—— 完整内容请至页面顶部栏目选购英语、专业课考博真题
考博英语是博士研究生招生考试的核心公共科目，聚焦阅读理解、翻译等综合语言应用能力，对考生的英语学术素养与应试能力具有关键考查意义。以下为哈尔滨工业大学 2017 年考博英语真题精选样本及高分答案详解，供考生参考答题逻辑与核心考点。若需完整的英语考博真题、专业课全套真题及深度解析，可通过本页面顶部专属栏目选购，助力系统备考。
Directions: In this section, there are eight passages. Each has five questions. Please read the passage carefully and then choose one answer from A, B, C and D for each question. Remember to give your answer on the Answer Sheet.
Nutritional status affects children's behavior. Well-nourished children are more alert and attentive and are better able to benefit from physical and learning experience. Poorly nourished children may be quiet and withdrawn, or too active during class activities. Fat children also face many problems. They are often slow and less able to participate in physical activity. They may suffer from being laughed at and emotional stress by being excluded from playmates.
Children's resistance to infection and illness is also definitely influenced by their nutritional status. Children who are well nourished are less likely to become ill; they also recover more quickly when they are sick. Poorly nourished children are more sensitive to infections and illness. Illness also increases the need for some nutrients. Thus poor nutrition creates a cycle of illness, poorer nutritional status, and lowered resistance to illness.
Malnutrition is a serious problem for many young children but it is not always associated with poverty or a poor environment. Children of middle and upper income families may also be malnourished because of unwise food selections. Malnutrition occurs when there is prolonged imbalance of the nutrients that are required and the nutrients that are actually eaten. Malnutrition may be the result of under-nutrition or over-nutrition.
It is important that both of these conditions be avoided in young child. An adequate intake of all required nutrients is most vital during early periods of growth and development. Also, the effects of nutritional deficiency on physical development during early childhood are less likely to be changed by improved dietary intake later.
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Well-nourished children tend to do all the following but
A. be attentive while learning
B. be too active in class
C. benefit from physical activity
D. behave very properly
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Which of the following statement is NOT true?
A. Children's resistance to illness is directly proportional to their poor nutritional status
B. The well-nourished tend to recover quickly when they are ill
C. The poorly-nourished are most likely to be the victims of any infectious disease
D. The cycle indicates that illness can turn the poor nutritional condition for the worse
-
Malnutrition may be caused by
A. a deprived environment
B. unwise food selections
C. under nutrition
D. all of the above
-
The word "withdrawn" in Line 3 of Para 1 means
A. isolated
B. reserve
C. selfish
D. stubborn
Banks are not ordinarily prepared to pay out all accounts; they rely on depositors not to demand payment all at the same time. If depositors should come to fear that a bank couldn't pay off all its depositors, then that fear might cause all the depositors to appear on the same day. If they did, the bank could not pay all accounts. However, if they did not all appear at once, then there would always be funds to pay those who wanted their money when they wanted it. Mrs. Elsie Vaught has told us of a terrifying bank run (挤兑) that she experienced. One day, in December of 1925 several banks failed to open in a city where she lived. The other banks anticipated a run the next day, and so the officers of the bank in which Mrs. Vaught worked as a teller (出纳员) had enough funds on hand to pay off as many depositors as might apply. The officers simply instructed the tellers to pay on demand. Next morning a crowd gathered in the bank and on the sidewalk outside. The length of the line convinced many that the bank could not possibly pay off everyone. People began to push and then to fight for places near the teller's windows. Clothing was torn and limbs broken, but the jam continued for hours. The power of the panic atmosphere is evident in the fact that two tellers, though they knew that the bank was sound and could pay out all depositors, nevertheless withdrew the funds in their own accounts. Mrs. Vaught says that she had difficulty restraining herself from doing the same.
-
A bank run occurs when
A. a bank is closed for one or more day
B. employees of a bank take their own funds out of the bank
C. too many depositors attempt to draw out their money at one time
D. there appear long lines in front of the tellers' windows
-
What happened to some of the customers of the bank where Mrs. Vaught worked?
A. They lost their money
B. They got injured
C. They had to leave part of their money in the bank
D. They were forced to put their money into other banks
-
The essential cause of a run on a bank is
A. lack of sufficient funds
B. too many depositors
C. inefficient tellers
D. loss of confidence
-
The crowds gathered in Mrs. Vaught's bank and on the sidewalk because of
A. doubt
B. greed
C. anger
D. curiosity
Directions: In this section, there are two English passages. You are required to translate them into Chinese. Remember to write the words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1 (10 points)
Even the automobile industry, which has remained largely unchanged for the last seventy years, is about to feel the effects of the computer revolution.
The automobile industry ranks as among the most lucrative and powerful industries of the twentieth century. There are presently 500 million cars on earth, or one car for every ten people. Sales of the automobile industry stand at about a trillion dollars, making it the world's biggest manufacturing industry.
The car, and the roads it travels on, will be revolutionized in the twenty-first century. The key to tomorrow's "smart cars" will be sensors. "We'll see vehicles and roads that see and hear and feel and smell and talk and act," predicts Bill Spreitzer, technical director of General Motors Corporation's ITS program, which is designing the smart car and road of the future.
Directions: In this section you have two Chinese passages to translate into English. Write the answers neatly on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1 (10 points)
无比强大的科技很快就将完全改变我们的生活。这可能会产生危险的后果，尤其是因为我们可能不懂背后的基础科学。我们的科技能力和对科学的基本理解之间的差距愈发加大。我们借助于未来科技可以从事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科学，这是很危险的。
未来的一百年中特别危险的技术是纳米技术、人工智能和生物技术。它们带来的好处不容置疑，但它们潜在的危险很大。
- [B] be too active in class
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节排除，是阅读理解的基础考点，考查对营养良好儿童行为特征的精准捕捉。
- 答案详解：
原文明确提到 “Well-nourished children are more alert and attentive and are better able to benefit from physical and learning experience”，即营养良好的儿童更警觉、专注，能从体育和学习中获益，结合选项可判断 A、C、D 均为其表现。而 “too active during class activities” 是营养不良儿童的行为特点，故选 [B]。
- [A] Children's resistance to illness is directly proportional to their poor nutritional status
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节判断，是阅读理解的高频考点，考查对营养状况与抗病能力关系的理解。
- 答案详解：
原文指出 “Well-nourished children are less likely to become ill... Poorly nourished children are more sensitive to infections and illness”，即营养越好，抗病能力越强，二者呈正相关，而选项 A 称 “抗病能力与不良营养状况成正比”，与原文矛盾，故选 [A]。
- [D] all of the above
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节归纳，是阅读理解的核心考点，考查对营养不良成因的全面把握。
- 答案详解：
原文提到 “Malnutrition is not always associated with poverty or a poor environment”（与贫困或恶劣环境相关）、“because of unwise food selections”（不明智的食物选择）、“may be the result of under-nutrition”（营养不足），可见 A、B、C 均为成因，故选 [D]。
- [A] isolated
- 考点定位：本题聚焦词义猜测，是阅读理解的基础考点，考查对语境中词汇含义的推断。
- 答案详解：
“withdrawn” 与 “quiet” 并列，描述营养不良儿童的状态，结合语境 “被玩伴排斥” 可推断，其意为 “孤僻的、孤立的”。B “含蓄的”、C “自私的”、D “固执的” 均不符合语境，故选 [A]。
- [C] too many depositors attempt to draw out their money at one time
- 考点定位：本题聚焦概念定义，是阅读理解的基础考点，考查对 “银行挤兑” 的精准理解。
- 答案详解：
原文开篇提到 “banks rely on depositors not to demand payment all at the same time... if all depositors appear on the same day, the bank could not pay all accounts”，随后明确提及 “bank run (挤兑)”，可见银行挤兑指大量储户同时取款，故选 [C]。
- [B] They got injured
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节捕捉，是阅读理解的核心考点，考查对银行挤兑场景中客户遭遇的把握。
- 答案详解：
原文描述 “People began to push and then to fight... Clothing was torn and limbs broken”，即客户因拥挤推搡导致受伤，故选 [B]。
- [D] loss of confidence
- 考点定位：本题聚焦因果分析，是阅读理解的高频考点，考查对银行挤兑本质原因的推断。
- 答案详解：
原文提到 “if depositors should come to fear that a bank couldn't pay off all its depositors, then that fear might cause all the depositors to appear on the same day”，可见挤兑的本质是储户对银行失去信心，A “资金不足” 是结果而非原因，B “储户过多”、C “出纳效率低” 未提及，故选 [D]。
- [A] doubt
- 考点定位：本题聚焦情感推断，是阅读理解的难点考点，考查对储户聚集原因的分析。
- 答案详解：
储户因其他银行倒闭而担忧该银行无法兑付，进而聚集排队，核心是 “怀疑” 银行的支付能力。B “贪婪”、C “愤怒”、D “好奇” 均不符合语境，故选 [A]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦复合句与长句翻译，核心考查定语从句、插入语及专有名词翻译，是翻译部分的重点考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- 定语从句处理：“which has remained largely unchanged for the last seventy years” 译为 “在过去七十年里基本未变”，后置定语转前置定语，符合中文表达习惯；
- 数字翻译：“500 million cars” 译为 “5 亿辆汽车”，“a trillion dollars” 译为 “约 1 万亿美元”，保证数字准确性；
- 专有名词：“General Motors Corporation” 译为 “通用汽车公司”，“ITS program” 译为 “智能交通系统项目”，符合行业规范；
- 引语翻译：“We'll see vehicles and roads that see and hear and feel and smell and talk and act” 译为 “我们将会看到能看、能听、能感知、能嗅闻、能交流且能行动的车辆和道路”，保留排比结构，语义完整。
参考译文：
即便是在过去七十年里基本未变的汽车行业，也即将感受到计算机革命的影响。
汽车行业是二十世纪利润最丰厚、影响力最大的行业之一。目前全球汽车保有量达 5 亿辆，相当于每十人就拥有一辆汽车。汽车行业的销售额约为 1 万亿美元，使其成为全球最大的制造业。
汽车及其行驶的道路将在二十一世纪发生革命性变革。未来 “智能汽车” 的核心将是传感器。通用汽车公司智能交通系统项目的技术总监比尔・斯普雷泽预测：“我们将会看到能看、能听、能感知、能嗅闻、能交流且能行动的车辆和道路。” 该项目正致力于设计未来的智能汽车和智能道路。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦汉语长句拆分与逻辑衔接，核心考查被动语态、转折连词及专业术语翻译，是汉译英的核心考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- 长句拆分：将 “无比强大的科技很快就将完全改变我们的生活” 译为 “Extraordinarily powerful technology will soon completely change our lives”，简洁明了；“我们的科技能力和对科学的基本理解之间的差距愈发加大” 译为 “The gap between our technological capabilities and our basic understanding of science is widening”，用名词短语作主语，符合英文表达；
- 逻辑衔接：“这可能会产生危险的后果，尤其是因为” 译为 “This may have dangerous consequences, especially since”，“尤其是因为” 用 “especially since” 衔接，逻辑更顺畅；
- 专业术语：“纳米技术” 译为 “nanotechnology”，“人工智能” 译为 “artificial intelligence”，“生物技术” 译为 “biotechnology”，术语准确；
- 转折关系：“它们带来的好处不容置疑，但它们潜在的危险很大” 译为 “The benefits they bring are undeniable, but their potential dangers are great”，用 “but” 明确转折，句式对称。
参考译文：
Extraordinarily powerful technology will soon completely change our lives. This may have dangerous consequences, especially since we may not understand the underlying basic science. The gap between our technological capabilities and our basic understanding of science is widening. It is very dangerous that we can do very ingenious things with future technology without understanding the basic science.
The particularly dangerous technologies in the next 100 years are nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and biotechnology. The benefits they bring are undeniable, but their potential dangers are great.
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