main causes of smog and air quality degradation, posing a serious threat to people's health. Secondly, they lead to severe traffic congestion. In major cities, traffic jams during peak hours have become a common phenomenon, wasting a lot of time and reducing work efficiency. Thirdly, the rapid growth of private cars increases the demand for energy, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of the country.
In conclusion, encouraging private cars will bring more negative impacts. Instead, we should promote public transportation, such as buses and subways, and develop new energy vehicles. This not only helps protect the environment but also ensures smooth traffic, contributing to the sustainable development of society.
范文解析：
- 结构：遵循 “引出话题 — 阐述反对理由 — 总结建议” 的三段式结构，逻辑清晰，贴合题目要求；
- 内容：覆盖 “环境污染”“交通拥堵”“能源消耗” 三个核心反对理由，论据具体，符合 180-200 词篇幅；
- 语言：使用 “Firstly...Secondly...Thirdly...” 等逻辑连接词，句式多样（定语从句、状语从句），词汇准确（exacerbate, degradation, sustainable development 等），符合学术写作规范。
以上仅为黑龙江大学 2017 年考博英语真题的部分样本解析。完整的该科目全套真题、专业课考博真题及配套详细答案详解，可通过本页面顶部栏目选购。考博英语备考需注重词汇搭配、阅读理解的细节定位与逻辑推断、翻译的语义精准与句式转换、写作的逻辑架构与观点表达，建议考生结合完整真题强化综合应用能力，夯实备考基础。
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