河海大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

河海大学2010年1期博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I Vocabulary (10%)
Section A
Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or phrase from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Food is ______ and converted into organic tissues through a process known as metabolism.
A. matured    B. fused
C. assimilated    D. generalized
2. All the evidence I have collected ______ the fact that he is a shop lifter.
A. narrows down to    B. boils down to
C. throws light on    D. works out
3. The officer must have ______ when he told the soldiers to attack in the wrong place.
A. blundered    B. hindered
C. retarded    D. sophisticated
4. The bad news had a ______ effect on all of us.
A. sobering    B. socializing
C. soaring    D. sobbing
5. The twins had different ______.
A. uprisings    B. upsurges
C. upshots    D. upbringings
6. The manager's arrival ______ the workers into activity.
A. galloped    B. gaped
C. ganged    D. galvanized
7. A ______ person argues and disputes about trifles.
A. contestable    B. contentious
C. contemporary    D. contemptible
8. The police have ______ a lot of new information about the wanted man.
A. turned out    B. turned aside
C. turned down    D. turned up
9. Military superiority went ______ with organizational superiority.
A. all in all    B. day and night
C. face to face    D. hand in hand
10. The proposals were certainly ______ criticism.
A. prone to    B. open to
C. reduced to    D. up to
Section B
Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
11. We like to ramble around the neighborhood on sunny afternoons.
A. run    B. wander
C. tremble    D. search
12. In the face of defeat, suicide was the samurai's last resort.
A. weapon    B. pleasure
C. entertainment    D. recourse
13. Some birds have a waxy coating on their feathers that causes water to form beads and slide off.
A. beards    B. streams
C. drops    D. nests
14. An expert in any field may be defined as a person who possesses specialized skills and is capable of rendering very competent services.
A. mastering    B. providing
C. financing    D. obtaining
15. The physician's diagnosis was not conducive to rejoicing: "Peter, you seem to have a slight case of gout."
A. favorable to    B. in accordance with
C. leading to    D. against
16. Chastened by his father's sharp words. Fred went back to his room to reconsider his actions.
A. Distracted    B. Overturned
C. Punished    D. Overwhelmed
17. I claim that your last argument was a diversion to make us forget the main point.
A. pastime    B. distraction
C. practical joke    D. harmless trick
18. He lay still in the bed and seemed very detached from what was going on.
A. interested in    B. hostile to
C. indifferent to    D. afraid of
19. The girl sat down and ate ravenously.
A. politely    B. noisily
C. greedily    D. daintily
20. Scientists speculate that unrestrained population growth and dwindling resources may force humans to look to the sea for food.
A. unchecked    B. unavoidable
C. unnecessary    D. unexpected
Part II Cloze (20%)
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.
In April 1995, a young Chinese chemistry student at Beijing University __21__ dying in a Beijing hospital. Although her doctors had __22__ numerous tests, they could not discover __23__ was killing her. In desperation, a student friend posted __24__ SOS describing her __25__ to several medical bulletin boards and mailing __26__ on the Internet. Around the world, doctors who regularly __27__ these electronic bulletin boards and lists __28__ immediately.
In Washington D.C., Dr. John Alais, a physician with the US Department of State, __29__ the message from China. He had recently served in Beijing; he knew the woman's doctors. Using the Internet, he __30__ the message to colleagues in America. Soon an international contingent of doctors joined in the e-mail discussion. A consensus __31__ — the woman might have been poisoned __32__ thallium, a metal resembling lead. A Beijing laboratory __33__ this diagnosis---the thallium concentration in her body was as much as 1,000 times __34__. More e-mail communication followed, as treatment was suggested and then adjusted. The woman slowly began to recover. Well over a year __35__, the international medical community was still keeping __36__ on her condition through the electronic medium that saved her life.
This story underscores society's increasing reliance __37__ a system of global communication that can link you easily with someone in the next town or halfway around the world. People in all __38__ of life use the telephone system every day to solve a problem or make a date or transfer money or hire an employee. They can do these things by making telephone calls from __39__ telephones or from handheld __40__ telephones, by sending faxes, or by using computers and dialing into Internet.
A. laid    B. lain
C. lie    D. lay
A. carried    B. performed
C. got    D. finished
A. what    B. that
C. where    D. which
A. the    B. a
C. an    D. that
A. signs    B. symbols
C. tracks    D. symptoms
A. lists    B. news
C. letters    D. suggestions
A. gained    B. checked
C. made    D. took
A. responded    B. responding
C. was responded    D. being responded
A. seeing    B. saw
C. seen    D. having seen
A. made    B. used
C. forwarded    D. cooperated
A. emerged    B. disappeared
C. saw    D. discovered
A. in    B. with
C. on    D. of
A. confirmed    B. reasoned
C. made    D. reassured
A. popular    B. common
C. ordinary    D. normal
A. slowly    B. quickly
C. later    D. latter
A. track    B. deletion
C. emergence    D. appearance
A. in    B. on
C. about    D. with
A. lines    B. directions
C. walks    D. approvals
A. stationary    B. tranquil
C. peaceful    D. stationery
A. possible    B. carried
C. appeared    D. mobile
Part III Error Correction (5%)
Directions: Each of the following sentences has 4 underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect. Then transfer your answers onto the ANSWER SHEET.
41. The biggest single hobby in America, the one that Americans spend most time, energy and money is gardening.
A. The biggest single hobby    B. that
C. spend    D. is gardening
42. Americans are highly mobile, and therefore many find it difficult to become deep involved with others.
A. highly mobile    B. therefore
C. deep    D. involved with
43. Tom is always worried about being late, so he leaves early than anyone else.
A. worried    B. so
C. early    D. else
44. The old couple is in the habit of going for a walk along the river every morning except it rains.
A. in the habit of    B. going
C. along    D. except it
45. So interested Tom was in stamp-collecting that he spent almost all his spare money on it.
A. Tom was    B. that
C. almost    D. on it
46. Highly precise measurements have been show that variation in the Earth's rotation is largely controlled by climatic conditions.
A. Highly precise    B. have been show
C. variation    D. by climatic conditions
47. Their proposal is that the dam is built at the foot of the mountain.
A. proposal    B. that
C. is built    D. foot
48. Many a woman feel entitled to more in life than just housework.
A. Many a    B. woman
C. feel    D. housework
49. Nobody was faulty, and so none of us were to be blamed for the accident.
A. faulty    B. and so
C. none of us    D. blamed
50. A new product should be judged not by the promise made in commercials and advertisements, but also by the results demonstrated in actual use.
A. should be judged    B. in commercials
C. but also    D. demonstrated
Part IV Reading Comprehension (25%)
Directions: In this section, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best of the answer marked A, B, C, and D, and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos. In the years following 1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century. Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.
Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth century. As the population grew, its makeup also changed. Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility downward as well as upward - touched almost everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly three-quarters of the population in the North and South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West changed their residence each decade. As a consequence, historian David Donald has written, "Social atomization affected every segment of society", and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded".
Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home. In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the household lost many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a haven of tranquility and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture. The intimacy of marriage that was common in earlier periods was rent, and a gulf that at times seemed unbridgeable was created between husbands and wives.
51. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The economic development of the United states in the eighteenth century.    B. Ways in which economic development led to social changes in the United States.
C. Population growth in the western United States.    D. The increasing availability of industrial jobs for women in the United States.
52. According to the passage, as the nineteenth century progressed, the people of the United States ____.
A. emigrated to other countries    B. often settled in the West
C. tended to change the place in which they lived    D. had a higher rate of birth than ever before
53. Which of the following best describes the society about which David Donald wrote?
A. A highly conservative society that was resistant to new ideas.    B. A society that was undergoing fundamental change.
C. A society that had been gradually changing since the early 1700s.    D. A nomadic society that was starting permanent settlements.
54. Which of the following is not mentioned as an example of the social changes occurring in the United States after 1820?
A. Increased social mobility.    B. Increased immigration.
C. Significant movement of population.    D. Strong emphasis on traditional social values.
55. With which of the following opinions would the author be likely to agree?
A. Women's lives significantly improved as the United States economy expanded.    B. Women had more opportunities for employment in the western United States than in other regions.
C. The home after 1820 was a superior social entity to that of the eighteenth century.    D. Increased social fragmentation negatively affected middle-class family life.
Passage Two
When the human genome project was launched a little under a decade ago, boosters compared it with the Manhattan Project or the mission to put men on the moon: an effort so complex and so broad in scope that only the government had the financial and bureaucratic resources to pull it off - yet with such huge potential payoffs that virtually no resources should be spared.
By the time the project was complete, promised its advocates, science would at last have access to the "book of life" - the precise biochemical code for each of the 100,000 or so genes that largely determine every physical characteristic in the human body. Once researchers knew that, they'd be able to figure out exactly how each gene functions and more important, malfunctions to trigger deadly illnesses from heart disease to cancer.
Important as it was, the job would take some time. Unlike the atom bomb or the space race, there was no Hitler or Khrushchev who threatened to get them first. Without such external dangers forcing them to pull out all the stops, federally funded genome-project scientists in the U.S. figured they could move at their own pace; they would finish up in 2005 or thereabouts.
They figured wrong. The Nazis and the Soviets may be history, but an even more electrifying force has arisen to put the fear of God into the genome project: the profit motive. Pharmaceutical companies stand to make incalculable billions of dollars by turning genome research into new treatments for a dizzying array of diseases. And the companies that manage to get the information first and lock up what they find with patents - will profit most.
It's no surprise, therefore, that private firms have plunged into human genome projects of their own. Nor is it surprising, given the potential payoff that their scientists have found ways to speed up the decoding process. Indeed, one such company Celera Genomics Corp., let by maverick scientist Craig Venter declared that it would have the job substantially wrapped up in three years.
Blindsided by Venter's surprise announcement, leaders of the federal genome project which is being carried out at university and government labs in the U.S., at the Sanger Centre near Cambridge, England, and at facilities in Germany and Japan decided to rethink their schedule. The result: an announcement that they would finish up by 2003 rather than 2005, with a rough "working draft" of the genome to be published by 2001. The measured march to decode the human genome, in short, has turned into a headlong horse race.
56. According to the author, which of the following was not well-thought in the government supported project?
A. The technological details.    B. The effort it involves.
C. The complexity of human genome.    D. The competition from private sectors.
57. The second paragraph is written in order to ____.
A. highlight the importance in the findings of the project    B. indicate that many private sources will enter the project
C. show that the patents may be valuable    D. suggest that more investment is necessary
58. The original planners made a terrible mistake in the schedule because ____.
A. they took the profit motive in the project for granted    B. they didn't consult the scientists in the field
C. they didn't consult the critics from the start    D. they lacked experience in budgeting projects
59. The government supported research organizations changed their schedule because ____.
A. they face competition from the privately financed scientists    B. maverick scientists made plans to carry out the project
C. they find the project is not so complex    D. they face the pressure from the critics
60. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?
A. Human Genome Project    B. A Race on Human Genome Project
C. Private Companies' Threat on Human Genome Project    D. Human Genome Project - Save the Future of Man
Passage Three
It is possible for students to obtain advanced degrees in English while knowing little or nothing about traditional scholarly methods. The consequences of this neglect of traditional scholarship are particularly unfortunate for the study of women writers. If the canon- the list of authors whose works are most widely taught - is ever to include more women, scholars must be well trained in historical scholarship and textual editing. Scholars who do not know how to read early manuscripts, locate rare books, establish a sequence of editions, and so on are bereft of crucial tools for revising the canon.
To address such concerns, an experimental version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students' consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modern critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work.
Griffith's work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extant scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day; thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffith's play The Platonic Wife exists in three versions, enough to provide illustrations of editorial issues but not too many for beginning students to manage. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, as her continued productivity and favorable reviews demonstrate, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon.
The range of Griffith's work meant that each student could become the world's leading authority on a particular text. For example, a student studying Griffith's Wife in the Right obtained a first edition of the play and studied it for some weeks. This student was suitably shocked and outraged to find its title transformed into A Wife in the Right in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica. Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid, serve to vaccinate the student - I hope for a life-time against credulous use of reference sources.
61. The purpose of this passage is to ____.
A. reveal a commonly ignore deficiency    B. propose a return to traditional terminology
C. describe an attempt to correct an shortcoming    D. predict a change in a traditional teaching strategy
62. What effect does the author expect to have by mentioning the student's experience in studying Wife in the Right?
A. It would lead the students to disregard information found in the Bibliotheca Britannica.    B. It would teach the students to question the accuracy of certain kinds of information sources when studying neglected authors.
C. It would teach the students to avoid the use of reference sources in studying neglected authors.    D. It would enhance the student's appreciation of the work of authors not included in the canon.
63. The disadvantage of the strategy employed in the experimental scholarly methods course is that ____.
A. students were not given an opportunity to study women writers outside the canon    B. students' original work would not be appreciated by recognized scholar
C. most of the students in the course had little opportunity to study the eighteenth century    D. students were not given an opportunity to encounter certain sources of information that could prove useful in their future studies
64. Which of the following best states the "particular pedagogical purpose" in Paragraph 3?
A. To assist scholars in revising the canon of authors.    B. To minimize the trivial aspect of the traditional scholarly methods course.
C. To provide students with information about Griffith's work.    D. To encourage scholarly rigor in students' own research.
65. It can be inferred the author considers traditional scholarly methods courses to be ____.
A. irrelevant to the work of most students    B. insignificant because of their narrow focus
C. unconcerned about the accuracy of reference sources    D. too superficial to establish important facts about authors
Passage Four
A full moon was shining down on the jungle. Accompanied only by an Indian guide, the American explorer and archaeologist Edward Herbert Thompson - thirteen hundred years after the Mayas had left their cities and made a break for the country farther north - was riding through the New Empire that they had built for themselves, which had collapsed after the arrival of the Spaniards. He was searching for Chichen-Itza, the largest, most beautiful, mightiest, and most splendid of all Mayan cities. Horses and men had been suffering intense hardships on the trail. Thompson's head sagged on his breast from fatigue, and each time his horse stumbled he all but fell out of the saddle. Suddenly his guide shouted to him. Thompson woke up with a start. He looked ahead and saw a fairyland.
Above the dark treetops rose a mound, high and steep, and on top of the mound was a temple, bathed in cool moonlight. In the hush of the night it towered over the treetops like the Parthenon of some Mayan acropolis. It seemed to grow in size as they approached. The Indian guide dismounted, unsaddled his horse, and rolled out his blanket for the night's sleep. Thompson could not tear his fascinated gaze from the great structure. While the guide prepared his bed, he sprang from his horse and continued on foot. Steep stairs overgrown with grass and bushes, and in part fallen into ruins, led from the base of the mound up to the temple. Thompson was acquainted with this architectural form, which was obviously some kind of pyramid. He was familiar, too, with the function of pyramids as known in Egypt. But this Mayan version was not a tomb, like the Pyramids of Gizeh. Externally it rather brought to mind a ziggurat, but to a much greater degree than the Babylonian ziggurats it seemed to consist mostly of a stony fill providing support for the enormous stairs rising higher and higher, towards the gods of the sun and moon.
Thompson climbed up the steps. He looked at the ornamentation, the rich reliefs. On top almost 96 feet above the jungle, he surveyed the scene. He counted one - two - three -a half-dozen scattered buildings, half-hidden in shadow, often revealed by nothing more than a gleam of moonlight on stone.
This, then, was Chichen-Itza. From its original status as advance outpost at the beginning of the great trek to the north, it had grown into a shining metropolis, the heart of the New Empire. Again and again during the next few days Thompson climbed on to the old ruins. "I stood upon the roof of this temple one morning," he writes, "just as the first rays of the sun reddened the distant horizon. The morning stillness was profound. The noises of the night had ceased, and those of the day were not yet begun. All the sky above and the earth below seemed to be breathlessly waiting for something. Then the great round sun came up, flaming splendidly, and instantly the whole world sang and hummed. The birds in the trees and insects on the ground sang a grand Te Deum. Nature herself taught primal man to be a sun-worshipper and man in his heart of hearts still follows the ancient teaching."
Thompson stood where he was, immobile and enchanted. The jungle melted away before his gaze. Wide spaces opened up, processions crept up to the temple site, music sounded, palaces became filled with reveling, the temples hummed with religious adjuration. He tried to recognize detail in the billowing forest. Then suddenly he was no longer bemused. The curtain of fancy dropped with a crash; the vision of the past vanished. The archaeologist had recognized his task. For out there in the jungle green he could distinguish a narrow path, barely traced out in the weak light, a path that might lead to Chichel-Itza's most exciting mystery: the Sacred Well.
66. The territory which Thompson was exploring ____.
A. had been abandoned by the Mayas about thirteen hundred years previously    B. had been occupied and developed by the Mayas about thirteen hundred years before
C. had been deserted by the Mayas as soon as the Spaniards arrived    D. was conquered by the Mayas thirteen hundred years ago
67. What was Thompson's first reaction to the scene ahead?
A. He remained in the saddle for several minutes spellbound.    B. He immediately jumped down and went forward.
C. He waited until his bed was ready and then dismounted.    D. He rode to the mound and stared at the structure before him.
68. What gave Thompson the impression that the pyramid was probably not a tomb?
A. The shape was wrong.    B. It was too big.
C. It was in fact some kind of ziggurat    D. It appeared to him to be merely a solid base.
69. Thompson made his way towards the temple cautiously because of ____.
A. the darkness    B. his interest in the surrounding ruins
C. the condition of the steps    D. his close examination of the sculpture on the way
70. What suggestion is made about the former purpose of the various ruins he could see?
A. They had formed part of the capital of a new Mayan Kingdom.    B. They were what remained of a temple to sky gods.
C. They were what was left of the starting point from which the Mayans had moved to new territory.    D. They were what remained of the farthest city reached in a large-scale Mayan migration.
71. What abruptly ended Thompson's dream or the past?
A. The realization that this was only a time-consuming fantasy.    B. The glimpse of an important clue to future discovery.
C. A resolution derived from his fantasy that he must learn more about this great past    D. The locating of the mysterious Sacred Welt.
Passage Five
Some of you, we all know, are poor, find it hard to live, are sometime, as it were, gasping for breath. I have no doubt that some of you who read this book are unable to pay for all the dinners which you have actually eaten, or the coats and shoes which are fast wearing or are already worn out, and have come to this page to spend borrowed or stolen time, robbing creditors of an hour.
It is very evident what mean and sneaking lives many of you live, for my sight has been whetted by experience: always on the limits, trying to get into business and trying to get out of debt, a very ancient slough, called by the Latin "aes alienum", another's brass, for some the coins were made of brass; still living, and dying and buried by this other's brass; always promising to pay, promising to pay tomorrow and dying today, insolvent; seeking to carry favor, to get custom, by how many modes, only not state-prison offenses; lying, flattering, voting, contracting yourselves into a nutshell of civility or dilating into an atmosphere of thin and vaporous generosity, that you make his shoes, or his hat, or his coat, or his carriage, or import his groceries for him.
I sometimes wonder that we can be so frivolous. I may almost say, as to attend to the gross but somewhat foreign form of servitude called Negro Slavery, there are so many keen and subtle masters that enslave both North and South. It is hard to have a Southern overseer, it is worse to have a Northern one; but worst of all when the slave-driver of yourself. Talk of a dignity in man! Look at the teamster on the highway, wending to market by day or night. Does any divinity stir within him? His highest duty to fodder and water his horses!
What is his destiny to him compared with the shipping interests? Does not he drive for Squire Make -a-stir? How godlike, how immortal, is he? See how he cowers and sneaks, how vaguely all the day he fears, not being immortal nor divine, but the slave and prisoner of this own, opinion of himself, a fame won by his own deeds. Public opinion is a weak tyrant compared with our own private opinion. What a man thinks of himself, that it is which determines, or rather indicates his fate.
72. The expression "gasping for breath" is the author's way of describing ____.
A. man's difficulty in breathing our polluted air    B. the highest rate of interest creditors demand of us
C. how difficult it is for poor people to live    D. the slough our whole civilization has fallen into
73. The author's purpose in referring to Negro Slavery is to illustrate ____.
A. how frivolous our attitude is toward this very serious social problem    B. that Northern overseers meaner than Southern overseers
C. that there will always be slavery    D. that the worst slave driver of all is the slave-driver who drives himself
74. From the last paragraph, we can infer that the author agrees with the opinion that ____.
A. public opinion is a weak but still dominant opinion    B. private opinion is hard to be voiced by slaves
C. dignity and self-esteem establish one's social life    D. fate as a Negro slave is direful
75. The paragraph right after this passage would most probably ____.
A. discuss how to help the poor    B. encourage the poor to regain their dignity
C. illustrate the detailed reasons of poverty    D. call on the government to do something in poverty elimination
Part V Translation (20%)
Section A
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate them into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
You've got a world-changing idea, and a passion to make it happen. That's good. But you need a third element: The ability to "pitch" your idea to venture capitalists and others who can help turn your dream into reality. Budding business tycoons or Hollywood script writers know the importance of marketing themselves and their projects. But those in the nonprofit world, whose goal is altruistic, may never have thought about how to put a dazzling sheen on their quick "elevator pitch."
Learning what goes into a perfect pitch was just one of the practical skills taught to a group of up-and-coming "social innovators" last month at the 12th annual PopTech conference in Camden, Maine. PopTech has always been a place to hear about new ideas to improve the world. But this year, greater efforts have been made to turn those ideas into reality, says its curator and executive director, Andrew Zolli. "People don't want to just sit around and talk about things." he says. "They want to connect and collaborate and have a meaningful impact." The idea, Mr. Zolli says, is to "transform PopTech into a factory for making big bets on great ideas."
Section B
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate it into English. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
在国际有关地球变暖的日益激烈的辩论中，人们一向把主要注意力集中在是否控制及如何控制二氧化碳及其他气体日益增多的排放量上。因为它们使热量被截住在大气中。现在另一个问题也开始引起人们的关注了。科学家们认为，不管采取什么措施，目前大气中已有的"温室"气体足够使地球明显变暖。而且，在能够制止其增多之前，这类气体必然还将大量聚集在地面，气候学家、社会学家、规划制定者及政府官员们正开始集中研究，在全球出现显著变暖时，社会如何应付海平面上升、农业区域转移、气候变化及其他各种问题。
Part VI Writing (20%)
Directions: write a composition of no less than 200 words on the ANSWER SHEET according the topic given below.
Modern life is causing many traditions to become less important. Choose one tradition and explain why you think it should be continued and maintained. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

河海大学2010年1期博士研究生入学考试参考答案及解析
Part I Vocabulary
Section A
1.C 动词辨析题。mature"使……成熟；使……长成"；fuse"(使)融合；(使)熔化"；assimilate"吸收；使同化"；generalize"概括；推广"。由关键词metabolism"新陈代谢"可推知这里指"食物是要被吸收"，故知C符合句意。
2.B 动词词组辨析题。narrow down to"缩小范围"；boil down to"归结"；throw light on"使显得清楚；阐明；照亮"；work out"解决；算出；制定出；消耗完；弄懂"。由关键词"evidence证据"知这里是"证据得出的事实"，故B项正确。
3.A 动词辨析题。blunder"错误；犯大错"；hinder"阻碍；打扰"；retard"延迟；妨碍"；sophisticate"弄复杂；使变得世故"。由关键词"attack in the wrong place"可推测"军官一定犯错"，故A项正确。
4.A 形容词辨析题。sobering"使清醒的；令人深思的"；socializing"社交，交际"；soaring"翱翔的；高耸的；猛增的"；sobbing"湿透的；v.啜泣；哭诉"。由关键词"bad news"及常识"坏消息让人深思"知A项正确。
5.D 名词辨析题。uprising"起义；升起"；upsurge"高潮，高涨"；upshot"结局；要点"；upbringing"教养；养育；抚育"。由关键词"twins"、"different"及常识"双胞胎通常情况下有很多相似之处"知D项正确。
6.D 动词辨析题。gallop"使飞驰；急速进行"；gape"裂开，张开；打呵欠"；gang"使成群结队；结伙伤害或恐吓某人"；galvanize"镀锌；通电；使(兴奋、害怕、愤怒等)而采取行动"。由关键词manager's arrival"经理的到来"、into action"开始行动"及常识"经理对下级有促动作用"知D项正确。
7.B 形容词辨析题。contestable"争论的；可争的"；contentious"诉讼的；有异议的；引起争论的"；contemporary"当代；同时代的"；contemptible"可鄙的；可轻视的"。由关键词argues and disputes about trifles"为琐事争吵"可推知"爱争论的人"，故B项正确。
8.D 动词词组辨析题。turn out"生产；关掉；出动"；turn aside"避开，闪开"；turn down"减小，调低"；turn up"出现；发生；发现"。由关键词"information about the wanted man"可推知"这里是发现信息"；故D项正确。
9.D 词组辨析题。all in all"总而言之；头等重要的东西"；day and night"夜以继日"；face to face"面对面"；hand in hand"手拉手地；联合"。由关键词"military superiority"、"organizational superiority"及常识"军事与组织优势一般需要结合才能发挥更大作用"知D项正确。
10.B 动词词组辨析题。be prone to"有…倾向的；易于……"；be open to"对……开放；愿接受……的"；be reduced to"简化为；减小为"；be up to"胜任；该由…负责；从事，忙于"。由关键词"criticism"及常识"任何提议都有可能遭到批评或非议"知B项正确。
Section B
11.B 动词辨析题。ramble"漫步；漫游；闲逛"；run"管理；经营；运行"；wander"漫游，徘徊；迷路"；tremble"发抖；战栗；焦虑；摇晃"；search"搜索；搜寻；调查"。由关键词"sunny afternoons"可推知"这个时候会去散散步，走动一下"，故B项正确。
12.D 名词辨析题。resort"诉诸，凭借，手段"；weapon"武器；兵器"；pleasure"快乐；令人高兴的事"；entertainment"娱乐；消遣；款待"；recourse"依靠；求援；诉诸"。由关键词"defeat"、"suicide"、samurai"日本武士"及常识"日本武士失败后一般诉诸于自杀"知D项正确。
13.C 名词辨析题。bead"珠子；滴"；beard"胡须"；stream"溪流；潮流；光线"；drop"下降；滴剂；滴状物"；nest"巢，窝；安乐窝"。由关键词waxy coating"蜡质涂层"、"water"、slide off"滑落"及常识"如鸭子等抖落水滴"可推知bead的意思为"水滴"，故四个选项中C项正确。
14.B 动词辨析题。render"致使；提出；实施"；master"控制；精通；征服"；provide"提供；规定；准备；装备"；finance"供给…经费，筹措资金"；obtain"获得"。由关键词expert"专家（一般为掌握专业技能与提供服务的人）"可推知render的意思为"提供；给予"，故B项正确。
15.A 形容词辨析题。be conducive to"有利于"；be favorable to"有利于，赞同"；be in accordance with"和……一致；依照"；lead to"导致"；be against"反对；违背；不顾"。由关键词gout"痛风"可推知前面是"表达负面意思"，又因为句中有not，所以要选择正面意义的词，故A项正确。
16.C 动词辨析题。chasten"斥责；惩戒；使后悔"；distract"转移；分心"；overturn"推翻；倾覆；破坏"；punish"惩罚；严厉对待"；overwhelm"压倒；淹没；受打击"。由关键词sharp words"严厉的话语"及reconsider"反思"可推知"佛瑞德被斥责了"；故C项正确。
17.B 名词辨析题。diversion"转移；消遣；分散注意力"；pastime"消遣；娱乐"；distraction"注意力分散；消遣"；practical joke"恶作剧"；harmless trick"无伤大雅的恶作剧"。由关键词forget the main point"忘记主要观点"可推知diversion的意思为"分心，分散注意力"的意思，故B项正确。
18.C 形容词词组辨析题。detach from"从…分离；拆卸；对……漠不关心"；interested in"对……感兴趣"；hostile to"对……有敌意的"；indifferent to"对……漠不关心"；afraid of"害怕，担心"。由关键词"lay still in the bed"及"what was going on"可推知detached from的意思为"脱离……，漠不关心"，故C项正确。
19.C 副词辨析题。ravenously"贪婪地，渴望地"；politely"有礼貌地"；nosily"爱管闲事地；好打听地"；greedily"贪婪地"；daintily"讲究地；优美地；可口地"。由关键词sat down and ate"坐下后就开始吃"可推知"贪婪地"更符合语境，故C项正确。
20.A 形容词辨析题。unrestrained"自然的；无限制的；放纵的"；unchecked"未经核对的；未加抑制的"；unavoidable"不可避免的"；unnecessary"不必要的；多余的"；unexpected"意外的，想不到的"。由后面的"逐渐减少的资源会迫使人类向海洋找食物"可推知前面的并列成分 population growth"人口增长"应该是"无限制的"，故 A 项正确。
Part II Cloze
21.D 固定搭配。动词 lie 用作"撒谎"意思时，过去式、过去分词均为 lied；而用作"躺着"意思时，过去式为 lay，过去分词 lain；动词 lay 是"放，产卵"的意思，过去式与过去分词均为 laid；lying 是 lie 的现在分词；laying 是 lay 的现在分词，lay dying"弥留之际、即将死去"。所以选择 D。
22.B 固定搭配。carry"携带，搬运"；perform"实施，执行"；get"得到"；finish"完成"。由空格后面的关键词 numerous tests"许多实验"知这里应该填写一个与之搭配的动词，故 B 项正确。carry 在表示"做实验"的意思时，要用 carry out+对象的形式。
23.A 逻辑关系题。据空格前的语境"做实验去发现病因及什么东西导致了现在的病情"知空格处应该用一个表示"什么"的关系代词来引导宾语从句，故 A 项正确。what 引导宾语从句。
24.C 固定搭配。SOS 是以元音（指元音音素）开头的单词，前面需要用不定冠词 an 来修饰，故 C 项正确。
25.D 逻辑关系题。sign"标志，符号"；symbol"象征，符号，标志"；track"轨迹，追踪"；symptom"症状"。根据空格前的语境"发求救信号来挽救病人"知这里的信号应该是"描述病人症状的"，故 D 项正确。
26.A 逻辑关系题。list"列表，清单，目录"；news"新闻"；letter"字母"；suggestion"建议"。由 28 题空格前的 lists 的对应关系知 A 项正确。
27.B 固定搭配题。gain"获得"；check"检查；查看"；make"制造"；take"取，拿；接受"。根据空格处的句意"医生定期地检查这些电子公告栏"及英语中检查或查收邮件一般用 check 知 B 项正确。
28.A 语法时态题。由空格处的语境为对过去的情况的叙述及医生与 respond 之间是主动关系知故应该用 respond 的过去式的主动态 responded，故 A 项正确。
29.B 语法时态题。由空格处是对过去情况的叙述知该用 see 的过去式 saw，故 B 项正确。
30.C 逻辑关系题。make"制作"；use"使用"；forward"促进；转发；运送"；cooperate"合作"。由空格后的关键词"the message to colleagues"可推知"将看到的信息转发"，故 C 项正确。
31.A 逻辑关系题。emerge"出现"；disappear"消失"；see"看见"；discover"发现"。句中提到医生进行会诊，会诊之后自然要出诊断，所以 A 项正确。
32.B 固定搭配。be poisoned with"中毒，被投毒"。
33.A 逻辑关系题。confirm"确认，证实"；reason"推论，说服"；make"制造；制作"；reassure"使…安心"。由关键词 laboratory"实验室"及空格处应该是对前面讨论的共识"铊中毒"的进行验证知 A 项正确。
34.D 逻辑关系题。popular"流行的"；common"一般的，通常的"；ordinary"普通的"；normal"正常的"，根据医学常识"医学诊断结果一般跟正常情况相比"知 D 项正确。
35.C 逻辑关系。slowly"慢慢地"；quickly"迅速地，很快地"；later"后来，稍后，随后"；latter"后一个"。由关键词 was still keeping"仍然保持"可推测这里应该是"在后来的一年多"，故 C 项正确。
36.A 固定搭配。track"追踪；轨迹"；deletion"删除"；emergence"出现；露头"；appearance"出现"。keep track on sth."对……进行跟进或跟踪"，由这里是"对病人的状况进行跟进"知 A 项正确。
37.B 固定搭配。reliance on"依赖于"，所以选择 B 项。
38.C 固定搭配。all walks of life"各行各业"。所以选择 C 项。lines"排，线"；direction"方向"；approval"同意"。
39.A 逻辑关系题。stationary"固定的；静止的"；tranquil"安静的，平静的"；peaceful"爱好和平的；平静的"；stationery"文具；信纸"。由空格后的关键词 handheld"手持的"的对比关系知前面应该指"固定的电话"，故 A 项正确。
40.D 逻辑关系题。possible"可能的"；carried"携带的"；appear"出现的"；mobile"非固定的，可移动的"。由 39 题的分析知"手持的电话应该是可以移动的"，故 D 项正确。
Part III Error Correction
41.B that 改为 on which。关系代词误用，spend time or money on sth."在某事上花费时间或金钱"，定语从句中介词后面只能用 which。
42.C deep 改为 deeply。副词误用，据副词修饰修饰形容词或动词的原则知修饰动词 involved 的 deep 应该用其副词形式 deeply。
43.C early 改为 earlier。副词误用，由这里 than 前后形成比较关系知修饰 leave 的副词 early 应该用其比较级 earlier。
44.D except 改为 except that。固定搭配，一般 except 后面加 that 后才可以跟从句。句意"这对老夫妇习惯每天早上沿着河岸散步，除了下雨的时候。"
45.A Tom was 改为 was Tom。固定句型错误，在 so..that 句型中，当 so+形容词或副词放到句首时，句子的主谓需要倒装。句意"汤姆是那么的喜欢集邮，以至于他将自己零花钱几乎都花在它上面了。"
46.B have been shown 改为 have shown。语态错误，因为此处测量是主动行为，所以需用主动语态。句意"高度精确的测量已表明，地球的自转的变化在很大程度上受控于气候条件。"
47.C is built 改为（should）be built。固定句型错误，proposal 作为"建议"的意思时，后面引导的名词性从句要用虚拟语气。should 可以省略。句意"他们提议水坝应建在山脚下。"
48.C feel 改为 feels。固定句型错误，many a+可数名词单数作主语时，后面的谓语也要用单数形式。句意"很多女人认为她们在生活中享有除家务外的其它权利。"
49.D to be blamed for 改为 to blame for。固定搭配，be to blame for sth."为某事负责"是固定搭配。句意"任何人都没有错，因此我们每个人都不用为这个事故负责任。"
50.C but also 改为 but。连词误用，前后句子是转折关系，需要用 but 来连接。句意"对一个新产品的评价不该基于宣传和广告中做出的承诺，而是该基于它在实际使用中展现的结果。"
Part IV Reading Comprehension
Passage One
51.B 主旨大意题。文章第一段先提出"People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos.19 世纪的美国人担心史无前例的国家经济变化会带来社会动荡"话题，接着讲"经济发展带来经济结构变化如与日俱增的经济多样化与劳动力从农业转向制造业和其它非农业"；第二三段重点讲述了"经济发展带来的社会变化，如人口数量增长，人口结构变化（移民涌入）、人口的流动性。男女的社会及家庭角色的变化等"，由此可知 B 项"经济的发展方式导致美国社会的变化"正确。A 项"18 世纪美国经济的发展"只是文中提及的一部分；C 项"美国西部人口增长"及 D 项"美国女性的工作机会日益增多"在文中没有提及。
52.C 细节事实题。题干意思"根据文章，随着 19 世纪继续向前，美国人…"。由第二段中"Geographic and social mobility downward as well as upward - touched almost everyone.上下的地理与社会流动性几乎触及每个人"知 C 项"倾向于变换自己的居住地"正确；由第二段中"Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries,尽管这一时期的人口出生率从 18 世纪和 19 世纪处的高水平开始下降"知 D 项"有比以往任何时候更高的出生率"不正确；A 项"移民到其它国家"，文章提到有移民移居美国，但没提及美国人移居国外，明显错误。B 项"经常定居西部"，文章只是提及人口的流动也涉及西部的乡村，故其也不正确。
53.B 细节事实题。题干意思"以下哪一项最能描述 David Donald 写到的社会"。由第二段中"Social atomization affected every segment of society, and it seemed to many people that all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded.社会的原子化影响社会的每个部分，大多数人貌似认为所有公认的有序文明的价值正在逐渐被腐蚀"知 B 项"一个正经历根本性变化的社会"正确。A 项"抗拒新思想的高度保守的社会"与文意不符；C 项"一个自 17 世纪早期就开始逐渐变换的社会"在文中没有提及；D 项"开始永久定居的游牧社会"与文中"美国社会具有高的流动性"不符。
54.D 细节事实题。由第二段中的"Geographic and social mobility downward as well as upward - touched almost everyone.上下的地理与社会流动性几乎触及每个人"知 A 项"增长的社会流动性"在文中有提及；由第二段中的"Massive waves of immigration 大量的移民"知 B 项"增长的移民"在文中有提及；由第二段中的"…changed their residence each decade 每十年就变换居住地"知 C 项"重大的人口移动"在文中有提及；D 项"有力强调传统的社会价值"与原文"传统社会价值因经济发展发生变化"不符，故 D 项为该选项。
55.D 推理判断题。由最后一段中倒数第二句讲"男女家庭角色的变化在中层阶级的家庭中尤为明显，男的负责赚钱，女的负责管理家庭并负责子女的礼仪与文化教育，先前婚姻的亲密关系被强夺，夫妻间有时出现不可逾越的鸿沟"知 D 项"增长的社会分化对中层阶级的家庭生活带来了负面影响"正确，也由此知 A 项及 C 项不正确；B 项"女人在美国西部的就业机会要比美国其它地方多"在文中没有提及。
Passage Two
56.D 细节事实题。题干意思"根据作者叙述，下面哪一项是政府支持的项目中没有考虑到的？"。由第四段先讲"They figured wrong. The Nazis and the Soviets may be history, but an even more electrifying force has arisen to put the fear of God into the genome project: the profit motive. (政府资金支持的基因项目科学家们)他们想错了。纳粹与苏联或许也成历史，但是一个更令人振奋的力量出现来将对上帝的恐惧投入到基因工程中，该力量即就是利益动机"及接着讲"私营医药公司进入人类基因组研究来与政府进行竞争"知 D 项"来自私营企业的竞争"为政府支持的项目没有想到的，故 D 项为该选项。由第一段中的"an effort so complex and so broad"知 B 与 C 项为政府支持的项目想到的；由第二段中的"the precise biochemical code for each of the 100,000 or so genes 针对大概 10 万个基因中每一个的精确生物化学密码"知 A 项为政府支持的项目想到的。
57.A 推理判断题。由第二段主要讲"基因组研究发现重要性，如让人明白基因的工作原理来治疗疾病"知 A"强调这个项目发现的重要性"正确。B"指出许多私人资源将进入该项目"、C"显示专利权可能是有价值的"及 D 项"建议更多投资是有必要的"在第二段中都没有提及或有任何体现，故其不正确。
58.A 细节事实题。题干意思"最初的基因组研究规划者们在计划上犯了一个严重的错误是因为…"。由第四段第二句"they figured wrong. The Nazis and the Soviets may be history, but an even more electrifying force has arisen to put the fear of God into the genome project: the profit motive. (政府资金支持的基因项目科学家们)他们想错了。纳粹与苏联或许也成历史，但是一个更令人振奋的力量出现来将对上帝的恐惧投入到基因工程中，该力量即就是利益动机"可推知"最初的基因组研究规划者们没有想利益动机这个问题"，故 A 项"即他们将项目的利益动机当成理所当然"正确，也因此知 B"他们没有咨询这个领域的科学家"、C 项"从一开始他们就没有咨询过评论家"及 D 项"编制项目预算上他们缺少经验"不是原因。
59.A 细节事实题。题干意思"政府支持的研究组织改变自己研究计划表的原因是..."。由最后一段中提及"受私营公司科学家 Venter 令人惊讶的宣布的攻其不备，政府支持的基因项目领导者们重新考虑了他们的研究计划表来将研究的时间提前"知 A 项"他们面临来自私营资金支持的科学家的竞争"正确。B 项"持不同意见的科学家制定计划去实施这一项目"没有提及"私营资金的支持"，故不正确；C 项"他们发现这个项目并不复杂"与原文"基因组研究计划复杂"不符；D"他们面临着来自批评家们的压力"在文中没有提及。
60.B 主旨大意题。题干意思"下面哪项是本文最合适的题目"。由最后一段中的总结句"The measured march to decode the human genome, in short, has turned into a headlong horse race.总之，解码人类基因组的前进已经变成草率的赛马比赛"知 B 项"人类基因计划竞赛"正确。A 项"人类基因计划"题目太广泛；C 项"私企对人类基因计划的威胁"只是文章的一个方面；D 项"人类基因计划—挽救人类的未来"，文中没有提及私营公司的将会带来什么危害，故还谈不上"挽救"。
Passage Three
61.C 主旨大意题。文章第一段提出"学生缺乏了解传统治学方法及此缺乏带来的后果"，第二段紧接第一段话题用"To address such concerns 为了解决这些问题"开始了在第二至四段的"介绍解决问题的方法及这些方法带来的好处"，由此分析知道 C 项"描述纠正缺点的一个尝试"正确。A 项"揭示普遍忽视的缺陷"只是文中提及的问题，不符合；B 项"提出回归传统治学方法"与文中"没有否定现在的学习方法，只是指出不足的地方"不符；D 项"预测传统教学战略的变化"在文中没有体现。
62.B 细节事实题。根据最后一段中"Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid, serve to vaccinate the student - I hope for a life-time -against credulous use of reference sources.在研究很少被留意的作家时遇到的这些不可避免与常见的经历有助于为学生们打轻信参考来源使用的疫苗，我希望该疫苗是终身的。"知 B 项"它会教会学生在研究被忽视的作家时去质疑某些信息来源的准确性"正确。
63.D 细节事实题。根据第二段中"To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources.为了最小化传统课程的人为因素，一种布置从整个历史时期抽出的大量小问题的方法被放弃了，尽管这种方法有一个明显的优势，即至少能让学生从表面上熟悉大量的参考资料"知 D 项"学生没有机会接触到可能对他们将来学习有用的某些信息源"正确，也由此知 A"学生没有机会研究被大家知晓外的女性作家"、B 项"学生最初的作品不会受到有名的学者的欣赏"及 C 项"课程中的大多数学生没有机会研究十八世纪"不正确。
64.D 细节事实题。题干意思"下面哪项最好陈述了第三段中的'特别教学目的'？"。文章第三段先提及"Griffith's work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose 格里菲斯的作品为这个特别教学目的带来的一些好处"，随后提及了这些好处如"现存的关于格里菲斯的学术研究内容是如此之少以至于能在一天之内被全部读完，因此学生精通这些内容花的时间与经历将很少"、"格里菲斯的作品 The Platonic Wife 现存三个版本，足够提供编辑问题的描述，但对初学者来说又不太多"及"18 世纪很成功的格里菲斯不为大家了解也有助于提出有关现代为人知晓的作家的问题"；由此可推测这些好处对学生都有鼓励作用，故 D 项"鼓励学生自己研究的工作中的学术严谨性"正确。
65.D 推理判断题。由第二段中"To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide rage of reference sources.为了最小化传统课程的人为因素，一种布置从整个历史时期抽出的大量小问题的方法被放弃了，尽管这种方法有一个明显的优势，即至少能让学生从表面上熟悉大量的参考资料"可推知"传统教学术方式课程是很肤浅的"，再由 D 项中的 superficial 与文中的 superficially 形成对应知 D 项"太过肤浅而无法建立有关作家的重要事实"正确。A"与大多数学生的作品无关"、B 项"因为他们的关注点狭窄而无关紧要"及 C 项"不关注参考源的精确性"与原文不符。
Passage Four
66.B 细节事实题。由第一段中的"thirteen hundred years after the Mayas had left their cities and made a break for the country farther north 在玛雅人离开自己的城市向自己国家的更远北方行走而停下后的 1300 年"知这里的 1300 年是针对考古学家汤普森来考察的时间而言，故可推测"汤普森现在探索的地域形成早在大约 1300 年前"，由此知 B 项"玛雅人早在大约 1300 年就占领和开发了这片土地"正确，也因此知 A 项"在 1300 年前就被玛雅人所丢弃"不正确；C 项"西班牙一到达，就被玛雅人遗弃"与第一段中的"which had collapsed after the arrival of the Spaniards 在西班牙人到达后开始倒塌"不符；D 项"1300 年就被玛雅人征服"在文中没有提及。
67.A 细节事实题。题干意思"汤普森见到前面场景的第一反应是什么？"。由第二段中"Thompson could not tear his fascinated gaze from the great structure.汤普森无法将着迷的目光从这个伟大建筑物身上移开"知 A 项"他在马鞍出神地上停了几分"正确，也由此知 B 项"他立刻从马上跳下来后往前走"不正确、C 项"他等到他的床铺好后才从马上跳下来"与第二段中的"While the guide prepared his bed, he sprang from his horse and continued on foot 当导游为他准备床铺时，他从马上跳了下来并继续步行"不符，也由此分析 D 项"他朝高地骑去，凝视他眼前的建筑物"也不正确。
68.D 细节事实题。题干意思"让汤普森觉得这个金字塔可能不是坟墓的东西是什么？"。根据第二段中"Externally it rather brought to mind a ziggurat, but to a much greater degree than the Babylonian ziggurats it seemed to consist mostly of a stony fill providing support for the enormous stairs rising higher and higher, towards the gods of the sun and moon.从外部看，它很让人想起古代亚述及巴比伦之金字形神塔，但在较大的程度上它貌似主要地由石头填充而成，这些石头填充为越来越高的巨大的楼梯提供支撑去面朝太阳和月亮的神。"知 D 项"在他看来，它仅仅是个坚实的基础"正确。
69.C 推理判断题。题干意思"汤普森小心地走向神殿是因为？"由第二段中"Steep stairs overgrown with grass and bushes, and in part fallen into ruins, led from the base of the mound up to the temple.从高地底部到神殿的台阶长满了草与灌木，部分阶梯已经毁掉了"知 C 项"台阶的状况"正确。
70.A 细节事实题。题干意思"从汤普森能看到的各种遗迹之前目的中我们得到的暗示是什么？"。由倒数第二段中"This, then was Chichen-Itza. From its original status as advance outpost at the beginning of the great trek to the north, it had grown into a shining metropolis, the heart of the New Empire.这便是奇琴伊察（玛雅古城遗址）。它从最初的向北方的长途跋涉开始的前哨站，已发展为闪耀的大都市，新帝国的核心"知 A 项"他们已成为新玛雅王国首都的一部分"正确。B"他们是供奉天神的寺庙的遗迹"只是一部分暗示；C 项"他们是玛雅人迁往新领地起点的遗址"只是一部分暗示；D 项"它们是玛雅人大规模迁徙所到达的最远的城市的遗迹"从文中看不出。
71.B 推理判断题。题干意思"什么突然终止了汤普森对过去的梦"。根据最后一段中"..., a path that might lead to Chichen-Itza's most exciting mystery: the Sacred ...一个可能通向奇琴伊察（玛雅古城遗址）最令人激动的神秘即圣井的小路"知 B 项"瞥见未来发现的重要线索"正确；A 项与 C 项与文中叙述不符；D 项"找到了神秘的圣井"与文中"可能找到"不符。
Passage Five
72.C 推理判断题。由第一段中"Some of you, we all know, are poor, find it hard to live, are sometime, as it were, gasping for breath.我们都知道你们中的一些人很贫穷，发现难以维持生计，有时气喘嘘嘘"知 C 项"穷人生活多么困难"正确。
73.A 细节事实题。由第三段中"sometimes wonder that we can be so frivolous, I may almost say, as to attend to the gross but somewhat foreign form of servitude called Negro Slavery, there are so many keen and subtle masters that enslave both North and South.有时我奇怪我们何以如此轻率，我几乎要说，轻率到致力于显而易见但却有点不相关的所谓黑人奴役状态，有那么多热心且狡猾的奴隶主奴役了南方和北方。"知 A 项"我们对待严肃的社会问题的态度多么草率"正确。
74.C 推理判断题。由最后一段中的"Public opinion is a weak tyrant compared with our own private opinion. What a man thinks of himself, that it is which determines, or rather indicates his fate.较之与我们自己的见地，公众舆论不过是无力的暴君，一个人对自己的看法才是起决定性作用的，更确切的说，这种看法直接预示了他的命运"知 C 项"尊严与自尊构确立了我们的社会生活"正确，也由此知 A 项"公众观点无力，但它仍是主导观点"不正确；B 项"奴隶很难表达个人观点"与文中"观点的表达在于自己"不符；D 项"黑人奴隶的命运很悲惨"已经一个事实，不属于推论的东西。
75.B 推理判断题。由最后一段中的总结句"What a man thinks of himself, that it is which determines, or rather indicates his fate.一个人对自己的看法才是起决定性作用的，更确切的说，这种看法直接预示了他的命运"知接下来的应该讲"鼓励穷人去做一些事情"，由此知四个选项中 B 项"鼓励穷人去重获自己的尊严"正确。A 项"讨论如何帮助穷人"范围有点太大；C"说明贫穷的具体原因"在文中已经提及了；D 项呼吁政府在消除贫困上做些事情"在语义上不能紧跟最后一段的话题"个人对自己的看法才是起决定性作用的"。
Part V Translation
Section A 【参考译文】
你已经拥有改变世界的想法，且拥有让这发生的激情。那很好。但是你还需要第三个元素，即推销自己的想法给那些可以帮助你把梦想变成现实的风险资本家和其他人。崭露头角的商业巨头和好莱坞编剧都知道推销自己以及自己的项目的重要性。但是那些处在持非盈利世界中目标是无私心的人可能从来没有想过怎样去为自己迅速的"电梯游说"增光。
学习完美的游说需要什么正是上个月在缅因州卡姆登举行的第 12 届流行科技年度会议上教给一组有积极进取精神的"社会创新者"的实用技能之一。流行科技是一个聆听改善世界新想法的地方。但是今年，为了把这些想法变成现实，人们做出了更大的努力。管理者和执行董事安德鲁·佐利说"人们不想只是坐在那里谈事情，他们想要联合协作，想有一个有意义的影响。"。佐利先生说"这种想法将把流行科技变成一家对伟大思想的下大赌注的工厂。
Section B 【参考译文】
In the increasingly fierce international debate over global warming, the main attention has always been focused on the question of whether it is necessary to and how to control the growing emission of carbon dioxide and other gases which trap heat in the atmosphere. Now another concern is coming forth as well. Scientists think that no matter what action is taken, the existing "greenhouse" gases in the atmosphere are able enough to cause a noticeable warm on earth. Besides, much more is certain to accumulate on earth before the buildup can be halted. As a result, climatologists, sociologists, planning makers and government officials are beginning to focus on the study that how society may deal with rising sea level, transferring of agricultural zones, changing climates and other problems as an obvious global warming occurs globally.
Part VI Writing
【参考范文】
It's Important to Keep a Good Relationship with Our Parents
Modern life has caused many traditions to become less important. Even though, in my point of view, there is one thing should be continued and maintained. That is keeping a good relationship with our parents, which is really important in our life.
Many youth think that the society has become more modern than before and consider their parents are far behind the times. Development of communication gives them more chances to get to know new friends. In many cases, they ignore the communication with their parents.
Our parents are the persons who love us forever. Keeping good relationships with parents can make us wiser because talking with parents frequently is a good education. Although they may know less than you about modern things, they have much more experience than you. Talking about our thoughts with parents can make us make less mistakes. In addition, it gives us many chances to acquaint with wise and successful persons. When you take part in your parents' activities, you can learn about another kind of person. That will do good to your future.
The most important reason for me to propose to keep a good relationship with our parents is that it is one of our most important duties. It is our parents who bring us to the world, feed us for many years and consider us as a continuation of their lives. We has benefited from our parents so much. With our growth, our parents get old. We must take care of them and remember their love forever.