华东交通大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

华东交通大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. (2*20=40)
Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.
Even in true sciences, distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.
The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.
Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes such as improving health, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.
Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic reward. Chemists responsible for discoveries could hardly anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death.
1. To define science, we can simply name it as ______.
A) the study of nature and mankind
B) an attempt to pose and prove hypotheses and theories
C) categorized knowledge
D) the study of the unrelated natural phenomena
2. A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach ______.
A) applied science
B) chemical science
C) pure science
D) environmental science
3. Which of the following sentences about pure science is true?
A) It may lead to antiscientific, impure results.
B) It necessarily precedes applied science.
C) It is not always as pure as we suppose.
D) It necessarily resulted from applied science.
4. Which of the following is implied in the passage?
A) Pure scientists should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.
B) Today few people have any notion of the meaning of science.
C) In true sciences, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.
D) Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.
5. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A) On Distinguishing Fact from Fiction
B) Biology and the Scientific Age
C) Hypotheses and Theories
D) The Nature of Science
Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
Industrialization came to the United States after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year—30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.
The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790’s, North American entrepreneurs—even without technological improvements—had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820’s and 1830’s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extent of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe.
6. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) The Industrial Revolution made many luxury goods available to ordinary people.
B) The Industrial Revolution increased living standards through organizational innovations.
C) The outwork system was an improvement over traditional manufacturing methods.
D) Massachusetts was the center of the American shoe industry in the 1820’s.
7. The word "boosted" in line 4 is closest in meaning to ______.
A) guaranteed
B) raised
C) affected
D) limited
8. According to the passage, how much did average per capita wealth increase over a generation?
A) Nearly 1 percent.
B) Nearly 30 percent.
C) Nearly 100 percent.
D) Nearly 300 percent.
9. The outwork system involved all of the following EXCEPT ______.
A) distributing materials to workers
B) workers each performing a single step
C) technological improvements
D) increasing manufacturing efficiency
10. It can be inferred from the passage that before the 1790’s, ______.
A) shoes were made by individual journeymen
B) there was no shoe industry in Massachusetts
C) rural women did not work for wages
D) all manufacturing was done in factories
（注：本试卷OCR识别质量有限，Passage 3、Passage 4及其他部分内容因扫描件不清晰未能完整识别。）