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福建师范大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
I.  Vocabulary & Structure (10%)
Directions: For each sentence below, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Write the right answer on your ANSWER SHEET.
1. Greater effort to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ___ avoided.
A. is to be
B. can be
C. will be
D. has been
2. ___ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A. Had it not be
B. Were it not
C. Be it not
D. Should it not
3. People cannot but ___ puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
A. feel
B. feeling
C. to feel
D. having felt
4. How many of us ___, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
A. attended
B. attending
C. to attend
D. have attended
5. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered
B. considering
C. to be considered
D. having considered
6. He knows little of mathematics, and ___ of chemistry.
A. even more
B. still less
C. no less
D. still more
7. Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections ___ before 1,500 BC.
A. ever
B. even
C. never
D. still
8. Everything in the shop is too expensive; I won't pay $200 for the fur coat because it is not worth ___.
A. all that much
B. that much all
C. that all much
D. much all that
9. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ___ so formally.
A. needn't dress up
B. did not need have dressed up
C. did not need dress up
D. needn't have dressed up
10. Come what ___, we're not going to make any concessions to his unreasonable demands.
A. must
B. should
C. can
D. may
11. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ___ she could remember who last borrowed it.
A. ever since
B. much as
C. even though
D. if only
12. Neither of these reasons ___ our allowing him to pass after he did so poorly in the physics examination.
A. rectifies
B. notifies
C. signifies
D. justifies
13. The managing director took the ___ for the accident, although it was not really his fault.
A. guilt
B. charge
C. blame
D. accusation
14. The worker agreed to ___ the strike if the company would satisfy their demands.
A. call for
B. call forth
C. call off
D. call up
15. Will all those ___ the proposal raise their hands?
A. in relation to
B. in excess to
C. in contrast to
D. in favor of
16. They consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, ___ do much to protect our diminishing resources.
A. incidentally
B. actually
C. alternatively
D. accordingly
17. When Dick began to tell about his summer vacation, the teacher ___ him ___, saying "Tell us that another time."
A. cut...down
B. shut...out
C. cut...short
D. shut...off
18. I just managed to ___ a quick breath before I was sucked under the water by the passing boat.
A. snatch
B. scratch
C. scrape
D. scan
19. I don't think the charge for overhauling the equipment is excessive in ___ to its size.
A. correspondence
B. equation
C. proportion
D. dimension
20. He watched amazed at eight squirrels that walked ___ down the bank, and made for a large pine tree at the bottom.
A. in profile
B. in a row
C. in single file
D. all along the line
II.  Cloze (10%)
Directions: In this part, there is a passage with twenty blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank.
WHAT impact can mobile phones have on their users' health? Many people are worried about the supposed ill effects caused by (21) ________ from handsets and base stations, despite the lack of (22) ________ evidence of any harm. But evidence for the (23) ________ effects of mobile phones on health is rather more abundant. Indeed, a systematic review (24) ________ by Rifat Atun and his colleagues at Imperial College, London, rounds up 150 examples of the use of text-messaging in the (25) ________ of health care. These uses (26) ________ three categories: efficiency gains; public-health gains; and direct benefits to patients by (27) ________ text-messaging into treatment regimes. The study, (28) ________ by Vodafone, the world's largest mobile operator, was published this week.
Using texting to (29) ________ efficiency is not rocket science, but big savings can be achieved. Several (30) ________ carried out in England have found that the use of text-messaging reminders (31) ________ the number of missed appointments with family doctors by 26–39%, for example, and the number of missed hospital appointments (32) ________ 33–50%. If such schemes were rolled out nationally, this would (33) ________ annual savings of £256m–364m.
Text messages are also being used to (34) ________ patients about blood tests, clinics, scans and dental appointments. Similar schemes in America, Norway and Sweden have had (35) ________ satisfying results—though the use of text-message reminders in the Netherlands, where non-attendance rates are low, at 4%, had no effect other than to annoy patients.
Text messages can also be a good way to disseminate public-health information, (36) ________ to groups who are hard to reach by other means, such as teenagers, or in developing countries where other means of communication are (37) ________. Text messages have been used in India to inform people about the World Health Organization's strategy to control tuberculosis, for example, and in Kenya, Nigeria and Mali to provide information about HIV and malaria. In Iraq, text messages were used to support a campaign to vaccinate nearly 5m children against polio.
Finally, there are the uses of text-messaging as part of a treatment regime. These involve sending reminders to patients to take their medicine at the right time, or to encourage (38) ________ with exercise regimes or efforts to stop smoking. The evidence for the effectiveness of such schemes is generally anecdotal, however, notes Dr. Rifat. More quantitative research is needed—which is (39) ________ his team also published three papers this week associated with the use of mobile phones in health care in more detail. One of these papers, written (40) ________ Victoria Franklin and Stephen Greene of the University of Dundee, in Scotland, reports the results of a trial in which diabetic teenagers' treatment was carried out with text messaging.
21.  A. radiation    B. ration    C. mediation    D. magnetism
22.  A. incredible    B. credible    C. credulous    D. fabulous
23.  A. beneficiary    B. profitable    C. beneficent    D. beneficial
24.  A. were carried out    B. are carried out    C. carried out    D. are being carried out
25.  A. delivery    B. post    C. transportation    D. circulation
26.  A. fall into    B. fallen into    C. are fallen into    D. falling into
27.  A. incorporation    B. incorporated    C. incorporating    D. incorporate
28.  A. paid    B. funded    C. made    D. given
29.  A. stimulate    B. boost    C. correct    D. reduce
30.  A. efforts    B. trying    C. trials    D. attempts
31.  A. increases    B. improves    C. reduces    D. deduces
32.  A. by    B. at    C. to    D. for
33.  A. add up    B. accustom to    C. come to    D. contribute to
34.  A. reminding    B. remind    C. be reminded    D. reminder
35.  A. fairly    B. considerably    C. comparatively    D. equally
36.  A. largely    B. slightly    C. specially    D. particularly
37.  A. available    B. unavailable    C. accessible    D. unaccessible
38.  A. denial    B. refusal    C. compliance    D. complexity
39.  A. why    B. because    C. when    D. how
40.  A. in the company of    B. in comparison with    C. in contrast with    D. in conjunction with
III.  Reading Comprehension (20%)
Passage 1
1. A new study uses an unusual source—proverbs—to reveal cultural differences in how Chinese and American citizens view risks and risk-taking.
2. When Chinese and American students compared proverbs from their countries they agreed; Chinese proverbs generally advocated greater risk-taking than did American proverbs.
3. These results help explain earlier research that has found Chinese citizens are indeed more willing to take financial risks than are Americans, said Elke Weber, coauthor of the study and a professor of psychology at Ohio State University.
4. “Proverbs are part of a nation’s culture and reflect the nation’s beliefs and values,” said Weber. “By looking at proverbs, we were able to show that long-standing cultural differences are one reason that the Chinese are more risk-seeking than Americans when it comes to financial issues,” Weber said.
5. Weber conducted the study with Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago and Joanna Sokolowska of the Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland. The results were published in a recent issue of the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
6. Students from the two countries rated American proverbs such as “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush,” and Chinese proverbs such as “Failure is the mother of success.”
7. The study also found some differences in how students from the two countries viewed proverbs. For example, Chinese citizens generally viewed proverbs as advocating more risk in financial situations than in social situations. There was no such distinction made by American participants.
8. Weber said the collectivist culture of China—a culture that emphasizes commitment to family—allows people to take greater financial risks because citizens know their network of friends and family will help them in a crisis. However, because of the importance of their social network, Chinese are less willing to take social risks in which they might alienate friends or family.
9. In America's individualistic culture, people have to be more careful financially because they don't have the “cushion” of a social network to fall back on, Weber said. On the other hand, Americans don't have to worry as much about their social network. “The proverbs of each country reflect these differing cultural values and concerns,” Weber said.
10. In one study, 82 American and 87 Chinese college students were asked to rate 34 proverbs—17 from each country—that had some advice about dealing with risk. The proverbs were translated into the participants' native languages and participants were not told which country the proverbs were from.
11. The participants were then asked if each proverb promoted risk aversion or risk seeking in two different situations: one financial and one social. They rated the proverbs on a five-point scale in which 1 was risk-averse, 3 was neutral and 5 was risk seeking.
12. The participants from each country rated Chinese proverbs as more risk seeking in general than the American proverbs, Weber said. For example, in one group of proverbs, American students gave the American proverbs an average score of 2.83, and the Chinese proverbs an average score of 3.07.
13. However, Weber said the evidence was clear that Chinese people believe proverbs advocate more risk seeking in financial situations than they do in social situations.
14. In addition, Chinese proverbs seem to deal more with the problems of social risk-taking than do American proverbs, reflecting the countries' differing values. For example, American students said 95 percent of American proverbs were applicable to financial decisions, but only 63 percent were applicable to social decisions. But Americans thought 78 percent of Chinese proverbs were applicable to financial decisions and 73 percent were applicable to social decisions.
15. “The Chinese are much more interested than Americans in protecting their social networks.” Weber said. “These findings are consistent with the notion that China is, and has long been, a collectivist society and America an individualistic one.”
16. A second study, which also included German proverbs, found that people rated German proverbs in between those from America and China—but closer to Chinese—in terms of risk seeking and risk aversion. That makes sense, Weber said, because German culture is quite collectivist in a social sense, much like China's, even though the country has an economic system that is more like America's.
17. Weber said this research is important for several reasons. For one, it shows how researchers can use cultural products—such as proverbs, novels, or nursery rhymes—to help explain cross-cultural differences in beliefs and behavior. These results also have a practical use in helping people involved in international negotiations to better understand cultural differences. “When you are dealing with someone from another country, it is important to know if there are differences in perceptions or values that can affect negotiations. In this case, if you know the other person has different risk perceptions or risk preferences than you, it is possible to develop an agreement that leaves both sides better off.”
41. The study used proverbs because ___.
A. China and America have approximately the same number of proverbs
B. most proverbs deal with risk-taking
C. the subjects had a large repertoire of proverbs
D. proverbs are culture-laden expressions
42. Which of the following is TRUE of the proverbs “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush” and “Failure is the mother of success”?
A. They are the most quoted proverbs.
B. They reveal different attitudes toward risk-taking.
C. They involve different images.
D. They express the same proposition.
43. The Chinese advocate more risk-taking in financial situations because ___.
A. they are a headlong people
B. they are financially disadvantaged
C. they have the “cushion” of social network
D. they have more financial opportunities
44. Which of the following is true of a society that emphasizes individual values?
A. Its citizens tend to care about social network.
B. Its citizens are family-oriented.
C. Its citizens are risk-taking.
D. Its citizens care more about themselves financially.
45. Which of the following statements can be concluded from the passage?
I. A person who enjoys good social relations tends to risk himself financially.
II. A person who enjoys good social relations tends to be concerned about the problem therein.
III. A person who doesn't care about social network tends to take more social risks.
A. I only
B. II only
C. Both I and II
D. I, II and III
Passage 2
1. Flattery, Richard Stengel writes by way of defining his terms, “is strategic praise, praise with a purpose. It may be inflated or exaggerated or it may be accurate and truthful, but it is praise that seeks some result, whether it be increased liking or an office with a window…. Flattery is also a kind of bribe, an emotional gratuity that we accept and which very often repays the giver with something he wants. It is a bribe we want to pocket…. Flattery at its core is language that advances self-interest while concealing it at the same time.”
2. All of which is perfectly true, but it needs to be qualified (as in time Stengel does) in one important way: Flattery is almost always recognizable for exactly what it is. If it is true, as probably it is, that most of us are susceptible to flattery and willing to employ it in our own interests, it is equally true that flattery is infrequently subtle and often blatant. In my line of work, for example, when I see in a publisher's catalogue that a writer with whom I am acquainted has a new book forthcoming, I can predict almost to the day the letter or call from said author in which, in one fashion or another, my own perspicacity and stylistic elegance will be praised fulsomely, accompanied, perhaps, by an invitation to lunch. Similarly, a letter or e-mail from someone wholly unknown to me will begin with praise for my latest book review or column, followed, apace, with the news that the writer of the letter—or a relative, or a friend, or a colleague—is about to come forth with … a book.
3. It is the way of the world. Though in my case flattery infrequently produces the desired results—quite to the contrary, if the truth be known—I cannot claim that the silken words whispered in my ear go unheeded. Stengel quotes Lord Chesterfield: "This principle of vanity and pride is so strong in human nature, that is descends even to the lowest objects; and one often sees people angling for praise." Though we would prefer praise that is offered without ulterior motives, that is heartfelt and generous, we readily settle for mere flattery; we may not deliver the quid pro quo so transparently sought beneath the oleaginous words—we may even hold the flatterer in contempt—yet we are not impervious to the stroking he or she administers; indeed we may luxuriate in it even as we pretend to ridicule it.
4. “To describe someone as a social climber or a self-promoter is generally not considered a compliment. Those two labels seem like particularly modern putdowns (and in the culture of celebrity they have become full-time occupations). But I would make the case that they are simply neutral terms for fundamental human behavior, in fact, I’d contend that based on the principles of evolutionary biology, social-climbing and self-promote. They are in our genes.”
5. Flattery, he quite correctly says, "is a form of cooperation, and cooperation is the successful evolutionary principle of reciprocal altruism." As Sam Rayburn used to say, during his long and productive tenure as speaker of the House of Representatives, "If you want to get along, go along." To be sure flattery is routinely carried to obscene lengths in this city, which as Stengel correctly points out "is in some ways closer to the courts of Renaissance Europe than it is to our modern era," yet it is the grease that oils the wheels of politics and often enables the government and its satellites to accomplish worthwhile things. The spectacle that members of the Senate present when they fawn over each other as “honorable” and “distinguished” is hardly a pretty one, yet it is not without purpose.
6. In American life, flattering influential individuals is an essential part of the machinery of society and business. In a perceptive chapter called How Dale Carnegie Won Friends and Influenced People, Stengel shows how "the simplest devices of paying attention, offering appreciation and the giving of small flatteries" have become so engrained that it is hard to imagine functioning without them. The rules of flattery—or its handmaiden, ingratiation—are clear: "avoid complimenting the target in a way that makes it clear you want a reward; make sure the compliment is plausible; praise an attribute about which the target is uncertain; and don't leave the impression that you are a promiscuous praiser." Do all of that and you too can succeed in business—or anything else—without really trying.
7. All of which should, make clear—especially to you, gentle and quick-witted reader—that Stengel has written not merely a popular history of flattery but also a guide to its employment. He does the latter with tongue slightly in cheek—at times to the point that his prose becomes excessively chatty and breezy—yet the truth is that his counsel, and that of the many others whom he quotes, probably can be used to good purpose. If you must flatter—and there are times when flattery is clearly the wisest course—then by all means do it well.
46. According to Richard Stengel, all of the following are true of flattery EXCEPT ___.
A. it can stretch the truth
B. it has a purpose
C. it is an unsuccessful bribe
D. it can be expressed subtly
47. In the second paragraph, the writer makes the point that ___.
A. flatterers often achieve their objectives
B. flattery is often blatant
C. the writer is often flattered
D. we are often tempted by flattery
48. The main idea of the third paragraph is that ___.
A. flattery seldom produces the desired results
B. humans are vain and proud
C. it's only human to enjoy flattery
D. we find flattery objectionable
49. What can be inferred about the courts of Renaissance Europe (Para.5)?
A. They were very similar to our modern era.
B. They banned flattery.
C. They encouraged flattery.
D. They were not popular with the general republic.
50. The writer's attitude toward Richard Stengel's views regarding flattery can best be described as ___.
A. neutral
B. favorable
C. doubtful
D. critical
Passage 3
1. Love has toppled kings, inspired poets, sparked wars, soothed beasts, and changed the course of history. It is credited for life's greatest joys, blamed for the most crushing sorrows. And of course, it "makes the world go around."
2. All of which is no surprise to biologists. They know that love is central to human existence. We are not just programmed for reproduction. The capacity for loving emotions is also written into our biochemistry, essential if children are to grow and to thrive. And love's absence can be devastating. The loss of a spouse often hastens death in older people.
3. Love began with motherhood. For mammalian young to survive, mothers must invest considerable time and energy in them. Of course, the varying growth rates of mammalian species require some mothers to invest more time and energy than others. An elephant seal suckles her pup for only a few weeks before abandoning it; other species, including elephants, some primates, and especially people, lavish attention on their young for years.
4. With the help of oxytocin (a chemical that fosters the bond between mothers and children), doting mothers are able to cater to their offspring's every whim and whimper. When females of most mammalian species give birth, their bodies are flooded with oxytocin, known since 1906 as a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions and allows the breasts to "let down" milk. But oxytocin also acts as a neurotransmitter, or chemical messenger, that can guide behavior. Without it, a ewe cannot recognize her own lamb. A virgin female rat given a shot of oxytocin will nuzzle another female's pups, crouching over them protectively as if they were her own.
5. Studies of a small rodent known as the prairie vole, a cuddly ball of fur whose mating bond of lifelong monogamy would put most human couples to shame, indicate oxytocin may also play a role in the heady feelings associated with romance. "You just can't imagine how much time these animals spend together. Prairie voles always want to be with somebody," says Carter. The voles' undying devotion is the work not only of oxytocin but also of a related hormone, vasopressin. When single male and female prairie voles meet, they commence a two-day-long bout of sex that releases oxytocin in the female's brain, bonding her to the male, who prefers his mate's company above all others, guarding his family against intruders with a jealous husband's zeal.
6. Like some human playboys, male prairie voles seem to get a kick out of courtship mixed with danger. Carter and colleague Courtney De Vries made young, unmated voles swim for three minutes before allowing them to meet a prospective mate. The exercise elevated the animals' stress hormones, which are also heightened by fear. But while females scurried off after the swim without bonding to the males as they normally would, male voles bonded faster than ever.
7. Human beings—unlike rodents—are not entirely slaves to their hormones. But the behavior of voles may hold clues to why men and women sometimes hold divergent views of sex and romance. While many women prefer candlelight and sweet talk, men are more apt to welcome a roll in the hay anytime, anywhere. For some men (and some women), sex is especially enticing when forbidden. Carter and De Vries suspect stress hormones can interfere with oxytocin's action in the brain, keeping a female vole from bonding, and perhaps preventing most women from finding danger sexually exciting. Vasopressin, in contrast, appears to work better in the presence of certain stress hormones, possibly making danger an aphrodisiac for many males.
8. Passionate or platonic, love affects the whole body, setting the heart pounding, making the stomach do flip-flops, and of course, lighting the lions on fire. These visceral sensations are the work of the vagus nerve, which traces a meandering path through the body, coordinating the activities of internal organs, says the University of Maryland's Stephen Porges. The vagus ferries signals between our innards and our brains, conveying information upward about our internal state and sending orders down from the brain to the heart, the stomach, the lungs, and the sex organs.
9. Without the vagus, says Porges, love would be impossible. One part of the nerve is evolutionarily ancient, controlling primitive functions such as sex, hunger, and fear. This “old” vagus responds to oxytocin and serves as the pathway between sexual organs and the brain for feelings of both arousal and satiation after sex. But Porges argues that in mammals, newer branches of the vagus also connect emotional brain centers with the heart, the face, and the vocal equipment, helping to coordinate feelings with facial and verbal expression.
10. In other words, the poets and bards were right about one thing: The heart speaks the language of love. As English poet W. H. Auden wrote: "Where love is strengthened, hope restored, in hearts by chemical accord. It may not literally skip a beat at the sight of one's desire or break with sorrow, but the heart's rhythms are exquisitely tuned to love."
51. Which of the following can be inferred from passage about elephant seals?
A. The females are irresponsible mothers.
B. Their young take less time to grow up than young elephants.
C. They have a shorter life span than elephants.
D. They reproduce more rapidly than elephants.
52. The different love rituals employed by men and women could be attributed to the presence of which of the following?
A. Oxytocin.
B. Vasopressin.
C. Interaction of oxytocin and vasopressin.
D. Stress hormones.
53. Which of the following could be the best analogy to the vagus nerve described in Paragraph 8?
A. A highway between two cities.
B. Air routes linking major cities around the world.
C. The World Wide Web.
D. Circuits linking the CPU and the accessories in the computer.
54. Animals equipped only with “old” vagus can NOT do which of the following?
A. Feel hungry.
B. Experience fear.
C. Feel sexual arousal.
D. Facially express emotions.
55. The purpose of the last paragraph is to ___.
A. indicate that poets and bards are most capable of expressing love
B. imply that love is expressed through the heart rather through the face or the voice
C. give support to the statement that newer branches of vagus connect the emotional brain centers to the heart, the face and the vocal equipment
D. draw a conclusion based on the facts in the previous paragraph
Passage 4
1. Burton Feldman, author of The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige, explores three significant questions about the Nobel Prizes. The first is why they became so famous and influential. Today, a Nobel laureate is granted both a priestly aura and real powers. Perhaps most pervasively in the sciences, laureates shape fields and the public perception of them. Like everything that inspires public awe and jealousy, the Nobels awaken the imps of satire, notably in the yearly anointing of the Ig-Nobel Prizes. In part, the amount of money the prize carries (about $910,000 in 2000) matters; cash value blurs easily into cachet. Learning from the Nobel, newer prizes that want visibility and prestige often write big checks to the winners. Several early winners, especially Marie Curie, the poor student who suffered but triumphed for science, came equipped with compelling, media-friendly stories. Once famous, the prizes, like the Oscars, garnered publicity each year simply because they were there. Also, as Mr. Feldman rightly suggests, we need a bridge between “esoteric knowledge… high intellectual achievement and the marketplace.” We cannot understand exactly what a laureate did that is so magnificent, but we can understand the Nobel stamp of approval, the brand name. As Mr. Feldman writes, “Where comprehension fails, celebrity fills in.” We trust that “Nobelity” computes with nobility.
2. The true believer would assert that we respect, even revere, the Nobel Prize because the winners patently and intrinsically deserve it. Merit has triumphed over the mundane and mediocre. Mr. Feldman's second question is whether it has. Lots of lobbying goes on; given the stakes, the politicking can get relentless. It is, however, only one feature of a selection process that is both competitive and standardized enough to produce a winning Nobel profile. Mr. Feldman sardonically offers practical advice to a Nobel wannabe: Try to live in Britain, the United States or Germany; go to an elite school; have a good mentor, be in the right place; work hard at the right problem; win other prizes; live a long time. (There is often a time-lag between achievement and Nobel recognition—16 years in the case of Einstein. In 1948, when T. S. Eliot was recognized, he was 60 years old and stooped with honors.)
3. The Nobel blunders are public knowledge. The man who pioneered pre-frontal lobotomies successfully angled for a Nobel; Dmitri Mendeleev, who invented the periodic table of the elements, was never a laureate. For decades, atomic physics was preferred to astrophysics and geophysics. One could list further examples—but every prize competition makes errors of commission and omission.
4. The third question that Mr. Feldman explores is why mistakes happen, even in this honorable competition. The Nobels, like all but the most flexible and idiosyncratic of prize competitions, must work within guidelines and parameters. They may ultimately constrict it—like plaque in an artery. The terms of Nobel's will may have helped to deform the literature awards by demanding work of "an idealistic tendency." In general, the prizes have underwritten the misleading myth of the towering genius whose solitary work would eventually help many. This stress on the heroic individual may sooner or later conflict with the nature of contemporary science, in which major work is done by teams—scores or hundreds or even thousands of people.
5. The genius-dubbing business is never any better than its selection process. The names that survive the process can be no more compelling than the names submitted: garbage in, garbage out, cronies and protégés in, cronies and protégés out. (This year's laureate in literature, Gao Xingjian, has as his translator and benefactor one of the 18 members of the Swedish Academy—the tiny group charged with choosing the winner.) Also, people in the selection process can be at once manipulative and political (which corrodes fairness), and convinced of their own good faith and rectitude (which blinds them to their own weaknesses and those of their culture). Secrecy as strict as that which cloaks the Nobel Prize can hinder fresh, corrective criticism.
6. Mr. Feldman's conclusions about the Nobels are measured, moderate and plausible. The science prizes emerge with the best record; literature, although it has become more adventurous and less parochial, has been mixed; peace, the most overtly political, reflects conflicts about its purpose; and economics is the most insular, questioned by several of its most prominent laureates and subject to Mr. Feldman's overt scorn. On balance, he believes that the prizes are “healthier” than they were a century ago; a “desperately needed symbol of authority and coherence in an age when all standards are under attack”; and a stimulus for our capacity to wonder at greatness.
56. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is one of the reasons the Nobel became so famous and influential?
A. It is a symbol of fair play.
B. It honors high intellectual achievement.
C. It writes big checks.
D. It attracts lots of celebrities.
57. The second paragraph makes the point that ___.
A. Nobel prizes may not be awarded based on merit
B. Politicking is the most important factor in the selection process
C. there is a lack of efficiency in the selection process
D. it's becoming increasingly difficult for one to become a Nobel laureate
58. All of the following may explain why the Nobel blunders are made EXCEPT that ___.
A. the Nobel is too flexible
B. the Nobel strictly follows the selection principles
C. the opinions of the members of the Swedish Academy can be biased
D. the selection process lacks transparency
59. According to Mr. Feldman, which of the following is more acceptable?
A. The science prizes.
B. The literature prizes.
C. The peace prizes.
D. The economics prizes.
60. Mr. Feldman would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A. The Nobel is more important than we realize.
B. The Nobel should be abolished.
C. The Nobel, though not without its problems, is still necessary.
D. The Nobel should serve as a role model for other prizes.
IV.  Translation: Translate the following into Chinese (10%)
1. During the past four decades the fishery scientists of the West have studied the dynamics of fish populations with the objective of determining the relation between the amount of fishing and the sustainable catch.
2. Clearly, science may involve not only careful observation but also a willingness to be creative; this may entail looking beyond existing paradigms governing research in a given area of study.
3. Practitioners explicitly interpret what they observe, and often categorize their data after the data collection process is complete and from the perspectives of the people they are observing.
4. The subject of social science inquiry is patterned social regularities. A search for these regularities shows that most human behavior, from big and momentous acts to small and insignificant ones, is patterned.
5. Wall Street is living on borrowed time. Since the October 1987 crash securities trading has been depressed, retail investors have hurried out of stocks and the issue of new share stocks has been decreased sharply.
6. In fact, the collation of these lists has been enough to pull down our vanity; for the more one looks at what is available in an unfamiliar field, the more urgent the desire one feels to abandon the affectations of the editor and assume the modesty of the student.
7. Of all the areas of learning, the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people.
8. Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.
9. If we accept the idea that we won't ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions.
10. While populations were low and stable little permanent damage was done, but with a steady increase in the size and number of human communities the forest and soil have little time to recover.
V.  Error Correction (10%)
1. We'd rather have long waits than no shifting of the scenes (A), and all the actors on (B) the stage doing (C) nothing (D).
2. The teacher said that if we believed (A) something was true and good (B) we should hold on to them (C). hold on to it (D)
3. Despite his low opinion of (A) professors—or perhaps in an effort (C) to improve the breed—Smith himself eventually became it (D). became one (B)
4. With the word scientist (A) we mean one who is equipped to spend a lifetime (B) for the advancement (C) of science to the best of one's ability (D).
5. In spite of his aged appearance (B), his movements were as spirited as a young man (D). a young man's (A) as (C)
6. Human beings are social animals who (A) usually prefer not living (B) in physical or psychological isolation (D).
7. The trouble is, as I see it, that he is a perfectionist (B) in his way, and he says that he will not have children when (D) they can afford it financially. until (A) when (C)
8. In these days, with the rising cost of life (A), it is dangerous for a married man to risk his place in his profession or in his community (D). living (B) in (C)
9. We are willing to share whatever (B) we know, no matter how it might be little (C), with anyone who is in need of that knowledge or skill (D). willing (A)
10. The reason why James Bond movies are so popular (A) is because (C) they combine the appeal of traditional spy stories with the appeal of technological devices (D). is that (B)
VI.  Writing (15%)
Directions: For this part, you are expected to write a composition on the topic "Pollution and Sustained Development." You should write your composition in about 200 words and you are supposed to begin your composition with the following given topic sentences in each paragraph.
Paragraph One: Pollution has become a serious problem in China.
Paragraph Two: The pollution of our environment has aroused more and more attention.
Paragraph Three: Ways to tackle the problem of pollution include...