广东工业大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

广东工业大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

（考试科目代码：1001 满分：100）
I. Vocabulary and Structure (10%) (0.5×20)
Directions: Each of the following question is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
1. The disparity between educational objectives that stress independence and individuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with others reflects a ______ that arises from the values on which these objectives are based.
A) predictability    B) redundancy
C) conflict    D) wisdom
2. Speakers and listeners are often at odds: language that is easy for the receiver to understand is often difficult to produce, and that which is easily formulated can be hard to ______.
A) comprehend    B) ignore
C) confirm    D) defend
3. Social tensions among adult factions can be adjusted by politics, but adolescents and children have no such ______ for resolving their conflict with the exclusive world of adults.
A) attitude    B) mechanism
C) justification    D) opportunity
4. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ______ a violent act previously seen on television.
A) duplicating    B) accelerating
C) stimulating    D) modifying
5. Since 1813, reaction to Jane Austen's novels has oscillated between adoration and condescension; but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary ______.
A) admirers    B) readers
C) followers    D) contemporaries
6. The poem perfectly ______ to the reader the poet's loneliness and disillusionment with the industrial society.
A) conjures    B) conveys
C) consents    D) converse
7. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed ______ and means of packing.
A) samples    B) specimens
C) inspections    D) specifications
8. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that ______ girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.
A) assigning    B) enrolling
C) involving    D) undertaking
9. With the completion of the irrigation network, the farmers in that area will no longer be ______ the weather for good harvests.
A) in control of    B) at the disposal of
C) at the mercy of    D) in charge of
10. Some people believe that "King John" was written by Shakespeare, but some people think it might be written by an ______ author.
A) ambiguous    B) authentic
C) antique    D) anonymous
11. When the news of a UFO sighting was broadcast on radio, some listeners called to challenge the ______ of it.
A) vicissitude    B) value
C) validity    D) visitation
12. To reduce the financial pressure facing the company, its management has decided on ______ expenditure cuts.
A) modest    B) sweeping
C) tangible    D) considerate
13. Within the ______ of given data, the biographer seeks to illuminate factual information about a person and transforms it into insight.
A) bounds    B) archives
C) networks    D) goals
14. The significance of magazines among contemporary media is sometimes ______ underestimated.
A) profoundly    B) radically
C) graphically    D) grossly
15. The seal can dive to a depth of about 1600 feet and remain ______ for as long as an hour and ten minutes.
A) breathless    B) fearless
C) submerged    D) unconscious
16. During the decades after the United States Civil War, a host of technical advances made possible ______ and uniformity of railroad service.
A) and a new integration    B) for a new integration
C) that a new integration    D) a new integration
17. Most geologists believe ______ from the remains of tiny marine plants and animals that died millions of years ago.
A) that petroleum was formed    B) what was formed petroleum
C) when petroleum formed    D) petroleum that formed
18. All the planets in the solar system except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites, ______ objects that revolve around the planets.
A) which    B) of which
C) which are    D) and which
19. Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ______ as a unified science.
A) did ecology emerge    B) when ecology emerged
C) ecology emerged    D) when did ecology emerge
20. ______ for more than five to seven minutes, the brain will be subjected to irreversible damage.
A) Oxygen once deprived of    B) Once deprived of oxygen
C) Deprived of oxygen once    D) Once oxygen deprived of
II. Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
According to anthropologists, people in pre-industrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) when 10-to-12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930's. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.
The Depression years of the 1930 have brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modern low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metal workers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2088 hours per worker, compared to 1957 for the United States and 1646 for France.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A) Why people in pre-industrial societies worked few hours per week    B) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution
C) A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries    D) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week
22. Compared to pre-industrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century ______.
A) remained constant    B) decreased slightly
C) increased significantly    D) decreased significantly
23. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the United States during the 1930's?
A) The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek.    B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United States.
C) Several corporations increased the length of the workweek.    D) Several people sometimes shared a single job.
24. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?
A) To discourage workers from asking for increased wages    B) To allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers
C) To establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek    D) To restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek
25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has been declining since the nineteenth century?
A) The half-day holiday    B) United States Steel and Westinghouse
C) Henry Ford    D) German metalworkers
Passage 2
The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today --- summed up, not altogether accurately, as "research and development". Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed for the application of science was "engineering science" rather than basic science. Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness --- if not understanding --- of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways. In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.
26. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
A) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry    B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries
C) To show how technology influenced basic science    D) To argue that basic science has no practical application
27. The "list" mentioned in line 13 refers to ______.
A) types of scientific knowledge    B) changes brought by technology
C) industries that used scientific techniques    D) applications of engineering science
28. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based on which of the following?
A) Engineering science is not very important.    B) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.
C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.    D) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.
29. Why does the author mention "consultants" in line 26?
A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions    B) To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not
C) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science    D) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work
30. Which of the following statements does the passage support?
A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.    B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.
C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.    D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.
Passage 3
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead.
There have been and may again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed, where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she is equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side, if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should hear the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them, who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
31. According to the author, it is always advisable to ______.
A) be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees    B) adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination
C) have opinions which cannot be refuted    D) suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches
32. According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find ______.
A) acceptance of truth    B) controversy over principles
C) inordinate enthusiasm    D) a dread of heterodox speculation
33. According to the author, which of the following statements is true?
A) Most educated people study both sides of a question.    B) The majority of those who argue eloquently truly know only one side of an issue.
C) In debatable issues, we should rely on the opinions of the experts for guidance.    D) Heterodox speculation will lead to many unnecessary errors of thinking.
34. According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as ______.
A) enslaved by tradition    B) less than fully rational
C) having a closed mind    D) determined on controversy
35. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?
A) A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.    B) The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.
C) Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection    D) excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.
Passage 4
Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States---we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.
The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as "government-run personnel management" and a "dangerous precedent". In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.
As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is "no exit" when it comes to children. "Society expects---and needs---parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expects---and needs---parents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed."
While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children' welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow's productive citizenry. In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits---as they clearly do---the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.
36. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?
A) Its meaning was clarified when it was established in Australia.    B) It has now become a hot topic in the United States.
C) It came as a surprise when Australia adopted the policy.    D) America is now the only developed country without the policy.
37. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?
A) The incompetence of the Democrats.    B) The opposition from business circles.
C) The lack of a precedent in American history.    D) The existing Family and Medical Leave Act.
38. What is Professor Anne Alstott's argument for parental support?
A) Good parenting benefits society.    B) The cost of raising children in the U. S. has been growing.
C) The U. S. should keep up with other developed countries.    D) Children need continuous care.
39. What does the author think of America's large body of family laws governing children's welfare?
A) They fail to ensure children's healthy growth    B) They fail to provide enough support for parents
C) They emphasize parents' legal responsibilities.    D) They impose the care of children on parents.
40. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?
A) It is basically a social undertaking.    B) It relies largely on social support.
C) It generates huge social benefits.    D) It is regarded as a legal obligation.
III. Cloze (10%)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives. Many people worry about their families welfare, reputation, and honor. Asian families are often __41__, including several generations related by __42__ or marriage living in the same home. An Asian person's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family ---including the dead __43__.
Traditional Chinese, among many other Asians, respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty __44__ them. Children repay their parents' __45__ by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a __46__ part of life in China. __47__, taking care of the aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous __48__ in the United States, where aging and family support are not __49__ highly. __50__, in the youth-oriented United States, growing old is seen as a bad thing, and many old people do not receive respect.
Filipinos, the most Americanized of the Asians, are __51__ extremely family-oriented. They are __52__ to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an education. __53__, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who leave the country for economic reasons __54__ send large parts of their income home to their parents.
The Vietnamese family __55__ people currently __56__ as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn. Any __57__ or actions are done from family considerations, not individual desires. People's behavior is fudged __58__ whether it brings shame or pride to the family. The Vietnamese do not particularly believe in self-reliance; in this way, they are the __59__ of people in the United States. Many Vietnamese think that their actions in this life will influence their __60__ in the next life.
41. A) enlarged    B) lengthened    C) expanded    D) extended
42. A) history    B) blood    C) interaction    D) bond
43. A) ancestors    B) settlers    C) immigrant    D) pioneer
44. A) of    B) for    C) toward    D) on
45. A) sacrifices    B) sufferings    C) contributions    D) tributes
46. A) formal    B) natural    C) regular    D) peculiar
47. A) in comparison    B) in contrast    C) in a way    D) to the same extent
48. A) relief    B) responsibility    C) burden    D) business
49. A) rewarded    B) complimented    C) regarded    D) honored
50. A) as a result    B) of course    C) and yet    D) in fact
51. A) but    B) further    C) still    D) only
52. A) dedicated    B) confined    C) corresponded    D) exposed
53. A) in exchange    B) in turn    C) in vain    D) in debt
54. A) occasionally    B) intentionally    C) typically    D) steadily
55. A) insists on    B) resists to    C) persists in    D) consists of
56. A) alive    B) lively    C) living    D) life
57. A) decisions    B) incidences    C) accidents    D) expedition
58. A) by    B) on    C) for    D) in
59. A) counterpart    B) competitor    C) opposite    D) opponent
60. A) station    B) state    C) stature    D) status
IV. Translation (20%)
Directions: Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places.
In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.
Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family ---they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension.
V. Writing (20%)
Directions: You are required to write a short essay entitled Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Cars, guided by the following Chinese outline. Your essay should contain at least 200 words.
1. 私家车增长与汽车工业的关系
2. 私家车给人们生活带来的好处
3. 私家车过多所带来的问题及其解决之道