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Directions: There are 15 multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.
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We've seen a______trend of consumers saying they will spend more, from holiday shopping to 2015 travel plans, and spending plans for Feb. 14 are no exception.
A. consistent B. persistent C. insistent D. resistant
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The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now______.
A. never worse B. none the better C. none the worse D. never better
Directions: In this section there are 4 passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.
"HELL is a city much like London," opined Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1819. Modern academics agree. Last year Dutch researchers showed that city dwellers have a 21% higher risk of developing anxiety disorders than do their calmer rural countrymen, and a 39% higher risk of developing mood disorders. But exactly how the inner workings of the urban and rural minds cause this difference has remained obscure--until now. A study just published in Nature by Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg of the University of Heidelberg and his colleagues has used a scanning technique called functional magnetic-resonance imaging (FMRI) to examine the brains of city dwellers and country bumpkins when they are under stress.
In Dr Meyer-Lindenberg's first experiment, participants lying with their heads in a scanner took maths tests that they were doomed to fail (the researchers had designed success rates to be just 25-40%). To make the experience still more humiliating, the team provided negative feedback through headphones, all the while checking participants for indications of stress, such as high blood pressure.
The urbanites' general mental health did not differ from that of their provincial counterparts. However, their brains dealt with the stress imposed by the experimenters in different ways. These differences were noticeable in two regions: the amygdalas and the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (PACC). The amygdalas are a pair of structures, one in each cerebral hemisphere, that are found deep inside the brain and are responsible for assessing threats and generating the emotion of fear. The PACC is part of the cerebral cortex (again, found in both hemispheres) that regulates the amygdalas.
People living in the countryside had the lowest levels of activity in their amygdalas. Those living in towns had higher levels. City dwellers had the highest. Not that surprising, to those of a Shelleyesque disposition. In the case of the PACC, however, what mattered was not where someone was living now, but where he or she was brought up. The more urban a person's childhood, the more active his PACC, regardless of where he was dwelling at the time of the experiment.
The amygdalas thus seem to respond to the here-and-now whereas the PACC is programmed early on, and does not react in the same, flexible way as the amygdalas. Second-to-second changes in its activity might, though, be expected to be correlated with changes in the amygdalas, because of its role in regulating them. FMRI allows such correlations to be measured.
In the cases of those brought up in the countryside, regardless of where they now live, the correlations were as expected. For those brought up in cities, however, these correlations broke down. The regulatory mechanism of the native urbanite, in other words, seems to be out of kilter. Further evidence, then, for Shelley's point of view. Moreover, it is also known that the PACC-amygdala link is often out of kilter in schizophrenia, and that schizophrenia is more common among city dwellers than country folk. Dr Meyer-Lindenberg is careful not to claim that his results show the cause of this connection. But they might.
Dr Meyer-Lindenberg and his team conducted several subsequent experiments to check their findings. They asked participants to complete more maths tests--and also tests in which they mentally rotated an object--while investigators chided them about their performance. The results matched those of the first test. They also studied another group of volunteers, who were given stress-free tasks to complete. These experiments showed no activity in either the amygdalas or the PACC, suggesting that the earlier results were indeed the result of social stress rather than mental exertion.
As is usually the case in studies of this sort, the sample size was small (and therefore not as robust as might be desirable) and the result showed an association, rather than a definite, causal relationship. That association is, nevertheless, interesting. Living in cities brings many benefits, but Dr Meyer-Lindenberg's work suggests that Shelley and his fellow Romantics had at least half a point.
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What does the text mainly talk about?
A. Why the city is not a suitable place to live.
B. How to detect the inner working of people dealing with stress.
C. How urban and rural residents differ in terms of mental mechanism.
D. Why city dwellers suffer a higher risk of mood disorder than countrymen.
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Why does the author mention Shelly's words at the beginning of the text?
A. To express his aversion to big cities like London.
B. To introduce the following discussion about urban and rural dwellers.
C. To show his familiarity with literary works.
D. To indicate the origin of differences observed between the city and countryside.
Translate the underlined part of the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on your answer sheet.
Economists don't forecast because they know, they forecast because they're asked. (1) A question that is increasingly put to them is whether inflation, which has been remarkably quiescent for years, will spring a surprise in 2016. After all, the debt troubles that have weighed down rich economies since 2007 are fading: labor markets in America, Britain and Germany are increasingly tight; housing markets are gathering steam; and the Federal Reserve has just raised interest rates for the first time in almost a decade.
Inflation in America and Europe should indeed pick up from its present, near-zero state as the big declines in energy prices at the turn of 2015 drop out of the headline rate. But a glut in the supply of crude means that oil prices are falling again. (2) If debt is receding as a problem in rich countries, it looms larger in emerging markets, where overcapacity brought on by binge (放纵、沉溺) borrowing exerts a downward force on prices. There is inflation in commodity-exporting countries, such as Brazil, whose currencies have been trashed. But global inflation is a tug-of war between bottlenecks in parts of the rich world and imported deflation from emerging markets, and the enduring fall or stagnation of prices looks set to dominate for a while yet.
Translate the underlined part of the following text into English. Write your translation on your answer sheet.
(1) 土壤和土地资源支撑着全球可持续发展，它们还是我们与穷困、食品不安全和气候变化作斗争的关键元素。与其他自然资源复杂地交织在一起，土壤是水、能源和食品安全链条中 (nexus) 不可分割的组成部分。由于风沙和水的侵蚀，世界每年失去约 240 亿吨肥沃的土壤。
(2) 土壤和土地的恶化 (degradation) 不仅是一个物理或生物化学问题，而且常常与社会经济各方面相联系。贫穷和被边缘化的人口通常最容易受土壤和土地恶化的影响，因为通常是他们拥有这些恶化的土地。
Directions: Write a composition of no less than 250 words based on the information provided below on your answer sheet:
The one-child policy has been abandoned following the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. All couples will be permitted to give birth to a second child for the first time since 1980. The across-the-board relaxation of the family planning policy has triggered a public uproar.
Yet, as the intention of the two-child policy is to tackle the aging problem, it remains unknown whether the two-child policy will stir people's enthusiasm and willingness to have more children.
What's your view on the benefits and/or concerns for couples in China who may or may not be willing to have the second child?
- 答案：A
解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析，核心语境为 “消费者持续倾向于增加消费”。
- A. consistent：意为 “一致的、始终如一的”，强调 “趋势在不同场景（假日购物、旅行、情人节）中保持统一”，“a consistent trend”（一致的趋势）符合 “从各类消费计划中均体现‘多消费’” 的逻辑；
- B. persistent：意为 “持续存在的、执着的”，侧重 “趋势持续时间长但未必统一”，如 “persistent rain”（持续降雨），无法体现 “不同场景下的一致性”；
- C. insistent：意为 “坚持的、反复要求的”，主语多为人，如 “insistent demands”（坚决的要求），不修饰 “trend”；
- D. resistant：意为 “抵抗的、反对的”，与后文 “spend more”（多消费）语义矛盾，故排除。
- 答案：B
解析：本题考查固定短语辨析，核心逻辑为 “住院半年后的身体状况变化”。
- A. never worse：意为 “从未更糟”，若填入则表示 “现在状况比住院前更差”，但 “but” 表转折，需体现 “虽住院但状况未恶化或无改善”，语义不符；
- B. none the better：意为 “依然如故、未见好转”，“but” 转折后强调 “住院半年却未变好”，符合 “poor girl”“over half a year in hospital” 的语境，逻辑通顺；
- C. none the worse：意为 “一点也不差、未受损害”，若填入则表示 “住院后状况未变差（甚至可能好转）”，与 “poor girl” 的负面背景不符；
- D. never better：意为 “再好不过”，表积极含义，与 “住院” 的负面场景矛盾，故排除。
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答案：C
解析：本题考查主旨大意，需梳理全文核心逻辑 ——“城乡居民应对压力的心理机制差异”。
- 文章开篇提出 “城市居民患心理疾病风险更高” 的现象，随后通过 FMRI 实验分析 “杏仁核（amygdalas）” 和 “前扣带回皮层（PACC）” 的活动差异：杏仁核活动与 “当前居住环境” 相关（城市居民活动最强），PACC 活动与 “童年成长环境” 相关（城市长大者活动更强），最终得出 “城乡居民心理机制不同” 的结论，与选项 C 一致；
- 选项 A “城市不适合居住”（原文仅说 “心理疾病风险高”，未否定城市居住价值，过度推断）；选项 B “如何检测应对压力的心理活动”（实验方法是手段，非核心主题）；选项 D “城市居民心境障碍风险高的原因”（仅为开篇现象，后文重点是 “机制差异”，非单一原因分析），故排除。
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答案：B
解析：本题考查写作意图，需分析雪莱名言的作用。
- 第一段引用雪莱 “伦敦如地狱” 的观点，紧接着指出 “现代学者认同这一观点”，并引出 “城市居民心理疾病风险高” 的现象，后文围绕 “城乡居民心理机制差异” 展开实验与分析，结尾又呼应 “雪莱观点有一定道理”，可见名言的核心作用是 “引出下文关于城乡居民的讨论”，与选项 B 一致；
- 选项 A “表达对伦敦的厌恶”（作者仅客观引用观点，未体现个人态度）；选项 C “展示文学熟悉度”（非学术文章写作目的）；选项 D “指出城乡差异的根源”（名言仅体现对城市的负面评价，未涉及 “差异根源”），故排除。
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参考译文：他们被问及越来越多的一个问题是：多年来一直极为平缓的通货膨胀，是否会在 2016 年突然出现意外波动。毕竟，自 2007 年以来一直拖累富裕经济体的债务问题正在缓解：美国、英国和德国的劳动力市场日益紧张；房地产市场势头渐强；美联储也在近十年来首次上调了利率。
解析：
- 句式拆分：“A question that...is whether...” 译为 “…… 的问题是是否……”，避免直译导致的晦涩；“which has been remarkably quiescent for years”（多年来极为平缓）作定语从句，修饰 “inflation”，符合中文 “前置定语” 习惯；
- 术语准确：“labor markets are increasingly tight” 译为 “劳动力市场日益紧张”，“housing markets are gathering steam” 译为 “房地产市场势头渐强”（“gather steam” 比喻 “势头增强”），“Federal Reserve” 译为 “美联储”（标准译名）。
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参考译文：如果债务在富裕国家已不再是问题，那么它在新兴市场的影响则愈发凸显 —— 在这些市场中，因过度借贷导致的产能过剩对物价产生了下行压力。巴西等大宗商品出口国出现了通货膨胀，其货币已大幅贬值。但全球通货膨胀是一场博弈：一边是部分富裕国家面临的瓶颈制约，另一边是新兴市场输入的通货紧缩，而物价的持续下跌或停滞在一段时间内似乎仍将占据主导。
解析：
- 逻辑衔接：“where overcapacity...exerts a downward force on prices” 译为 “因过度借贷导致的产能过剩对物价产生了下行压力”，补充 “因” 字明确因果关系；“tug-of-war” 译为 “博弈”（比 “拔河” 更符合经济语境）；
- 语义完整：“whose currencies have been trashed” 译为 “其货币已大幅贬值”（“trashed” 此处指 “货币大幅贬值”，避免直译 “被破坏”）；“enduring fall or stagnation of prices” 译为 “物价的持续下跌或停滞”，准确传达 “长期低迷” 的含义。
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参考译文：Soil and land resources underpin global sustainable development and serve as key elements in our fight against poverty, food insecurity and climate change. Intricately intertwined with other natural resources, soil is an integral part of the water-energy-food security nexus. Due to wind, sand and water erosion, the world loses approximately 24 billion tons of fertile soil each year.
解析：
- 句式优化：“支撑着全球可持续发展，它们还是……” 译为 “underpin global sustainable development and serve as...”，用并列谓语避免重复主语；“复杂地交织在一起” 译为 “Intricately intertwined with”（过去分词短语作状语，符合英文简洁表达）；
- 术语准确：“食品安全链条（nexus）” 译为 “water-energy-food security nexus”（“nexus” 为学术领域固定表达，指 “关联系统”）；“风沙和水的侵蚀” 译为 “wind, sand and water erosion”（分类明确，符合英文表达习惯）。
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参考译文：The degradation of soil and land is not only a physical or biochemical issue, but also often linked to socioeconomic aspects. Poor and marginalized populations are usually the most vulnerable to soil and land degradation, as they are typically the ones who own such degraded land.
解析：
- 语义精准：“被边缘化的人口” 译为 “marginalized populations”（标准社科术语）；“最容易受…… 影响” 译为 “the most vulnerable to”（比 “most easily affected by” 更符合学术语境）；
- 逻辑清晰：“因为通常是他们拥有这些恶化的土地” 译为 “as they are typically the ones who own such degraded land”，用 “as” 引导原因状语从句，“such degraded land” 指代前文 “soil and land degradation”，避免重复。
The Two-Child Policy: Benefits and Concerns for Chinese Couples
The relaxation of China’s family planning policy, allowing all couples to have a second child, aims to alleviate the aging population crisis. However, its impact on couples’ willingness to have more children is mixed, as it brings both potential benefits and practical concerns.
For couples willing to have a second child, the primary benefit lies in family dynamics and long-term support. Having two children can reduce the loneliness of the only child, fostering sibling bonds and a more lively family atmosphere. In the long run, two children can share the responsibility of supporting aging parents, easing the “4-2-1” family burden (four grandparents, two parents, one child) that many middle-aged couples face. Additionally, a second child may enrich parents’ life experiences, as raising two children requires different parenting strategies, promoting personal growth.
Yet, practical concerns deter many couples from having a second child. The most prominent issue is the high cost of raising a child—including education, healthcare, housing, and extracurricular activities. In first-tier cities, for example, the cost of educating a child from kindergarten to university can exceed 100,000 yuan, which is a heavy financial burden for middle-class families. Moreover, time and energy constraints are significant: many working parents, especially mothers, struggle to balance career and childcare, as affordable and high-quality childcare services are still limited in some regions. There is also the concern about children’s well-being—parents worry that dividing their attention between two children may compromise the quality of care each receives.
In conclusion, the two-child policy offers tangible benefits for family harmony and elderly support, but it also confronts couples with financial, time, and resource challenges. For the policy to achieve its goal, the government should provide supporting measures such as subsidies for childcare, improved maternity leave policies, and more affordable education. Ultimately, couples’ decisions depend on a balance between personal aspirations and practical conditions.
- 结构清晰：采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构，开篇点明政策背景与核心观点，中间分 “愿意生二孩的好处”“不愿生二孩的顾虑” 两部分展开，结尾提出政策建议与总结，符合考博写作 “逻辑严谨” 的要求；
- 内容具体：结合 “4-2-1 家庭结构”“一线城市育儿成本” 等现实案例，增强论证说服力，避免空泛表述；
- 语言规范：使用 “alleviate the aging population crisis”“foster sibling bonds”“tangible benefits” 等学术相关词汇，同时保持语句流畅，符合英语议论文 “用词精准、表达正式” 的标准。
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