北京理工大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

北京理工大学2002年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
考试科目：英语

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Part II Vocabulary (20 points, 0.5 point for each)
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Section A
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Directions: There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one
word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C
and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the
corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.

16. My landlady is always trying to meddle in everything we do.
A. interfere B. intrude C. order D. encase

17. Nature constantly yields to man in New York: witness those fragile side walk trees
gamely struggling against encroaching cement and petrol fumes.
A. turns to B. gives way to C. recedes to D. gets back to

18. The small group of onlookers presented a pathetic sight and did nothing to help the
drowning child.
A. pitiable B. unreasonable C. depressing D. immoral

19. Hardy was stimulated by the sights, sounds and smells about him; he was enjoying his
sensuous experience.
A. sensational B. sentimental C. sensitive D. sensible

20. His company empowered the young engineer to negotiate the contract to be signed with
the American Microsoft.
A. enforced B. strengthened C. ordered D. authorized

21. I wish I could report a dazzling success but in fact it does not quite come off. I don't
think I may live up to my father's expectation.
A. come on time B. go off well C. appear properly D. boil down to

22. The Pakistan government is leaning on the Taliban government to hand over Osama to save
this entire region from catastrophe.
A. unhappiness B. disaster C. depression D. tragedy

23. The group is dedicated to preventing the PLO from entering peace negotiations with
Jordan.
A. contributed B. cemented C. devoted D. dispatched

24. With the development of sophisticated instruments, earthquake will become predictable.
A. advanced B. delicate C. dedicated D. difficult

25. The ongoing negotiation relied on unorthodox channels, avoiding the dull State
Department, which he disdained.
A. respected B. neglected C. denied D. despised

26. The severance of church and state is a basic principle of our government.
A. integration B. discrimination C. separation D. exposition

27. One of the consequences of advanced cognitive ability has been the emergence of
cultural life.
A. commendable B. compiling C. perceptive D. pertinent

28. Some corpses were so badly dismembered that they couldn't be identified as men or
women.
A. dismissed B. severed C. dispersed D. disposed

29. He tried but failed in his attempt to avoid being prosecuted by practicing bribery.
A. sentenced by B. accused of C. condemned of D. blamed for

30. There is a large joint programme of development among leading US computer companies,
and IBM, though it says nothing, may well have the biggest programme of all.
A. prosecuted B. consolidated C. unified D. boosted

31. The idea of time is incorporated in all languages of the world.
A. assigned B. contained C. indicated D. evidenced

32. Nail polish is made from cellulose lacquer, and opaque nail polish can be made by
adding titanium oxide.
A. varnish B. wax C. resin D. tallow

33. He made a dispatch for a specific purpose.
A. expedition B. punch C. declaration D. raid

34. A goal of modern dance often is to express the dancer's innermost feelings and
emotions.
A. most original B. most personal C. most selfish D. most enchanting

35. The freshmen will be notifled regarding the college placement examination.
A. condoned B. informed C. emulated D. deformed

Section B
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Directions: There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with
something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding
letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.

36. Profit sharing is a good ________ for employees.
A. treatment B. experiment C. incentive D. reinforce

37. Social workers often use ________ in their research.
A. frauds B. narrations C. refutations D. questionnaire

38. His fellow workers like and respect him because he is a man of ________.
A. sincerity B. injustice C. inquiry D. hostility

39. The World War II ended during Truman's ________.
A. Presidency B. succession C. realm D. duration

40. ________ metal ran out of the furnace.
A. Molten B. Graded C. Welded D. Consolidated

41. The spokes in a bicycle wheel are arranged in a ________ pattern.
A. radial B. radical C. spherical D. spiral

42. His voice ________ his Welsh origins though he has been living in New York for 25
years.
A. preserves B. muffles C. monitors D. betrays

43. I hope my students will allow a ________ for error correction.
A. quota B. burial C. margin D. fringe

44. Many people nowadays ________ an oath that he will never get married.
A. quote B. swear C. declare D. claim

45. A diet of ________ food is served to every hospital patient.
A. filthy B. clinical C. nourishing D. stuffy

46. The doctor said: "I'm going to ________ a course of treatment for you."
A. dispose B. hypothesize C. manipulate D. prescribe

47. He went on to say that he would go to his hometown in ________ of peace.
A. quest B. allowance C. thirst D. greed

48. My grandmother ________ the photographs of her two grandchildren.
A. comprises B. treasures C. offends D. notarizes

49. He might cheat his friends in a cheap card game, but he remains basically ________ in
his business dealings.
A. suspicious B. sophisticated C. straightforward D. shrewd

50. If the world was really like what the figure pictures, then each individual today would
have only one ________ a hundred or a million generation.
A. manufacturer B. offspring C. descendant D. ancestor

51. We finish this chapter by giving you examples of nutritious, well balanced easy meals.
These are not at all original or ________ but are based on the ordinary things that most
people tend to eat.
A. exotic B. majestic C. weird D. provincial

52. For the cast of this mighty epic, Vidal ________ his brilliant family and social
connections, which included Mary Pickford, Marion Davies and throngs for the political
world.
A. drew off B. drew out C. drew up D. drew on

53. Eventually the rarer genes will disappear and the genetic types ________ leaving
fewer offspring will become ________.
A. extinguished B. extraordinary C. extinct D. extreme

54. In view of the depression of the national economy, there are plans to ________ a
much greater harvest from the timber resource.
A. excel B. expel C. expire D. extract

55. At that time the earnings of the boxers were ________ and they could make money for
their followers as well.
A. faint B. fabric C. fragile D. fabulous

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Part III Cloze (10 points, 0.5 for each)
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Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully
and choose the right word or phrase from the choices given below for each of the blanks.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are
ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that 56 toddlers are more likely to
succeed during their school careers. 57 their younger counterparts are more likely to 58.
Kindergarten children who turn five during the 59 half of the year seem to be at a
disadvantage when it 60 physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.
Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten 61 to receive
better grades and score higher on achievement 62 throughout their school experience 63
do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful
and being ready for school do not seem to be the 64 thing. It is easy to confuse the
superficial poise and sophistication of many of today's children 65 inner maturity.
Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs. Youngsters 66 parents push
them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have 67 anxiety about
tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fall to maintain their initial academic advantage
68 their less-pressured peers.

Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds
in a formal educational setting. They question 69 environmental enrichment can
significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a
non-disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the 70 of day-care centers and
nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children 71 freedom to
play, develop at their own 72, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that
many of the things children once did in first grade are now 73 of them in kindergarten,
and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists
and educators believe we are driving young children too 74 and thereby depriving them of
their 75.

56.
A. older B. taller C. stronger D. smarter

57.
A. Since B. Now that C. Thereby D. Whereas

58.
A. fall B. fail C. flee D. fear

59.
A. late B. later C. latest D. latter

60.
A. lies in B. deals with C. comes to D. calls for

61.
A. help B. want C. end D. prefer

62.
A. tests B. trials C. performance D. competition

63.
A. that B. which C. then D. than

64.
A. easy B. hard C. same D. similar

65.
A. for B. against C. with D. towards

66.
A. and B. with C. those D. whose

67.
A. much B. more C. many D. most

68.
A. to B. against C. over D. than

69.
A. how B. that C. why D. whether

70.
A. value B. power C. consideration D. responsibility

71.
A. possible B. reasonable C. imaginable D. considerable

72.
A. way B. case C. pace D. means

73.
A. thought B. reminded C. expected D. regarded

74.
A. well B. hard C. badly D. directly

75.
A. memory B. childhood C. ambitions D. simplicity

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Part VI Reading Comprehension (25 points, 1 for each)
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Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions
or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.
Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a
single line through the center.

Passage 1

Brazil had come from Africa. About half the population of Venezuela had a smaller but
still large part of population of Trans-Atlantic whether in North, Central or South A or in
the Caribbean islands. It was these men and women of African descent conquered the
wilderness of the Americas, clearing and working countless farms and plantations, founding
and opening innumerable mines of iron or precious metals. Harsh and painful as it was, the
overseas slave trade (like the not much less painful movement of millions of hungry and
jobless men and women from Europe) laid the foundations of American republics. These
Africans beyond the seas have their place in the story of Africa (the story of West Africa).
For what they attempted and achieved was also a reflection of the strong and independent
civilization from which they came. Consider, for example, the heroic and successful struggle
for independence conducted by the slaves of the Caribbean land of St. Domingue. In 1789,
at the moment of the French Revolution, this French colony in the Caribbean was probably
the wealthiest colony in the world. Its tens of thousands of African slave-workers produced
enormous quantities of sugar, the whole European communities lived off the profits.

When news of the Revolution in France reached St. Domingue, these slaves claimed their
share in its ideals and benefits. They demanded their freedom. Denied this, rose in revolt
against their masters. In years of hard fighting against large armies sent by France, and
afterwards against large armies sent by Britain, these men of St. Domingue won their
freedom and founded the Republic of Haiti. Yet more than half these soldiers of freedom had
made the "middle passage" across the Atlantic. More than half, in other words, had been
born in Africa, had spent their childhood in Africa, had learned in Africa their respect for
freedom; while nearly all the rest were the children of parents or grandparents born in
Africa. And they were led by Africans: by men of genius and courage such as Boukman, the
unforgettable Toussaint Louverture, and Dessalines.

Raised by Toussaint and his Africans, the banner of freedom across the Atlantic was
carried from people to people. Many threw off their bondage. Large numbers of men of
African origin fought in armies that made the United States what they are today. It was a
general of African descent, Antonio Maceo, who led the military struggle for Cuban
independence against Spain in 1868.

Like other men of vision, Maceo had no time for racism, for the false idea that one
race of men is better or worse than any other. Some of the whites of Cuba disagreed with
him. They were Spanish settlers who thought that white was going to be better than black
even in an independent Cuba.

One day Maceo was approached by a Spanish Cuban who suggested that the regiments of
independence army should be divided into whites and non-whites. Maceo made him a reply
which became famous in Cuba. "If you were not white," Maceo said to this man, "I would
have you shot on the spot. But I do not wish to be accused of being racialist as you are
and so I let you go, but with the warning that I shall not be so patient another time. The
revolution has no color."

76. It could be inferred that the writer thinks that, in comparison with the movement of
millions of hungry and jobless people from Europe, the overseas slave trade was ________.
    A. much less harsh and painful
    B. rather harsh and painful
    C. more harsh and painful
    D. not much less harsh and painful

77. The main purpose of the first paragraph is ________.
    A. to describe the heroic and successful struggle for independence waged by the slaves
       of St. Domingue
    B. to show how huge numbers of Africans populated the Americas
    C. to show that Africans had a vital part to play in laying the foundations of the
       American republics
    D. to describe the horrors of the overseas slave trade

78. To the author, the important thing about the revolution of St. Domingue is that
________.
    A. it was led by Africans
    B. it fought against armies from both Britain and France
    C. the people of the island were denied a share in the benefits and ideals of the French
       Revolution
    D. it was inspired by the strong and independent civilization of Africa where most of
       the soldiers had originated

79. We may infer from the third paragraph that ________.
    A. large numbers of black soldiers in the United States fight today
    B. blacks played an important role in shaping the United States
    C. blacks took no part in the independent war in the United States
    D. large numbers of blacks in the United States today came from Africa

80. Maceo decided not to shoot the Spanish Cuban because ________.
    A. the latter was white
    B. the latter was not white
    C. the revolution has no color
    D. he did not wish to be accused of being a racist

Passage 2

The mid-sixties saw the start of a project that, along with other similar research, was
to teach us a great deal about the chimpanzee mind. This was Project Washoe, conceived by
Trixie and Allen Gardner. They purchased an infant chimpanzee and began to teach her the
signs of ASL, the American Sign Language used by the deaf. Twenty years earlier, another
husband and wife team, Richard and Cathy Hayes, had tried, with an almost total lack of
success, to teach a young chimp, Vikki, to talk. The Hayes' undertaking taught us a lot
about the chimpanzee mind, but Vikki, although she did well in IQ tests, and was clearly
an intelligent youngster, could not learn human speech. The Gardners, however, achieved
spectacular success with their pupil, Washoe. Not only did she learn signs easily, but she
quickly began to string them together in meaningful ways. It was clear that each sign
evoked, in her mind, a mental image of the object it represented. If, for example, she was
asked, in sign language, to fetch an apple, she would go and locate an apple that was out
of sight in another room.

Other chimps entered the project, some starting their lives in deaf signing families
before joining Washoe. And finally Washoe adopted an infant, Loulis. He came from a lab
where no thought of teaching signs had ever penetrated. When he was with Washoe he was
given no lessons in language acquisition—not by humans, anyway. Yet by the time he was
eighteen months old he had made fifty-eight signs in their correct contexts. How did he
learn them? Mostly, it seems, by imitating the behavior of Washoe and the other three
signing chimps, Moja, Dar, and Tam. Sometimes, though, he received tuition from Washoe
herself. One day, for example, she began to swagger about bipedally, hair bristling,
signing food! food! food! in great excitement. She had seen a human approaching with a
bar of chocolate. Loulis, only eighteen months old, watched passively. Suddenly Washoe
stopped her swaggering, went over to him, took his hand, and moulded the sign for food
(fingers pointing towards mouth). Another time, in a similar context, she made the sign for
chewing gum but with her hand on his body. On a third occasion, Washoe picked up a small
chair, took it over to Loulis, set it down in front of him, and very distinctly made the
chair sign three times, watching him closely as she did so. The two food signs became
incorporated into Loulis's vocabulary but the sign for chair did not. Obviously the
priorities of a young chimp are similar to those of a human child! Chimpanzees who have
been taught a language can combine signs creatively in order to describe objects for which
they have no symbol. Washoe, for example, puzzled her caretakers by asking, repeatedly,
for a rock berry. Eventually it transpired that she was referring to brazil nuts which she
had encountered for the first time a while before. Another language-trained chimp described
a cucumber as a green banana. They can even invent signs. Lucy, as she got older, had to
be put on a leash for her outings. One day, eager to set off but having no sign for leash,
she signaled her wishes by holding a crooked index finger to the ring on her collar. This
sign became part of her vocabulary.

81. The example of Washoe being sent to fetch an apple which is in another room indicates
that ________.
    A. chimps may have more than one way to fetch food
    B. chimps can associate one sign with another in a meaningful way
    C. chimps can learn the signs of ASL, the American Sign Language used by the deaf
    D. chimps have their particular ways for finding what they want

82. The main idea of Paragraph 2 can be summarized as: ________.
    A. chimps can also be taught to imitate their elders
    B. like human beings, chimps can also learn some sign language through self-taught
    C. young chimps can be clever enough to watch and learn
    D. a young chimp is similar to a human child in intelligence development to know the
       nature of some objects

83. The word "transpire" in Paragraph 3 can probably mean ________.
A. it turned out that B. it transformed that
C. it seemed that D. it made clear that

84. From what is said in the passage we can conclude that ________.
    A. some animals do have intelligence to some extent
    B. chimps can be taught to use human language if enough time is given
    C. chimps can even guess some particular signs to express what they want
    D. chimps can be as creative as human beings

85. The best title of this passage can be ________.
    A. Some New Research Findings on the Chimpanzee Mind
    B. Chimpanzee Can Be Much More Intelligent and Creative than We Had Expected
    C. Chimpanzee and Sign Language
    D. Chimpanzees Are Proved to Be Closer to Human Beings in Language Learning

Passage 3

The Pakistani president, Gen. Pervez Musharraf, announced here today that a delegation
of Pakistani officials would fly to the Taliban's headquarters in the southern Afghan city
of Kandahar Monday to renew demands that the militia surrender Saudi fugitive Osama Bin
Laden.

U. S. officials have named Bin Laden, who has been given shelter by the Taliban rulers
in Afghanistan, as the prime suspect in Tuesday's terrorist attacks in Washington and New
York.

"We are aware of the gravity of the situation and know that in the lives of nations,
such situations do arise that require making important decisions," Musharraf said at a
meeting with Pakistani newspaper editors.

The Taliban's leader, Mohammad Omar, has refused to give up Bin Laden, claiming he is
not responsible for the U. S. attacks.

"The Pakistan government is leaning on the Taliban government to hand over Osama to
save this entire region from catastrophe," said Najam Sethi, editor of the weekly newspaper
Friday Times, who participated in the meeting with Musharraf. "I am not sure whether
there is much chance of that happening, but the pressure is on the Pakistan government."

Pakistan has been a key supporter of the Taliban, which controls more than 90 percent of
Afghanistan and has enforced a strict interpretation of Islamic law in the country.

Omar, the Taliban leader, today convened an emergency meeting of clerics (圣职人员)
in the Afghan capital, Kabul. "As regards the possible attack by America on the sacred
soil of Afghanistan, veteran honorable clerics should come to Kabul for a sharia decision,"
Omar said in a statement broadcast on the Taliban's Radio Sharia today. Sharia is Islamic
law.

Omar, who reportedly left Ms Kandahar headquarters several days ago in anticipation of
a U. S. attack, asked Afghans to pray and read the Koran to meet what he called a "test",
according to the statement. He indicated he would not attend the meeting of clerics,
though he reportedly met with a small group of senior clerics today.

The Pakistan-based Afghan Islamic Press reported today it had received a statement from
Bin Laden, dispatched by an aide from an undisclosed location in Afghanistan, in which he
denied involvement in last week's attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.

"I am residing in Afghanistan," the statement said. "I have taken an oath of allegiance
to Omar which does not allow me to do such things from Afghanistan. We have been blamed in
the past, but we were not involved."

86. What is the mission of the delegation of Pakistani officials to Afghanistan?
    A. Surrender Saudi fugitive Osama Bin Laden.
    B. To convey the demands of the USA on the Americans' decision of an air-raid on
       Afghanistan.
    C. To tell Taliban leaders to hand over Bin Laden.
    D. To advise Taliban leaders to get ready for the Americans' unexpected air attacks.

87. According to the text all the following statements are true EXCEPT ________.
    A. the Taliban government has been legally ruling Afghanistan since its defeating all
       other forces
    B. Bin Laden denied his involvement in last week's attacks on the World Trade Center
    C. the Taliban leaders call on their people to pray and read the Koran to meet what they
       called a "test"
    D. an emergency meeting of clerics in the Afghan capital, is held today in Kabul to
       discuss the Americans' threat of the country

88. The statement from Bin Laden ________.
    I. is declared by his aide in a disclosed location
    II. stresses that he has no connection with last week's attacks on the World Trade
        Center
    III. says he is not the prime suspect in Tuesday's terrorist attacks in Washington and
        New York
    A. I only            B. II only           C. I and II          D. I and III

89. The phrase "the gravity of the situation" in the context can best mean ________.
    A. the heavy weight of the situation
    B. the unexpected situation
    C. the discouraging situation
    D. the serious and urgent situation

90. The key points of this piece of news can be stated as ________.
    A. last week's attacks on the World Trade Center and the Americans' threat on attacking
       of Afghanistan
    B. Americans' suspect of Bin Laden's involvement in the attacks in Washington and New
       York and the demand of Afghanistan to give him up
    C. the Taliban leaders' call for their people to defense against Americans' possible
       air-attack and pray and read the Koran
    D. the inevitable Americans' attack against Afghanistan and the awareness of such a
       threat by the Taliban leaders

Passage 4

Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the
face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become
accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an
existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that
extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to
the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative
art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goal. For the
sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science
produces new phenomena in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another
in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are
relegated to the role of date, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.
The goal of highly creative art is different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct
product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of
indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica
primarily a prepositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism.
What highly creative activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends
established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the
highly creative artist extend or exploit, rather than transcend that form.

This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle
of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi who created
music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or
not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has no bearing on its
aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works,
such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few
listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other
hand, Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro" (费加罗的婚礼) is surely among the
master-piece of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing
means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the
stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his composition reveals that Beethoven
overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited
limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as
Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

91. According to the author, distinctions between those engaged in the creative arts and in
natural sciences can in part be explained by ________.
    A. the different objectives of those involved in these respective pursuits
    B. the different methods they employ in the collection of data to support their theories
    C. the different ways in which they attempt to extend accepted conventional forms
    D. the different principles of organization that they utilize in order to create new
       works

92. Why does the author suggest that the work of Beethoven was highly creative?
    A. Because he sought to become the only composer of his time to challenge accepted
       musical conventions.
    B. Because he adopted a new principle of organization in his work by utilizing
       innovative strategies.
    C. Because he creatively manipulated the accepted rules and forms governing musical
       composition.
    D. Because he synthesized a transition between the older stylistic convention and the
       newer musical form.

93. The passage implies that an original contribution in science is one that ________.
    A. is often quoted in the work of other scientists
    B. is careful not to make a value judgment about the use of data
    C. is applauded by all distinguished experimentalists
    D. generates a novel and well-founded generalization

94. Which of the following would most likely follow the final sentence of the passage?
    A. In the similar manner, several modern composers successfully established musical
       conventions.
    B. Similarly, the succeeding generation of composers manipulated accepted musical forms.
    C. In contrast to Beethoven, however, even great modern composers like Bela Bertok did
       not attempt to alter accepted musical conventions.
    D. Musicologists are continuing to study the compositional styles of composers in order
       to determine whether their contributions have been innovative.

Passage 5

A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the
industry grew from its appearance in the 1830's through the early 1890's. Meat-packers,
the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement
within the packinghouses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations
were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for
the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880's, is not accounted
for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880's were crucial years in American labor
history, and that the packinghouse workers' efforts were part of the national movement for
labor reform.

In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating
housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low
wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago
suggest that the packing houses were dangerous places to work. The government
investigations commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the
1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packing-houses unsanitary, while observed that most
of the workers were poorly paid and overworked. The history may be too optimistic because
most of its data date from the 1880's at the latest, and the information provided from that
decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880's, and continued
to decline after the 1880's, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive
influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration, in worker status, partly a result of the new
availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account
of work in the packing houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the
wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised
the majority of the industry's workers from the 1880's on. While conditions for the former
were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the
complicated slaughtering, cutting and packing process (though worker complaints about the
rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched.

The author's misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for
their industrial neighborhood may account for the history's faulty generalizations. The
pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the
industrial world of the packinghouses—giant yards and the intricate plants—than of the
unity and vibrancy of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicago's
South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social
movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its
livelihood.

95. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing ________.
    A. how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in the Chicago
       meat-packing industry
    B. why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago
       meat-packing industry
    C. why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is
       inaccurate
    D. what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packers' role in the
       national labor movement

96. The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative
conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT ________.
    A. data from the University of Chicago
    B. a recent history of the meat-packing industry
    C. social workers
    D. historical sources for the late nineteenth century

97. The author of the passage mentions the "social movement" generated by Chicago's South
Side community primarily in order to ________.
    A. inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the
       period of time covered by the history
    B. suggest the history's limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed
       to explain adequately
    C. salvage the history's point of view by suggesting that there were positive
       developments in the meat-packing industry due to worker unity
    D. introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between the
       meat-packers and Chicago's ethnic communities

98. According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing
industry during the 1880's were influenced by ________.
    A. the workers' determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their work
    B. the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packinghouses
    C. the workers' ability to perform the industry's complex tasks
    D. improvements in the industry's packing process that occurred in the 1880's

99. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to ________.
    A. summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passage
    B. explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by critics
    C. evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the premises of the history
       discussed in the passage
    D. present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in
       the passage

100. The tone of the author of the passage in discussing the meat-packer community on
Chicago's South Side can best be described as one of ________.
    A. appreciation of the community's ability to cope with difficult conditions
    B. admiration for the community's refusal to cooperate with labor agitators
    C. indignation at the kinds of social conditions the community faced
    D. annoyance at the community's inability to abolish discrimination in the meat-packing
       industry

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Part V Writing and Translation (30 points)
================================================================================

Section A Writing (15 points)
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Directions: Write a composition entitled as How to Meet the International Challenge after
China's Entering into WTO? In about 150 words according to the following demands and
write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

1. China will enter into WTO in a few days.
2. The great challenge faced by our government as well as ordinary people.
3. I believe the following suggestions will be helpful in coping up with the future
international challenges.

Section B Translation (15 points)
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Directions: Put the following passage into English and remember to write down your
translation on your ANSWER SHEET.

几乎自有人类以来就有了人工降雨的想法了，但直到1946年人类才成功地制造了雨。
在古代，人工降雨声称有多种降雨的方法如，跳舞、唱歌、杀死各种动物（包括人）祭天等。

近些时候，有些人工降雨者说可以往天上放炮，引起爆炸或燃烧化学品等，由此而
产生烟可以使天下雨。这些人工降雨者用费很高，需要1000美元才能降一英寸雨。有一
个降雨者如此之灵，以至于差一点被处死，因为人们认为是他使加利福尼亚南部下了20
英寸大雨，淹了土地，死了好几个人，造成了数百万美元的损失。