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[A] The book of The Bell Curve
[B] Factors that determine or influence intelligence
[C] IQ intelligence tests
[D] Racial difference and racialism
- 本题考查主旨大意题，需概括全文核心讨论对象。
- 原文脉络：文章开篇提及智商测试与优生学的关联，随后围绕 “智力是否由基因决定” 展开争议，介绍《钟形曲线》的观点及批评，接着通过美军招募测试、基因研究、环境影响等案例，论证基因与社会因素对智力的共同作用。
- 选项分析：
- A. 《钟形曲线》仅为文中论证 “基因决定论” 的案例，并非核心主题；
- B. “决定或影响智力的因素” 涵盖基因、社会环境、教育、营养等全文核心内容，符合主旨；
- C. 智商测试是引出话题的切入点，并非文章主要讨论对象；
- D. 种族差异与种族主义是基因决定论引发的争议，并非全文核心。
- 解题关键：抓住全文围绕 “智力的决定因素” 展开的逻辑主线，排除局部案例或争议点干扰。
[A] brains of the more-educated people may become more contracted when they get aged.
[B] education may do harm to people's brains.
[C] more educated people may suffer from brain tissue loss.
[D] the less educated can resort to more cognitive reserves when aged.
- 本题考查细节理解题，需定位第一段核心信息。
- 原文依据：“those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage”（受教育程度越高的人，大脑萎缩程度反而更明显）“education allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down”（教育能让人在心理功能受损前承受更多脑组织损失）。
- 选项分析：
- A. “受教育程度高的人年老时大脑可能收缩得更厉害” 与 “more brain shrinkage” 直接对应，“contracted” 是 “shrinkage” 的同义表达，符合题意；
- B. “教育可能对大脑造成伤害” 错误，原文强调教育能让人承受脑组织损失，并非教育导致伤害；
- C. “受教育程度高的人可能遭受脑组织损失” 表述片面，原文重点是 “更多萎缩但能承受”，而非单纯 “遭受损失”；
- D. “受教育程度低的人年老时能动用更多认知储备” 与原文 “more educated have greater cognitive reserves” 矛盾。
- 解题关键：区分 “大脑萎缩” 与 “心理功能受损” 的差异，抓住教育的 “缓冲作用”，而非 “伤害作用”。
根据首段论点（大学教授分为积极型、中立型、消极型），补全第二段（已给出）后的衔接段落及结尾总结段落。
Between the neutral and negative teachers, the positive teachers stand out as the most inspiring and supportive. These professors not only master their subjects thoroughly but also show genuine enthusiasm for sharing knowledge with students. They make a point of learning every student's name and often initiate conversations to understand their learning needs. In class, they design interactive activities, encourage questions, and guide in-depth discussions, making even abstract knowledge engaging. After class, they actively invite students to consult them, offering patient explanations and constructive suggestions. Many positive teachers also share academic resources or research opportunities, helping students explore their potential beyond textbooks. Their passion and dedication often motivate students to study harder and pursue their academic goals with more confidence.
In conclusion, the three types of college teachers have distinct impacts on students' learning experience and growth. Positive teachers ignite students' enthusiasm for knowledge and provide valuable support; neutral teachers fulfill their teaching duties but lack extra engagement; negative teachers may dampen students' motivation due to their indifference or hostility. As students, we should cherish the guidance from positive teachers, adopt a proactive attitude when facing neutral teachers, and try to minimize the negative impact of difficult teachers. Meanwhile, this classification also reminds educators of the importance of passion and responsibility in teaching—after all, a teacher's attitude and methods can shape a student's academic journey profoundly.
- 衔接段落逻辑：承接第二段对中立型教师的描述，通过 “Between...and...stand out as...” 自然过渡到积极型教师，从 “课堂表现、课后互动、额外支持” 三个维度展开，与前文中立型、消极型教师形成对比，符合 “三类教师” 的分类框架。
- 结尾段落逻辑：总结三类教师的不同影响，从学生视角给出应对建议，再升华到对教育者的启示，呼应首段论点，形成完整闭环。
- 语言表达：句式多样，用词准确，如 “initiate conversations”“constructive suggestions”“dampen motivation” 等，符合学术写作规范。
Write a composition of about 250 words on "The Benefits of Volunteering"
The Benefits of Volunteering
Volunteering, as a selfless act of helping others, brings profound benefits to both individuals and society. For volunteers themselves, it is a valuable opportunity for personal growth and self-improvement. When engaging in volunteer work—whether helping the elderly, supporting disaster relief, or promoting public welfare—people can develop practical skills such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving. For example, a volunteer organizing community activities will learn to coordinate resources and interact with people from different backgrounds, which enriches their life experience and broadens their horizons.
Moreover, volunteering nurtures positive values and emotional well-being. Helping those in need brings a strong sense of fulfillment and pride, which alleviates stress and loneliness in modern life. Studies have shown that regular volunteers tend to have a more positive outlook on life, as they gain a deeper understanding of social reality and cherish their own lives more. Additionally, volunteering strengthens social bonds and promotes mutual trust. When people come together for a common good, they break down barriers between individuals and build a more harmonious community. For society as a whole, volunteers play a crucial role in filling gaps in public services, especially in areas such as elderly care and environmental protection.
In conclusion, volunteering is a win-win endeavor. It not only helps volunteers grow personally and emotionally but also contributes to social progress. As more people join volunteer activities, we can create a warmer and more caring world. Therefore, everyone should actively participate in volunteering and experience the unique rewards it brings.
- 结构框架：开篇点明志愿服务的核心价值，中间分 “个人成长、情感滋养、社会贡献” 三个维度论证，每个维度结合具体例子增强说服力，结尾总结升华，呼吁更多人参与。
- 语言表达：用词精准，如 “selfless act”“practical skills”“social bonds” 等；句式丰富，结合定语从句、状语从句，避免单一化；篇幅约 240 词，符合要求。
- 核心亮点：兼顾个人与社会双重益处，论证全面，例子具体，逻辑连贯，符合考博写作的学术性与思想性要求。
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