对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

对外经济贸易大学2015年博士学位研究生入学考试初试试题
考试科目：1101（英语）

Part I Reading Comprehension (25%)
Directions: Read the following passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1
It was once thought that air pollution affects only the area immediately around large cities with factories and/or heavy automobile traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. On several occasions over the past decade, a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the entire eastern half of the United States and led to health warnings even in rural areas away from any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile traffic. In fact, the very climate of the entire earth may be affected by air pollution. Some scientists feel that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) is creating a "greenhouse effect" — holding in heat reflected from the earth and raising the world's average temperature. If this view is correct and the world's temperature is raised only a few degrees, much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York, Boston, Miami, and New Orleans will be under water.
Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particular matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth's temperature — a result that would be equally disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age, and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. At present we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen (though one recent government report prepared by experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is very likely). Perhaps, if we are very lucky, the two tendencies will offset each other and the world's temperature will stay about the same as it is now.
1. As pointed out at the beginning of the passage, people used to think that air pollution ___.
A. caused widespread damage in the countryside
B. affected the entire eastern half of the United States
C. had damaging effects on health
D. existed merely in urban and industrial areas
2. As far as the greenhouse effect is concerned, the author ___.
A. shares the same view with the scientists
B. is uncertain of its occurrence
C. rejects it as being ungrounded
D. thinks that it will destroy the world soon
3. The word "offset" in the second paragraph could best be replaced by ___.
A. slip into
B. make up for
C. set up
D. catch up with
4. It can be inferred from the passage that ___.
A. raising the world's temperature only a few degrees would not do much harm to life on earth
B. lowering the world's temperature merely a few degrees would lead many major farming areas to disaster
C. almost no temperature variations have occurred over the past decade
D. the world's temperature will remain constant in the years to come
5. This passage is primarily concerned with ___.
A. greenhouse effect
B. the burning of fossil fuel
C. the potential effect of air pollution
D. the likelihood of a new ice age
Passage 2
Within that exclusive group of literary characters who have survived through the centuries — from Hamlet to Huckleberry Finn — few can rival the cultural impact of Sherlock Holmes. Since his first public appearance 20 years ago, the gentleman with the curved pipe and a taste for cocaine, the master of deductive reasoning and elaborate disguise, has left his mark everywhere — in crime literature, film and television, cartoons and comic books.
At Holmes' side, of course, was his trusted friend Dr. Watson. Looming even larger, however, was another doctor, one whose medical practice was so slow it allowed him plenty of time to pursue his literary ambition. His name: Arthur Conan Doyle. As the creator of these fictional icons, Conan Doyle has himself become something of a cult figure, the object of countless critical studies, biographies and fan clubs.
Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh in 1859, in a respectable middle-class Catholic family. Still, it was far from an easy life. There was never enough money; they moved frequently in search of lower rents; and his father, a civil servant and illustrator was an alcoholic who had to be institutionalized. Yet the early letters he wrote to his mother are surprisingly optimistic, concerned mainly with food, clothes, allowances and schoolwork. At 14 came his first unforgettable visit to London, including Madame Tussaud's, where he was "delighted with the room of Horrors, and the images of the murderers."
A superb student, Conan Doyle went on to medical school, where he was attracted by Dr. Joseph Bell, a professor with an uncanny ability to diagnose patients even before they opened their mouths. For a time he worked as Bell's outpatient clerk and would watch, amazed, at how the location of a callus could reveal a man's profession, or how a quick look at a skin rash told Bell that the patient had once lived in Bermuda. In 1886, Conan Doyle outlined his first novel, A Study in Scarlet, which he described as "a simple tale of mystery to make a little extra money." Its main character, initially called Sherringford Hope and later called Sherlock Holmes, was based largely on Bell. But Holmes' first appearance went almost unnoticed, and the struggling doctor devoted nearly all of his spare time to writing long historical novels in the style of Sir Walter Scott — novels that he was convinced would make his reputation. It wasn't to be. In 1888, Holmes reappeared in A Scandal in Bohemia, a short story in Strand Magazine. And this time, its hero took an immediate hit and Conan Doyle's life would never be the same.
6. The typical features of Sherlock Holmes were all EXCEPT ___.
A. rational
B. sociable
C. intelligent
D. cunning
7. Which of the following is NOT true about Conan Doyle and his family?
A. He came from a middle-class family.
B. They led a hard life in Edinburgh.
C. His father was addicted to drinking.
D. His mother had received little education.
8. How did Conan Doyle feel about his first visit to London?
A. It was horrible.
B. It was pleasant.
C. It was awful.
D. It was memorable.
9. We can infer from the last paragraph that ___.
A. the more calluses a person has, the more professional he would be
B. writers often base their writing on personal experiences
C. Conan Doyle has gone through a period of hardship on his way to success
D. inspiration was very important for a person to create something
10. Conan Doyle's short story "A Scandal in Bohemia" has proved to be ___ at last.
A. successful
B. powerful
C. ridiculous
D. frustrating
Passage 3
There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.
In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.
What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.
Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent. The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓) used by a baby in 3,000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.
11. The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that ___.
A. their social roles are rigidly determined
B. most boys would like to follow their fathers' professions
C. boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers
D. they like challenging activities
12. One aspect of "the universality of toys" lies in the fact that ___.
A. technological advances have greatly improved the durability of toys
B. the improvement of craftsmanship in making toys depends on the efforts of universities
C. the exploration of the universe has led to the creation of new kinds of toys
D. the basic characteristics of toys are the same the world over
13. Which of the following is the author's view on the historical development of toys?
A. The craftsmanship in toy-making has remained essentially unchanged.
B. Toys have remained basically the same all through the centuries.
C. The toy industry has witnessed great leaps in technology in recent years.
D. Toys are playing an increasingly important role in shaping a child's character.
14. Regarded as a kind of art form, toys ___.
A. follow a direct line of ascent
B. also appeal greatly to adults
C. are not characterized by technological progress
D. reflect the pace of social progress
15. The author uses the example of a rattle to show that ___.
A. in toy-making there is a continuity in the use of materials
B. even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology
C. it often takes a long time to introduce new technology into toy-making
D. even a simple toy can mirror the artistic tastes of the time
Passage 4
The New York male and the London male: two species of dude so similar, in many respects they seem to have been separated at birth. Both stomp triumphantly around financial and media capitals. Both feel they live at the centre of the known universe. And both spend far too much time on their hair. But there are marked differences between these tribes, from confidence and sense of humour to mating rituals and dress sense.
So who's best? There's only one way to find out: wholly unscientific means of anecdotes from people who have lived in both cities.
Masculinity
Alexander T., a British-born doctor living in Harlem, thinks that "maleness" is a much more consciously performed thing in Manhattan than in London. "Your clothes, what you order in a restaurant, your ability to deliver a sincere patter about your goals and passions — these are things that will help get you laid in New York. Sometimes the London approach of just relying on being funny and self-deprecating will fail to impress." But only sometimes, Alexander stresses. "For every woman who judges you harshly for your lack of a five-year plan, there will be others driven so mad with trauma by wretched and disgusting New York males that a few hours of you listening and being a nice guy will make you seem like the catch of the century."
Appearances
Julia B. is a fundraiser in London, who lived in New York for seven years. "London men dress better in general, and look a million miles better in suits. For some reason, New Yorkers are obsessed with boxy, ill-fitting suit jackets, Wall Street types being the worst offenders. New York men are probably more muscular, and more image-conscious in general." New Yorkers seem much more reluctant to grow up, she thinks. "New York men try and retain their youth for longer. There are more 45 year olds with skateboards in Williamsburg, Brooklyn than there are in Hackney. London men will want to settle down sooner than New Yorkers. As a woman, there's more danger of being single in New York since men want to stay 20 in their minds forever, so women don't want to commit either, because they see all these immature dudes around. In London, men understand women's biological clocks a little better."
Humour
The commonplace New Yorker has an annoying reputation, but graphic designer Michael I. says the two years he spent in London upended that stereotype for him. "London guys wear a grim, unpleasant face a lot of the time. People in New York were a lot more willing to be friendly. And that's what English people will describe as fake. They think the New York niceness is not genuine."
So there you have it. Are you a London man seeking fun? You should definitely spend a few weeks in New York. Your superior wardrobe, mature behaviour and refreshing self-depreciation will land in fertile, man-boy traumatised soil in the City That Never Sleeps. But London women? Avoid the siren song of the New York male. No matter how ill-tempered your London fellow is, he's a better overall package than the flashy New Yorker. Yes, that charming Manhattanite just romantically asked you out in the middle of the street. But, a) he asks out every woman with a pulse, and, b) he probably works at a discount shoe store.
What's your take on the differences between New York and London men? Who would you rather be stuck in a lift, on a road trip, or in the bar?
16. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Anecdotes from London and New York
B. London men versus New York men: who's better?
C. Meet the more masculine, grooming, humorous London guys
D. Two species across the ocean
17. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Women in New York are always impressed by the ambitious male friends.
B. Businessmen in New York do not follow the rules of dress.
C. Sometimes women prefer to have a listener in company.
D. Michael L., after two years in London, dislikes New York males more.
18. Women in New York are more likely to stay single because ___.
A. they do not want to marry an immature boy
B. the men there will not marry until 45
C. they are not interested in skateboards
D. the men there do not want to settle down in the city
19. What is the author's warning to London women?
A. The New York male's niceness is probably faked.
B. The London males are unpleasant and ill-tempered.
C. The New York males have hurt many New York women already.
D. It is hard to tell whether a New York male has a good job.
20. The underlined word "dude" may mean a man who is ___.
A. much concerned with his dress and appearance
B. always rude and violent to people
C. humorous and can cheer up the women
D. intelligent and good at arts
Passage 5
Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from "invisible earnings" to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional $375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.
It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma (古希腊银币) out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus — $66 million. Greece has a decent one third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing (接合) incompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.
In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don't mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece's problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here: "Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the backward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempts have bogged down in the Greek government's red tape and shrewdness about small points."
Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.
Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome — without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.
21. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ___.
A. Greek income and expenditures
B. The improving economic situation in Greece
C. The value of tourism
D. Military expenditures
22. Many peasants earn less than ___.
A. $60 a week
B. $2 a week
C. $1 a day
D. $10 a month
23. The Greek Government spends ___.
A. more than 25% of its budget on military terms
B. more than it collects
C. a third of a billion dollars in gold
D. less than 25% of its budget on military terms
24. According to the passage, Greece has ___.
A. a dictatorship
B. a monarchy
C. a single majority party
D. too much red tape
25. Greece imports annually goods and materials ___.
A. totaling almost $700 million
B. that balance exports
C. that are paid by tourists
D. costing $66 million
Part II Cloze (20%)
Directions: Fill in each of the blanks with a suitable word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
The (1) ________ over Davos were said (2) ________ have darkened last week as 1,700 private jets delivered the world's elite to its annual convention. You can picture (3) ________ moment: a shepherd's child on an Alpine mountain pointing (4) ________ one, then two, then a vast (5) ________ of hawk-like aircraft materializing with their consignment of power brokers, roaring overhead as the sheep scatter in (6) ________.
(7) ________ wait. There is a problem with this awesome scene of inequality. The (8) ________ reported figure of 1,700 jets is a fantasy. Financial journalist Felix Salmon has done the legwork and estimated the actual (9) ________ to be about 200. So (10) ________ was the inflated figure so eagerly believed?
The answer (11) ________ in the powerful hold of private jet travel (12) ________ the popular imagination. It is the ultimate symbol of wealth, more (13) ________ than mansions or limousines or the humble helicopter. It provokes resentment; yet it is also glamorous and exciting. Private (14) ________ excite the non-private jet-flying classes even (15) ________ offending them. The result is a combustible combination of moralism and desire.
In Sweden outrage runs high (16) ________ the misuse of corporate jets by directors of (17) ________ conglomerate, Industrivärden. Families were flown (18) ________ trips abroad; a plane was sent to Stockholm (19) ________ an absent-minded industrialist forgot his wallet. The result is one of the biggest (20) ________ scandals in Swedish history.
Part III Error Identification and Correction (20%)
Directions: Each sentence below has four underlined parts. Identify the underlined part that is wrong and give the correct answer. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam. Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and the solid [A], all of which [B] is made up of [C] molecules with the formula [D] H₂O.
2. This competition is good for [A] the overall development of China's long-monopolizing [B] banking industry and is expected to intensify by the end of the year [C] or early next year, as more private banks are established [D].
3. To attract capital, small banks are always willing to raise their deposit rates to the higher end of the government-set band to attract capital [A], while big players usually keep their rates [B] at a discount [C] of 10 percent [D].
4. Amid the multiple violent incidents, a crackdown on terrorism in all forms has been added to [A] China's top priorities. The government called on [B] improved intelligence collection, integrated prevention and control measures, and better early-warning and emergency response capabilities so as to leave [C] no loopholes for terrorists to exploit [D].
5. There has been inverse relationship [A] between household net worth and the personal saving rate, consistent with [B] the permanent income hypothesis, under which [C] household expenditures respond principally to changes in long-term wealth rather than short-term fluctuations [D] in income.
6. The drop in the price of Brent crude from a high of more than $115 a barrel in June to less than $60 earlier this month has put [A] extra money into consumer's pockets and boosted [B] fuel-intensive businesses, while cutting oil companies' revenues and stoking [C] financial crises in oil-producing countries including [D] Russia and Venezuela.
7. If Snow had owned [A] his own benefits, or approached health care as a consumer, as the administration wants people to do, he'd certainly be singing a different tune. Had Snow stashed [B] a few thousand dollars in a health savings account, which is [C] one of the administration's chief proposals to reduce the rising number of uninsured, he likely wouldn't have enough [D] cash to afford chemotherapy.
8. It demonstrates why it is essential that we focus efforts on measures to help prevent older people from becoming ill in the first place and on having excellent health and social care services for them since [A] they do [B]. on having [C] help prevent [D]
9. The costs [A] of watching the film is [B] that it takes up 120 minutes of your time — time which could be spent [C] in bed asleep. The benefit is the enjoyment gained from [D] each extra minute viewed.
10. There are around 200,000 young people between the ages of 11 and 15 smoke [A] in the UK. It is estimated that around 20% of them buy their cigarettes from vending machines; it avoids [B] the problems of face-to-face contact and the need for proof of age. There will be a review of vending machines with the possibility of people having to buy [C] tokens to use the machines. to use the machines [D]
Part IV Translation (20%)
Section 1
Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)
1. 有些人把读书当作疲劳工作中的一种休息，并不是读一本书就预先想定读它要派何种用场，即“不为什么而读”。但日积月累，确实可以长知识、广见闻、有效益。
2. 经过长期积累，目前，中国已成为全球第二大经济体和全球第一贸易大国、全球第一外汇储备国，具备了对外输出资本的实力。
Section 2
Directions: Translate the following into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)
3. Winners have different potentials. Achievement is not the most important thing. Authenticity is. The authentic person experiences the reality of himself by knowing himself, being himself, and becoming a credible, responsive person. He actualizes his own unprecedented uniqueness, and appreciates the uniqueness of others.
4. Global value chains, or GVCs, are not a new phenomenon, but they have expanded and deepened significantly in recent years, offering greater opportunities for developing countries to integrate into the global economy at lower costs. Improvements in communication technology and declining transportation costs worldwide have made it easier to "unbundle" tasks internationally.
Part V Writing (15%)
Directions: Write an essay of 200-250 words on the following topic. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
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