华东政法大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

华东政法大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

第一部分基础英语试题
Part I Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)
Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.
1. The contract will be binding when both sides have affixed their ______ to it.
A. seal
B. sail
C. veil
D. sole
2. Although they have guns and grenades, they are not soldiers but a gang of _____.
A. bandits
B. kidnappers
C. robbers
D. burglars
3. Surrounded with numerous stars, the moon seems all the more _____.
A. obvious
B. visible
C. conspicuous
D. apparent
4. John's score on the test is the highest in the class; he _____ last night.
A. must study
B. should have studied
C. must have studied
D. is sure to study
5. The invention of the telephone was a great ____ to communication.
A. distribution
B. contribution
C. attribution
D. fruition
6. What a difference between the two houses which stand _____ to each other.
A. adjacent
B. adhering
C. extending
D. detaching
7. Even the most indulgent parents will not let their children ____ telling lies.
A. get away with
B. get along with
C. get in
D. get out
8. Tom could do some brilliant _______ of our English teacher.
A. impressions
B. personifications
C. impersonations
D. persons
9. The moment the buxom woman sat down, the old chair first _____ and then collapsed.
A. groaned
B. gasped
C. guffawed
D. shuddered
10. But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them ______ suffering and poverty.
A. anything but
B. nothing but
C. none other than
D. no more than
11. To their great dismay, they found that their wage increases had been _____ by the soaring prices as a result of inflation.
A. leveled
B. reduced
C. offset
D. cancelled
12. I _____ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.
A. express
B. confess
C. verify
D. acknowledge
13. There aren't enough computers for the whole grade of students to ________.
A. go around
B. go under
C. go down
D. go for
14. Your performance is generally assumed to _______ the knowledge you have acquired and will retain.
A. adhere to
B. submit
C. correspond to
D. conform to
15. I didn't say anything like that at all. You are purposely _____ my idea to prove your point.
A. extorting
B. contradicting
C. distorting
D. distracting
16. His suggestions are based on a/an _______ that the prison system is out of date and worthless.
A. domination
B. consumption
C. consideration
D. assumption
17. The teacher was a _______ woman who did her best.
A. respecting
B. respectable
C. respective
D. respectful
18. In that country, students will be _____ admittance to their classroom if they are not properly dressed.
A. declined
B. deprived
C. denied
D. deserted
19. Following the scandal, he was _______ from his post as deputy finance minister.
A. refused
B. replied
C. relieved
D. removed
20. I was quite ________ by all the flowers and letters of support I received.
A. overwhelmed
B. surrounded
C. soaked
D. buried
21. On ______, 18% of our daily calories come from sugar.
A. general
B. the whole
C. common
D. average
22. She was staring out over the lake, lost in _______.
A. consciousness
B. contemplation
C. contradiction
D. content
23. I can _______ a lot more work when I'm on my own.
A. get through
B. get over
C. get on
D. get in
24. The ________ outcome of the contest varies from moment to moment.
A. apt
B. prone
C. likely
D. liable
25. The police were instructed to ______ the demonstration against the government.
A. break out
B. break into
C. break off
D. break up
26. In the ____ of ancient Troy, the Greeks got into the city by hiding in a wooden horse.
A. legend
B. myth
C. history
D. fiction
27. Even as a child he showed an inclination to ____ over the other children.
A. rule
B. govern
C. inspect
D. dominate
28. Many of the earliest ______ into the United States established large plantations.
A. emigrants
B. emigrations
C. immigrants
D. migrants
29. Undergraduate students have no ____ to the rare books in the library.
A. entrance
B. access
C. way
D. path
30. The advertisement says this material doesn't ____ in the wash, but it has.
A. dissolve
B. slim
C. contract
D. shrink
Part II Reading Comprehension (20%)
Direction: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" – the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It’s your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. "If you don’t like it, change it."
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events — until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams _____.
A. can be modified in their courses
B. are susceptible to emotional changes
C. reflect our innermost desires and fears
D. are a random outcome of neural repairs
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show _____.
A. its function in our dreams
B. the mechanism of REM sleep
C. the relation of dreams to emotions
D. its difference from the prefrontal cortex
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to _____.
A. aggravate in our unconscious mind
B. develop into happy dreams
C. persist till the time we fall asleep
D. show up in dreams early at night
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that _____.
A. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
B. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
C. dreams should be left to their natural progression
D. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
A. Lead your life as usual.
B. Seek professional help.
C. Exercise conscious control.
D. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
Passage Two
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.
36. The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world is that _________.
A. custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behavior
B. the study of social orders can replace the study of custom
C. people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our world outlook
D. custom has little to do with our ways of thinking
37. Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?
A. An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he is born.
B. Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.
C. An individual is strongly influenced by the cultural tradition even before he is born.
D. Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.
38. The word "custom" in this passage most probably means ________.
A. the concept of the true and the false of a society
B. the independently developed social orders
C. the adjustment of the individual to the new social environment
D. the patterns and standards of behavior of a community
39. According to the passage, a person's life, from his birth to his death, _________.
A. is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his people
B. is predominated by traditional custom
C. is continually influenced by the habits of other communities
D. is chiefly influenced by the habits of other communities
40. The author's purpose in writing this passage is _________.
A. to urge individuals to follow traditional customs
B. to stress the strong influence of customs on an individual
C. to examine the interaction of man and social customs
D. to show man's adjustment to traditional customs
Passage Three
Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education — not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.
"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society."
"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urge has driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."
41. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
A. The habit of thinking independently.
B. Profound knowledge of the world.
C. Practical abilities for future career.
D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
42. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of _____.
A. undervaluing intellect
B. favoring intellectualism
C. supporting school reform
D. suppressing native intelligence
43. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are _____.
A. identical
B. similar
C. complementary
D. opposite
44. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _____.
A. a pioneer of education reform
B. an opponent of intellectualism
C. a scholar in favor of intellect
D. an advocate of regular schooling
45. What does the author think of intellect?
A. It is second to intelligence.
B. It evolves from common sense.
C. It is to be pursued.
D. It underlies power.
Passage Four
To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.
This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction — the firm and the customer — and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!
46. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, ________.
A. the practice of turning goods into money
B. making goods available for purchase
C. the customer-centered approach
D. a form of persuasive salesmanship
47. What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?
A. The needs of the market.
B. The efficiency of production.
C. The satisfaction of the user.
D. The preferences of the dealer.
48. According to the passage, "to move as much of these goods as possible" (Sentence 2, Para. 1) means "__________".
A. to sell the largest possible amount of goods
B. to transport goods as efficiently as possible
C. to dispose of these goods in large quantities
D. to redesign these goods for large-scale production
49. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?
A. Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.
B. It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.
C. Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.
D. Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.
50. In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on __________.
A. its main characteristic
B. its social impact
C. its possible consequence
D. its theoretical basis
Part III English Writing (15%)
Directions: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
Title: How to rebuild trust among social members?
第二部分专业英语试题
Part I Reading Comprehension
Directions: Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.
Note: You should answer questions from 5 sections only, one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will.（每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。）
I. Legal History（法律史）— Questions 51-54
II. Economic Law（经济法）— Questions 55-58
III. International Law（国际法）— Questions 59-62
IV. Criminal Law（刑法）— Questions 63-66
V. Constitutional Law and Administrative Law（宪法与行政法）— Questions 67-70
VI. Jurisprudence（法理学）— Questions 71-74
VII. Civil and Commercial Law（民商法）— Questions 75-78
VIII. Forensic Appraisal（司法鉴定）— Questions 79-82
IX. Litigation Procedure（诉讼程序）— Questions 83-86
X. Intellectual Properties（知识产权）— Questions 87-90
Part II Translation (10 marks)
1. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese (5 marks):
One-third of the US physicians are over 65, and that proportion is expected to rise. As doctors in the baby boom generation reach 65, many are under increasing financial pressures that make them reluctant to retire. Many doctors, of course, retain their skills and sharpness of mind into their 70s and beyond. But physicians are hardly immune to Parkinson’s disease, stroke and other ills of aging. And some experts warn that there are too few safeguards to protect patients against those who should no longer be practicing. "My guess is that people think there is some fail-safe mechanism to protect them from incompetent physicians," Dr. Norcross said. "There is not."
2. Translate the following paragraph into English (5 marks):
本周末，一个著名网站中止了音乐和影视的下载服务，由此引起人们对多媒体文件共享网站命运的严重关注。自星期六起，通过verycd.com进入音乐或电影频道的路径被屏蔽，或者被导向其他网站。VeryCD的首席执行官黄一孟告诉记者，中止服务是为了避免著作权侵权。